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Beschreibung einer neuen Methode, die es gestattet, mit Aussenelektroden die wahre Grosse der Membranpotentialschwankungen, die durch den Einfluss von hyper-oder hypopolarisierenden Substanzen oder durch die Erregung in markhaltigen Nervenfasern erzeugt werden, zu registrieren.

Es wird eine Methode fur die Anwendung grosser Papierbogen bei Kreispapierchromatographie beschrieben. Eine Chromatographiekammer fur absteigende Technik wird verwendet. Durch einen in der Mitte unterbrochenen Schlitz parallel zum Papierrand und durch Paraffinimpragnierung der seitlichen, nicht durchtrennten Rander wird der Radiarfluss des Losungsmittels erreicht. Die Trennung der Aminosauren eines Proteinhydrolysats gelingt so besser als bei Verwendung kleiner Filterpapiere.

Ein qualitatives Verfahren zur papierchromatographischen Trennung von Fettsauren und Derivaten liess sich zur quantitativen Bestimmung ausbauen. Die Methode hat eine Fehlergrenze von etwa ± 5% und ist unabhangig von den funktionellen Gruppen der Molekule. Sie ist fur gesattigte Di- und Triglyceride nicht direkt anwendbar.

Die Degradationsprodukte, die sich bei der Hydrolyse der Purine, der Pyrimidine und der Nukleinsauren bilden, werden mittels runder Filterpapierscheiben chromatographisch untersucht. Adenine, Nukleinsauren und Adeninverbindungen zeigen bei einer Saurehydrolyse ausser einem Band, das den Platz des Glycin einnimmt, noch ein weiteres Band. Dieses Band ist versuchsweise als 4(5)-amino-5(4)-imidazol Carboxamidin charakterisiert worden. Die Bedeutung dieser Ergebnisse fur die quantitative Analyse der Nukleinsauren und Adeninverbindungen wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit erortert.

Viene studiato il comportamento elettroforetico su carta delle proteine cellulari di fegato normale ed in degenerazione vacuolare e grassa. Nei ferogrammi di fegati in degenerazione vacuolare si ha la comparsa di una banda di tipo albuminico, che non compare nei ferogrammi normali. I ferogrammi di fegati in degenerazione grassa si rivelano piu semplici di quelli normali per la mancanza di una banda di tipo globulinico. Questi risultati vengono brevemente discussi.

Viene descritta la presenza, nel succo dei sarcosomi del muscolo di ratto, di 4 componenti proteici separabili mediante elettroforesi su carta. I 4 componenti sono rappresentati nella misura di rispettivamente 26.1, 18.4, 33.2 e 22.3 per 100 delle proteine totali.

Per una buona esecuzione dell'elettroforesi su carta e necessario lavorare con alcune precauzioni, che rendono i risultati indipendenti dalla posizione iniziale delle sostanze. In tal modo e anche possibile eseguire l'elettroforesi bidimensionalmente, con cambiamento del pH e della forza ionica del tampone tra una fase e l'altra, modificando cosi le velocita di migrazione.

Le proteine idrosolubili estratte dal sistema nervoso di ratti sono state separate mediante elettroforesi su carta. Il quadro elettroforetico appare costantemente riproducibile nelle condizioni sperimentali impiegate.

Se aislo un cultivo mixto denominado Y-11 con el cual se estudio la conversion de papel periodico a biomasa. Los trabajos se llevaron a cabo a nivel de fermentador. El residuo solido no degradado de una fermentacion previa, fue reutilizado con nuevo medio de cultivo con objeto de determinar si la hidrolisis de esta fuente celulosica se detenia por el agotamiento de algun nutriente o por otros factores.

Une nouvelle methode pour l'analyse qualitative et quantitative des acides amines excretes dans l'urine est decrite. L'urine, concentree, desalifiee et debarrassee de l'uree qu'elle contient, est soumise a une chromatographie sur papier, et les acides amines sont determines qualitativement ou doses quantitativement par colorimetrie. Des traces d'acides amines, qui ne pouvaient jusqu'ici etre mises en evidence par les techniques decrites dans la litterature, peuvent facilement etre detectees par cette nouvelle methode.

Les transaminases α-glutamo-oxaloacetique (GOT) et glutamo-pyruvique (GPT) ont ete determinees dans les proteines du liquide spermatique de l'homme apres separation par electrophorese sur papier. L'amylase se trouve dans toutes les fractions, mais la GOT et la GPT sont localisees respectivement dans la globuline α-2 et l'albumine.

