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More than a decade ago, the academic community has started the continuously escalating debate trying to ascertain whether commercial databases sufficiently reflect researcher activities undertaken in various fields of science and whether publications outside such databases were worthless. These long discussions gave rise to rapidly developing and improving open access databases, such as Google Scholar, Scirus, Microsoft Academic Search and etc. The article presents a research that aims to compare scientometric indicators on researchers of different scientific fields derived from free access databases with those supplied by the globally recognised Web of Science, and to ascertain the differences between the two. With consent of well-known Lithuanian professors, habilitated doctors, their indicators were collected and presented in this article. The aforementioned professors represent four scientific fields: educology, physics, engineering and economics. As the research revealed that some Lithuanian physicists have same family names as well as first names, indicators of a young doctor of physics were supplied for comparison. The article compares the researcher indicators collected from the Web of Science with those retrieved with the help of Publish or Perish software. This free access and easy to install software draws on Google Scholar data to calculate and produce a wealth of indicators, such as: the number of papers; variety of citations: average per year, per author and etc.; h-index and its variations, and etc. According to creator of Publish or Perish software Anne-Wil Harzing, all these indicators are useful for researchers as they help choosing the best way to present dissemination of their papers and ideas as well as input into development of global science, required while submitting various applications and etc. Results of the research confirmed the broadly used argument that more papers in the field of social sciences can be found with the help of Google Scholar rather than Web of Science, consequently, indicators produced by Publish or Perish are better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the spread of prostitution and the efforts of the state to regulate it in interwar Lithuania. It shows that in Lithuania, as in other Western countries of that time, the reasons for prostitution as a social phenomenon were analogical: economic poverty, low women's salaries, unemployment, loneliness, loose sexual behavior, alcohol, sexual ignorance. The outcome was analogical -- the spread of venereal diseases. The way out of the situation had been finally found both in the Western countries and czarist Russia where the registration and observation of prostitution had been legalized. In interwar Lithuania the political parties did not have a unanimous point of view on the issue as well. In default of a unanimous point of view regarding prostitution a compromise was reached. It was agreed to solve the problem in an administrative way by implementing a compulsory registration of prostitutes which was believed to help to control the situation. It is shown in the paper that Temporary rules on the regulation of prostitution adopted in Lithuania in 1919 and their application were evaluated ambiguously by society. The lawyers evaluated them especially critically referring to the restrictions of individual rights such as withdrawal of the passport from a citizen (even it was a prostitute) and provision of the registration book of a prostitute instead, various restraints concerning the flat, change of the place of residence, etc. Local abolitionists treated the rules as unfair and humiliating women. Eventually the system of registration of prostitutes appeared to be effect less; it neither decreased the number of prostitutes nor gave expected results in fight against venereal diseases. The authoritarian ruling was getting stronger, and the President A. Smetona tried to demonstrate his will in the fight against that evil, which destroyed morality and family traditions, without abolishing the causes of the phenomenon and searching for positive decisions; therefore, in 1935 the "Law on fight against venereal diseases" was adopted, in which "the traces of police influence" still remained quite evident. The penal code was complemented with strict fines for prostitution, organization and keeping of brothels or other places of prostitution. In turn strict rules on the regulation of prostitution stimulated the emigration of prostitutes, which became the benefit for criminals who by trick transported prostitutes to the Western countries to work in brothels. Thus it stimulated the traffic in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossil carbon and coal in particular is sedimentary rock of vegetal origin. Coal contains 65-67% of carbon, 26% of hydrogen, 1.5-15% of oxygen, some sulfur and nitrogen. Coal is used as fuel after enhancement by coking or gasification. The paper discusses