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Abstract: In the context of desinstitutionalisation of the psychiatric care system, the question of the possibility and the limits of the reinsertion of people with severe mental disease has risen. If cognitive science actually contributes, in a functional perspective, to a better understanding of crucial aspects of reinsertion by the identification and treatment of cognitive dysfunctions, others factors can also contribute to a better understanding of reinsertion. Among them, several subjective factors can take place. They can be approached under two ways. The first is rehabilitation: through, for example, aspects as metacognition, insight, self-stigma or motivation. The second way is recovery: the recovery approach, by using generally narrative analysis, contributes to identify human processus of recovery and reinsertion, as hope, sense of agency of the own actions and redefinition of identity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Lived experiences mentioned by patients with schizophrenia can be addressed with neurocognitive models. In particular, these models allow us to better understand self-consciousness and social cognition impairment that is a core feature of schizophrenia. Abnormal brain functioning related to this impairment has been shown. These data show that these symptoms are related to specific neurocognitive correlates. They shed a new light on the understanding of schizophrenic symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Impairments in facial affect recognition have been well-established in schizophrenia. Programs of cognitive remediation specifically aiming at correcting these deficiencies are being developed. This paper reviews these programs’ results, and presents a critical perspective on the connections between cognitive remediation and social cognition. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Résumé Objectifs Les mouvements oculaires sont utilisés à des fins diagnostiques en psychopathologie depuis les années 1980. Ce type d’investigation a montré sa pertinence mais seuls les mouvements de poursuite régulière (i.e. de glissement régulier ou de pistage) ont fait l’objet de procédures expérimentales, que ce soit dans cette discipline, en psychologie cognitive ou encore en ergonomie. Il existe pourtant une deuxième catégorie de mouvements impliqués dans le comportement de changement de direction du regard, les saccades oculaires (passage d’un point de fixation à un autre), qui, elles, n’ont fait l’objet d’aucune investigation scientifique en psychopathologie, à tout le moins en situation d’interaction. Méthode Afin de mesurer la fréquence des saccades oculomotrices dans la dynamique du discours et du dialogue, nous avons mis au point un double système d’enregistrement simultané axé à la fois sur le comportement visio-moteur et sur le comportement verbal. Nous l’avons testé en situation clinique « personne porteuse de schizophrénie–psychologue » comparée à une situation « personne typique–psychologue ». Ces mouvements involontaires de contrôle de l’attention sont eux aussi susceptibles de nous fournir des informations précises en matière de confirmation ou d’anticipation diagnostique mais encore relativement aux stratégies d’adaptation comportementale de l’un et l’autre interlocuteur dans le cours de l’entretien clinique. Résultats Convertis en marqueur d’attention, nos résultats montrent que le nombre de saccades par seconde permet de différencier le comportement interlocutoire des personnes souffrant de schizophrénie à celui des sujets témoins. De même, cet indicateur permet d’apprécier les variations comportementales que l’interlocuteur–psychologue adopte lorsqu’il interagit avec la personne atteinte de schizophrénie ou lorsqu’il interagit avec les sujets témoins. Discussion Tout en étant parfaitement adaptée à la situation clinique, la mesure des saccades oculaires confirme les principaux résultats fournis par les mesures des mouvements oculaires de poursuite linéaire, en particulier au plan diagnostique. Mais le type de mesure que nous avons mis au point permet de plus d’analyser les mouvements comportementaux asymétriques qui opposent le patient à son interlocuteur. Enfin les marqueurs de la variation du comportement attentionnel des interlocuteurs que sont les saccades, pourront être bientôt combinés à l’analyse du déplacement du regard au cours de l’interaction (fixations), puis rapportés à l’analyse des discontinuités discursives et autres spécificités langagières des patients accueillis en psychiatrie. Conclusion Cet article a donc pour principal objectif d’anticiper la mise au point d’une stratégie diagnostique (confirmatoire puis prodromique) et d’analyse clinique nettement plus heuristique que ce dont nous disposons actuellement et qui s’appuiera conjointement sur la modélisation d’attitudes comportementales visuo-motrices associées à la compétence verbale. Aims Eye movements have been used for diagnostic purposes in psychopathology since the 1980s. While this investigation has demonstrated some relevance, only smooth pursuit (regular pursuit or tracking) has been the subject of investigations, whether in this discipline, in cognitive psychology or in ergonomics. Yet there is a second category of movements implicated in charges in eye movement, that is to say saccades (shifting from one fixed point to another), which have not been scientifically investigated in psychopathology, or at least not in situations of interaction. Methods In order to measure the frequency of oculo-motor saccades in the dynamics of discourse and dialogue, we developed a system for simultaneous recording of visual-motor behaviour and verbal behaviour. This was tested in a clinical setting with the dyad “schizophrenic–psychologist”, in comparison with the dyad “typical subject–psychologist”. These involuntary movements in the control of attention are liable to provide precise information to confirm or anticipate diagnosis, and also information on the behavioural adaptation strategies of the different protagonists in the clinical interviews. Results Once converted into attention indicators, our results show that the number of saccades per second enables a differentiation of the conversational interaction behaviour between subjects with schizophrenia and control subjects. Likewise, this indicator enables the assessment of behavioural variations adopted by the psychologist protagonist in the dyad, when interacting with subjects with schizophrenia or with controls. Discussion Not only is measurement of ocular saccades perfectly suited to clinical situations, it also confirms the main results provided by measures of smooth, linear, eye pursuit, in particular in the area of diagnosis. However; this type of measure also enables analysis of the asymmetric behaviours of patient and interviewer. Finally, the indicators for variations in attention provided by saccades could be combined with analysis of shifts in points of fixation, and then related to analyses of discontinuities in discourse and other language features among patients seen in psychiatric care. Conclusion This article thus aims to anticipate the development of a diagnostic strategy (confirmatory and then prodromic) and a considerably more heuristic clinical analysis than what we have available today. It could be based on a combination of a modelling of visual-motor behavioural attitudes and verbal skills and behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Social cognition, which refers to how people think about themselves and others in the social world, is a core component for social, professional and interpersonal functioning and is commonly impaired in schizophrenia. This cognitive domain has strong associations with daily activities and could act as a link between social functioning and neurocognition. Two primary domains of social cognition: theory of mind and emotions perception have been studied for long and many arguments highlighted the direct relationship between impairments of these processes and the alteration of functional outcomes in schizophrenia. During the past 15years, researchers are interested in social cognition and developed, in the field of cognitive remediation, some therapeutic approaches with the aim of reducing difficulties and handicaps. The first programs were supported by the assumption that the improvement of neurocognition was necessary before enhancing social cognition. At the same time, other authors hypothesized that it is possible to improve the performance of people with schizophrenia by directly targeting impaired functions, and so developed specific programs. More recently, researchers intend to develop global programs that take into account all components of social cognition impaired in schizophrenia in order to improve functional outcomes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In psychiatric field, rehabilitation aims at assisting patients suffering from chronic disorders towards a social insertion or employment. It takes into account their desires, subjective factors, environmental factors, cognitive deficits and their preserved abilities, within the framework of the construction of a relevant project. Comprehensive assessment and specific therapeutic tools have been developed. They are proposed according to each patient''s specificities. Rehabilitation leads to the development of social skills, improvement of cognitive functioning, better knowledge about troubles and their treatment, and amelioration of social and professional activities. The frame given by this care leads to a psychic reorganization and permits the construction of a relevant life project. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]