L'acide filicique, l'acide flavaspidique, l'albaspidine et l'acide filicinique ont pu etre isoles par chromatographie sur papier, suivant la methode ascendante, avec comme phase mobile une solution de carbonate de sodium 2N, dans laquelle on a dissous 2 g de sulfite de sodium par litre. Les spots etaient rendus visibles en pulverisant une solution de sulfanilamide diazotee. En meme temps se manifestait aussi une difference de couleur pour les dites substances phlorogluciniques.

Viene descritto un metodo rapido e sensibile per la rilevazione delle dipeptidasi su carta.

1 bis 2 Tropfen Blut werden in einer Kapillare 10 min bei 10 000 U/min zentrifugiert. Die Kapillare wird an der Schichtgrenze zerschnitten. Das Serum kann so leicht auf die Papierstreifen zur Elektrophorese aufgetragen werden.

Bei der papierchromatographischen Prufung bestimmter reiner Stoffe wurde die Bildung mehrerer Flecken beobachtet. Derartige «ghost»-Flecken entstehen mit gewissen herzaktiven Glykosiden und auch mit dem Antibiotikum Monamycin.

Cellulose decomposition in paddy soil polluted by copper was determined by the use of polyethylene-backed absorbent paper (Benchkote) as a source of cellulose. It was shown that the paper is a suitable material for measuring the rate of cellulose decomposition. Correlations were found between copper content in the soil, the growth of rice plants and the cellulose decomposition rate.

Mit der Hilfe eines neuen Zusatzinstruments zum Beckman-Quarz-Spektrophotometer ist es moglich, die Absorptionsspektra isolierter Substanzen auf Papierchromatogrammen zu messen. Ferner erlaubt das Instrument die Bestimmung der Rf-Werte nach der Methode vonTennent und Mitarbeitern.

Cis- undtrans-Azobenzol lassen sich papierchro-matographisch durch Elution mit wassriger Essigsaure trennen.

Toxicity quantification is important in environmental monitoring, in the field of natural products, and in chemical ecology. The sensitivity and precision of three commonly used methods detecting toxicity in marine environments were compared, using the toxic marine spongeCrambe crambe as a test organism. The paper disk diffusion method (run with marine bacteria) showed the least sensitivity and did not permit toxicity levels to be quantified. The sea urchin and the MICROTOX® tests showed greater sensitivity, and the latter had the higher precision. The relative performance of these methods is discussed. It is concluded that the MICROTOX® bioassay displays the best characteristics for toxicity quantification.

Amino acid separation with 6 different solvents on chromatoplates prepared from Kieselgel G (‘Merck’) is described. As demonstrated in Figur 8 and discussed in the text, this technique is equal or superior to paper chromatography.

Paper chromatography has been used in conjonction with electrophoresis in a perpendicular direction (chromatoelectrophoresis), in order to characterize various guanidoderivatives of biological interest and also citrulline. The isolation of definite spots can be obtained with a satisfactory selectivity by this procedure, at a higher speed than by bidimensional chromatography; and the use of a few coloured reactions (ninhydrine,Sakaguchi, diacetyle-α-naphtol andp-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde) on the same electrochromatogram has been successfully practised in this field.

Se estudio el contenido de hexosas, hexosaminas, metilpentosas y acido sialico de una fraccion de membrane plasmatica del epitelio de transicion de la vejiga de cordero. La concentracion de acido sialico y hexosaminas era 3 y 5 veces respectivamente mas alta en membrana plasmatica que en homogenato total. En cambio, los carbohidratos neutros no se enriquecieron significativamente. El 23% de acido sialico se extrajo con los lipidos de esa fraccion. Se presentan datos de cromatografia y electroforesis.

A method for cultivatingSpirulina platensis in domestic raw sewage, coupled with pisciculture and water reclamation in an integrated recycling system, has been standardized. The alga is grown in an indigenously designed open-air pilot production unit consisting of 4 concrete basins with a total surface area of 450 m2. The harvesting and processing methods are based on simple filtration and sun drying. Extensive bench and field experiments have made it possible to produce pure blooms of AfricanSpirulina in sewage, using sodium bicarbonate and nitrate, and employing a fertilizing schedule which replenishes nitrogen withdrawn from the medium by the alga. Although urea and several ammoniacal nitrogen sources have been tried, the best source of protein-inducing nitrogen for mass cultivation ofSpirulina appears to be nitric nitrogen.