contemporary use of coal as a chemical substance and energy carrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces the reader to life and work of Władysław Wielhorski - Polish historian, political scientist, researcher of Lithuanian history and culture, and director of the School of Political Sciences in Vilnius. During the First World War, he lived in Balčiai (Samogitia), in 1921-1924 - in Kaunas and in 1924-1940 - in Vilnius. While residing in Kaunas, he was an active member of the Polish community. He frequently commented on the anti-Polish policy undertaken by the Lithuanian government and therefore was forced to leave Lithuania in 1924. Once he moved to Vilnius, Wielhorski defended his habilitation thesis at the Stefan Batory University. During 1931-1939, he was the appointed head of the School of Political Sciences. In 1935-1939, he was a member of Sejm of Poland. Wielhorski's activities in Vilnius were interrupted with the outbreak of WW2. At the end of 1939, he lost his job and soon was arrested by the Soviet regime and imprisoned in Vilnius. In 1941, he was deported to Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod) soon released from prison and began working at the Polish representation in Kuibyshev (now Samara). In 1942, he moved to England and worked for various institutions and organisations of Polish Diaspora. During his emigration, Wielhorski continued to research Lithuanian history and culture as well as relations between Lithuania and Poland. In 1947, he published a monograph on the history of Lithuanian-Polish relations and later he authored a study on the influence of Lithuanians, Poles and Byelorussians on the culture of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy. The study was published in the scientific journal of Polish Diaspora "Alma Mater Vilnensis". These publications contributed to dissemination of knowledge about Lithuania and provided students of the University of Polish Diaspora with better understanding of the history and culture of their homeland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prepared publication is intended for the initial systematization of the experience of applying wooden constructions in Lithuania. The paper deals with research conducted by the experts in the field from other countries. This part of material cultural heritage in Lithuania has been first introduced by the scholars from Scandinavia, Germany, Russia and partly Poland - the countries representing notable achievements looking into cultural and economic history. The produced works mainly focus on the forms of wooden constructions, the original decoration of different parts of the building, the plasticity of details, style and colours. Scant attention has been paid to structural solutions. More sophisticated and interesting wooden constructions of the local buildings (bridges, churches, synagogues, manors, etc.) were seriously deteriorated or possibly fictitious. The majority of analogical constructions found in the neighbouring countries were described earlier. Later, these investigations were properly completed by the graduates studying in Lithuania. However, they had to be thoroughly trained to become professionals. For this purpose, advanced study programs and first course books in Lithuanian were prepared. From a historical point of view, for the future, gained experience in overcoming earlier backwardness within a short period of time and intercepting valuable elements of European experience are the issues worth paying attention. This is the way of how young and promising graduates were trained. They were good enough at proceeding with works started by their teachers. In the post-war period, a large number of them became emigrants or exiles and lost the possibility of carrying on their works in Lithuania. A. Bistrickas, J. Paulauskas and other graduates from Vytautas Magnus University are those deserved for their significant accomplishments in the field of wooden constructions. They were also the teachers of several following generations of the future engineers. Algirdas Baltrušaitis, one of the graduates from Vytautas Magnus University started developing intensively a new stage in the field of wooden constructions and was probably the first associated professor of Kaunas University of Technology (former Kaunas Polytechnic Institute) who participated in the international conferences and suggested in-depth research on the development of wooden constructions. The introduced publication has been prepared with reference to his anniversary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses changes in methodologies for assessment of scientific output produced by Lithuanian science and education institutions in the period 2005-2010. It provides the bibliometric assessment of scientific output in physical, technological, life and medical sciences and considers the impact of methodology changes on publishing of Lithuanian scientific journals; the summarry of bibliometric data of Physical, Biomedical