An anaerobic filter system with a volume of 11 l fed with wastewater from the Swiss sugar refinery in Frauenfeld was established on a laboratory scale. It provided a filter performance of over 8 kg COD·m−3·d−1 with an efficiency of at least 70%. A 600–1 pilot plant system in the factory gave a degradation efficiency of 70% when fed with 28 kg COD·m−3·d−1 and yielded 0.34 m3 methane/kg COD, demonstrating that the scaling-up of the anaerobic filter had been successful. The rapidly-varying concentrations of organic materials in the wasterwater required the constant control of the wastewater flow to the system. A control program was developed for a small computer using an empirical model simulating the operator. By varying the influx rate of the wastewater to the anaerobic filter the computer kept the system at an optimal organic load. The results obtained were equivalent to those obtained by permanent control of the system by an operator.

Several peptides were separated fromα-chymotrypsin-treated physalaemin by high voltage paper electrophoresis, and inhibition of the excitability of a molluscan giant neurone (tonically autoactive neurone) by the tripeptide, Lys-Phe-Tyr, was demonstrated.

Paper chromatography was applied to corticoids extracted from amniotic fluid of a diabetic mother. Normal amniotic fluid contains no 17-hydroxycorticosterone and cortisone, as defined by paper chromatography. The extract of amniotic fluid of a diabetic mother, insulin treated from the 4th month and giving birth to a child with a congenital anomaly of cervical vertebras (Klippel-Feil syndrome) and with typical “Cushing” aspect, has been chromatographed. It contains 25–50µg of 17-hydroxycorticosterone and cortisone. The protein content of this fluid was 0.7 g %.

Four methods for the registration of paper electrophoresis are described and the results compared: globereflectometer, Pulfrichphotometer, quickphotometer an a new system of the photoreflectometer. The great sensitivity of this photoreflectometer makes it particularly suitable for the determination of the paper electrophoresis results.

The normal human aequous has a volume of 0.12–0.20 cm3 and its protein content is from 10 to 20 mg%. We ascertained the specific weight by the falling drop method in a mixture of xylol and brombenzene. In order to estimate the protein content, we placed a series of drops from the human aequous on filter paper with the Agla pipette; they were then tinted with amido-black and the optical density of the eluted spots was read in the Beckman spectrophotometer. The remnants of 2–3 specimens of human aequous were then brought together and concentrated there until the protein concentration is just sufficient to allow a separation into the various fractions by paper-electrophoresis.

A method for the estimation of muscle nucleotides is described. The separation of nucleotides has been accomplished by paper ionophoresis at high voltages, as well as by paper chromatography. Even little changes in the nucleotide content such as the changes in a single muscular contraction can be well observed by this method.

A bioreactor for assaying immobilized cells of photosynthetic bacteria for hydrogen production under optimal operating conditions was made. High and lasting H2-photoevolutions were obtained using waste waters as substrates.

Es wird eine Reihe von Imidazolglykosiden und deren Synthese beschrieben. Diese eignen sich als Analoga der naturlichen Nukleoside fur biologische Versuche.

In der loslichen uberstehenden Fraktion (105,000×g) der Kopfniere des KnochenfischesAnabas testudineus wurde ein Enzym nachgewiesen, welches die Synthese des Thyroxins katalysiert. Die Menge des loslichen Nierenproteins und die Inkubationszeit stellen zwei limitierende Faktoren fur die in vitro-Synthese des Thyroxins dar.

Apres 96 h de jeune, le rat consomme moins d'oxygene et ses erythrocytes moins de radiotriiodothyronine. La thyroide de l'animal en etat de jeune absorbe davantage d'iode radioactif administre pendant 24 h et la concentration thyroidienne en thyroxine est augmentee. Le jeune ne modifie pas la perte intestinale de la radiothyroxine. L'administration de TSH ne retablit pas completement la fonction thyroidienne, bien que la courbe de la ‘clearance’ plasmatique de la radiothyroxine des rats affames se rapproche alors de celle observee apres l'administration de TSH chez les animaux nourris normalement.

Kohlenhydrate, amylolytische Aktivitat und Aminosauren wurden in nicht bestrahlten und bestrahlten Pollen der gemeinen Kiefer und Schwarzkiefer bestimmt. Die Bestrahlung bis zu 1200 r hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf den Gehalt an Aminosauren, doch kann die Bestrahlung die Menge der reduzierenden Zucker bedeutend verandern. So kam es zur Ausgleichung des Zuckergehalts des unbestrahlten gemeinen Kieferpollens mit dem Zuckergehalt der bestrahlten Schwarzkiefer bei 1000 r. Unter diesen ahnlichen Bedingungen gelang die Befruchtung der genannten Kiefern.

Les trypanosomes ont converti les substratsl-tryptophan etdl-5-hydroxytryptophan en metabolites tryptophol (indole-3-ethanol) et 5-hydroxytryptophol, deux composes qui produisent le sommeil chez la souris et le poussin. Les effets possibles de ces composes soporifiques chez un homme infecte par ce parasite et leur role dans le metabolisme du parasite, sont discutes.

Papierchromatographische und fluoreszensmikroskopische Untesuchungen von Ovarien der Wildtypen und der Vermilion- und Cinnabar-Mutanten vonDrosophila zeigen, dass sich Kynurenin (der Hauptbestandteil der fluoreszierenden Komponente des Eies) in den proteinhaltigen Dotterschollen des reifenden und des reifen Eies befindet.

La diiodotyrosine est un puissant inhibiteur in vitro de l'enzyme limitant la synthese des catecholamines, la tyrosine hydroxylase. Or, administree in vivo a des rats, la diiodotyrosine n'inhibe que tres peu la production endogene de catecholamines. Cependant, en ralentissant la rapide desioduration de la diiodotyrosine injectee par le menadione, on observe une inhibition marquee de la synthese des catecholamines in vivo.

Amino acids contained in extracts of adultEutetranychus orientalis were separated and determined quantitatively by 2-dimensional paper chromatography. 14 amino acids were identified. Asparagine, ornithine, histidine, lysine, aspartic acid, serine and glycine were the major components of the free amino acid pool, comprising 83.94% of the total content.

Free amino acids in the haemolymph ofSpodoptera littoralis full-grown larvae infected with a nuclearpolyhedrosis virus were compared with those in the haemolymph of normal insects. Amino acids were separated by 2-dimensional paper chromatography and quantified colorimetrically. Most of the amino acids in the haemolymph of diseased full-grown larvae decreased markedly in concentration but proline, lysine, aspartic acid and histidine occurred in greater concentration in the haemolymph of diseased full-grown larvae than in the haemolymph of healthy insects.

Using paper electrophoresis, the author found that when human hemoglobin is added to human sera, it is captured by a fraction of theα 2-globulin, which results in a compound with an electrophoretic mobility between that ofα 2-globulin andβ-globulin. He identifies this fraction of theα 2-globulin with the haptoglobin discovered byJayle. This phenomenon may influence the estimation ofα 2-globulin even in slightly hemolytic sera.

n-Butylamine, a new biogenic amine could be identified in apples by means of paper chromatography and micro-cristallography.

Radiochemically pure chlorophylla andb have been separated from barley by a rapid two-step purification procedure. It is based on chromatographic separation of pigments on polyamide columns and by paper chromatography.

After administration of cortexone to a normal man, we isolated the 5β-pregnana 3α, 21-diol 20-one glucuronide in human urine. We found 90% of this corticosteroid in the glucuronide fraction; the remaining 10% was in the free fraction. We found neither the cortexone nor its metabolites dior tetrahydrogenated in the ester-sulphate fraction. The tetrahydrocortexone-glucuronide was identified by paper chromatography and by electrophoresis.

Succinyl monocholine ester has been identified by paper chromatography as an intermediate in the breakdown of succinylcholine in the presence of horse serum cholinesterase.

After the injection of different monosaccharides into the phloem ofImpatiens Holstii, several sugars can be detected in the nectar usually consisting of pure saccharose. Paper chromatography indicates that besides fructose, glucose, saccharose and raffinose a new sugar called “impatiose” is secreted. Hydrolysis suggests that “impatiose” is a trisaccharide composed of two molecules of fructose and one molecule of glucose. The nectar contains enzymes which cause the transformation of sugars.

The method used previously for determination of the structure of native poly-d-glutamic acid was extended in modified form (paper chromatography) to thep-aminobenzoyl polypeptide of yeast. It was found that this polypeptide is built up ofγ-glutamyl bonds.

Nach Inkubation von menschlichem Ovarialgewebe mit 7α-3H-DHEA-35S-sulfat konnten als Metaboliten 5 verschiedene C19- und 2 phenolische C18-Steroide isoliert und identifiziert werden, die als Sulfokonjugate einen gegenuber dem Substrat unveranderten3H/35S-Quotienten aufwiesen.

After Craig distribution in our system 43 of actinomycin C, furnishing highβ-values for the components of actinomycin, traces of new components of the actinomycin C complex could be demonstrated by paper chromatography.