and Technological Lithuanian scientific journals in Thomson Reuters databases is presented, too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juozas Eretas (Joseph Ehret) (18 October 1896 - 13 March 1984) was an eminent scholar of Lithuania and Switzerland as well as a doctor of Philosophy. He arrived in Lithuania in autumn 1919 under an obligation to his dying Lithuanian friend Mykolas Ašmys who had asked him to do something for him in Lithuania. In 1920, he initiated the establishment of the ELTA (the Lithuanian Agency of Telegrams of Eretas]. Once he received the Lithuanian citizenship, he accomplished valuable work aimed at the strengthening of the state of Lithuania. J. Eretas voluntarily joined the Lithuanian military service (1920); This act encouraged Lithuanian intelligentsia to follow in his footsteps. The contribution of professor Eretas to the foundation of the University of Lithuania (named after Vytautas Magnus in 1930) is remarkable. He was appointed to a professorship of the university and performed his professorial duties during 1922-1940 (with an interval from 1931-1932 when he was dismissed from the office). Eretas was one of the founders of the Lithuanian Catholic Academy of Science (LKMA). When the Catholic Academy was established in 1922, he became its active member. He presented papers at its conferences, edited the I-III volumes of the transactions of the LKMA Conferences. At the Second Conference of the LKMA (1936), he was elected academician and became honorary member while in emigration (1975). Eretas was a literary historian and an author of numerous important writings such as "Bethoven's youth" (1927), "Henrich Seuse" (1929), "Meister Eckehart" (1930), "Jonas Tauleris" (1930). He was the first to offer a comprehensive and thorough presentation of German literature in Lithuanian: "The history of German literature" (1931, Vol. I), "Young Goethe" (1933) and others. He was known as a brilliant publicist for his prolific publications in the press and his editorials to the "XX amžius" (The 20th Century) weekly on the outbreak of the war in Spain, signed by the penname "Hispanus". Eretas was a well-known founder and editor of newspapers (for temperance, sport and the Catholic rural youth). Back in Switzerland, he was elected honorary member of the Lithuanian writers' Union (USA). The public activity of Eretas was just as outstanding. He headed the Catholic rural youth union "Pavasaris" (Spring) (1922-1928), in 1928, he was elected as its honorary president. He was one of the founders of the "Pavasaris" folk university (1925) and the patron of the literary association "Šatrija" for the students of the ateitininkai movement. Much worthy work was done by him in the fields of temperance and sports. He was among the founders of the Gymnastics and Sports Federation of Lithuania (LGSF) (1922) and one of the organizers of the Sports League of Lithuania (1923). Owing to the initiative of Eretas as well as his talent as an organizer, massive public events of pavasarininkai were held for the first time in Lithuania (Šiauliai, 1924; Kaunas, 1927). These events attracted thousands of young people. Eretas was eager to serve Lithuania even after he was forced to emigrate. He was concerned about the fate of the Lithuanian emigrants and tackled their problems in his book "A trilogy of exile": ("Exile - a curse or a task" (1963), "A Lithuanian of exile in the vortex of ideas" (1965) and "Exile as a phenomenon of history" (1965) and also "Minor nations and states (Their importance to Europe)" (1966). Eretas tirelessly argued for Lithuania's freedom in his public lectures or articles published in the Western European magazines in foreign languages. Of great importance was his study about the forgotten Baits (1968), about the Baltic nations and their fate (1970) and about the Lithuanian language and its archaic wealth (1971). Eretas did a great service to the ateitininkai organization by writing monographs about Stasys Šalkauskis (1960) and Kazys Pakštas (1976). In 1980, he published a monograph "Valančius" light beyond the seas", dedicated to Prel. Pranciškus Juras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, general issues of creation of the Lithuanian terminology are discussed. Attention is focused on the history of creation the Lithuanian military terminology and the results of achievements in this sphere. In discussing this issue, the articles by colonel lieutenant J. M. Laurinaitis published in Lithuanian military periodicals before the year 1940 were used as a base. Articles by other authors, archival documents and memoirs as well as information from military periodicals were used too. Teaching Lithuanian the officers of Lithuanian Army is discussed as well. In the first decennary after restoration of the Independence of Lithuania, this problem was urgent: the majority of officers had finished non-Lithuanian schools and some of them were not Lithuanians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]