21,437 results
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2. Vestibular neurophysiology: a collection of papers in honor of the career of Jay Goldberg
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Kathleen E. Cullen and Bill J. Yates
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Cognitive science ,Vestibular system ,Future studies ,General Neuroscience ,Iceland ,Neurophysiology ,Sensory system ,History, 20th Century ,History, 21st Century ,Honor ,Afferent ,Head movements ,Humans ,Vestibule, Labyrinth ,Psychology ,Neuroscience - Abstract
Approximately 80 neuroscientists who study the vestibularand auditory systems gathered in Reykholt, Borgarfjo¨rður,Iceland, on 16–17 August 2010, to pay tribute to Jay M.Goldberg. The Reykholt meeting was a satellite of theXXVI Ba ´rany Society Meeting. A photograph and listingof the meeting participants are provided in Fig. 1.Goldberg started his scientific career in the 1960sstudying the processing of auditory signals by the centralnervous system. By the 1970s, his interest shifted to thecoding of head movements by the vestibular system. In aseminal series of manuscripts, Goldberg and his longtimecolleague Ce´sar Ferna´ndez described for the first time thedynamics governing the responses of afferents innervatingsemicircular canals (Ferna´ndez and Goldberg 1971,Goldberg and Ferna´ndez 1971a, b) and otolith organs(Ferna´ndez and Goldberg 1976a, b, c) to linear and angularaccelerations. This work was followed by a second seriesof heroic experiments establishing that afferent dischargeregularity is correlated with innervation patterns as well asthe locations of terminals in the neuroepithelium (Ferna´ndezetal.1988,1990;Bairdetal.1988;Goldbergetal.1990a,b).Taken together, this remarkable body of work has set thestage for current and future studies in the field of vestibularneurophysiology.Goldberg’s more recent experiments have continued toprovide important new insights into how vestibular signalsare transduced in the periphery and transformed as they areprocessed by the central nervous system. His current workfocusing on the synaptic and cellular physiology ofreceptors and afferents has furthered our understanding ofthe mechanisms underlying the morphological and physi-ological diversity of the peripheral vestibular system,thereby providing a crucial foundation on which the nextgeneration of vestibular research will be built. Addition-ally, in the process of conducting his research, Goldberghas had a profound impact on his students, collaborators,and colleagues. He has not only trained a large fraction ofthe vestibular neuroscientists who continue to move thefield forward, but the influence of his work and his standardof scientific excellence continues to inspire youngresearchers in the field.This special issue contains 25 articles submitted byGoldberg’s collaborators, colleagues, trainees, and friends,all of whom have been profoundly influenced by hisresearch findings, integrity, and dedication to science.Amongst the articles are 10 reviews and 15 originalresearch studies that discuss how sensory inputs impingingon the inner ear are detected and reflected in the firing ofeighth cranial nerve afferents; how the signals are modifiedas they are processed within the central nervous system;and how they impact a number of behavioral and physio-logical responses, including the control of balance, eyemovements, and blood pressure. These articles are testi-mony to the accomplishments in the field of vestibularneurophysiology spurred by Goldberg’s work during thepast 40 years.
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- 2011
3. Comment to Salt and Stopp's Paper on Potassium and cochlear microphonics
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Johnstone, J. R. and Johnstone, B. M.
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- 1980
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4. Effects of mentally induced fatigue on balance control: a systematic review.
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Pitts, Jessica and Bhatt, Tanvi
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MENTAL fatigue ,EQUILIBRIUM testing ,SCIENCE databases ,WEB databases ,INDUSTRIAL safety - Abstract
The relationship between cognitive demands and postural control is controversial. Mental fatigue paradigms investigate the attentional requirements of postural control by assessing balance after a prolonged cognitive task. However, a majority of mental fatigue research has focused on cognition and sports performance, leaving balance relatively underexamined. The purpose of this paper was to systematically review the existing literature on mental fatigue and balance control. We conducted a comprehensive search on PubMed and Web of Science databases for studies comparing balance performance pre- to post-mental fatigue or between a mental fatigue and control group. The literature search resulted in ten relevant studies including both volitional (n = 7) and reactive (n = 3) balance measures. Mental fatigue was induced by various cognitive tasks which were completed for 20–90 min prior to balance assessment. Mental fatigue affected both volitional and reactive balance, resulting in increased postural sway, decreased accuracy on volitional tasks, delayed responses to perturbations, and less effective balance recovery responses. These effects could have been mediated by the depletion of attentional resources or impaired sensorimotor perception which delayed appropriate balance-correcting responses. However, the current literature is limited by the number of studies and heterogeneous mental fatigue induction methods. Future studies are needed to confirm these postulations and examine the effects of mental fatigue on different populations and postural tasks. This line of research could be clinically relevant to improve safety in occupational settings where individuals complete extremely long durations of cognitive tasks and for the development of effective fall-assessment and fall-prevention paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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5. The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the inhibition of stereotyped responses.
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Kadota, Hiroshi, Sekiguchi, Hirofumi, Takeuchi, Shigeki, Miyazaki, Makoto, and Kohno, Yutaka
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PREFRONTAL cortex ,STEREOTYPY (Psychiatry) ,ROCK-paper-scissors (Game) ,RESPONSE inhibition ,MAGNETIC resonance imaging ,EYE-hand coordination - Abstract
Stereotyped behaviors should be inhibited under some circumstances in order to encourage appropriate behavior. Psychiatrists have used the modified rock-paper-scissors (RPS) task to examine the inhibition of stereotyped behavior. When subjects are required to lose in response to a gesture, it is difficult for them to lose, and they have a tendency to win involuntarily. It is thought that the win response is the stereotyped response in the RPS task, and the difficulty in making positive attempts to lose is due to the requirement for inhibition of the stereotyped response. In this study, we investigated the brain regions related to inhibition of the stereotyped response using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Subjects were assigned to one of two groups: the “win group” or the “lose group.” The lose group showed higher activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLFPC) when compared to the win group. We also delivered transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) while the subjects performed the modified RPS task to investigate whether the left DLPFC (middle frontal gyrus, Brodmann area, BA 9) was directly involved in the inhibition of the stereotyped response. When TMS was delivered before onset of the visual stimulus, the subjects displayed increased response errors. In particular, the subjects had a tendency to win erroneously in a lose condition even though they were required to lose. These results indicate involvement of the left DLPFC in inhibition of the stereotyped responses, which suggests that this region is associated with inhibition of the preparatory setting for stereotyped responses rather than inhibition of ongoing processing to produce a stereotyped response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2010
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6. Reaction time analysis in patients with mild left unilateral spatial neglect employing the modified Posner task: vertical and horizontal dimensions.
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Osaki, Shinpei, Amimoto, Kazu, Miyazaki, Yasuhiro, Tanabe, Junpei, and Yoshihiro, Nao
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UNILATERAL neglect ,VISUAL fields ,TASKS - Abstract
Unilateral spatial neglect (USN) is a common neurological syndrome that develops after a right hemisphere lesion. By examining the performance of the modified Posner task added to the vertical dimensions of the left and right visual fields, we studied whether the lower left area had different neglect symptoms than the other locations. 41 patients with right hemisphere damage were classified into those with mild USN (USN+ ; n = 20) and without USN (USN− ; n = 21). Twenty older participants made up the healthy control (HC; n = 20) group. All participants recorded deficits in the paper-and-pencil tests established for neglect and reaction times in the modified Posner task. In the paper-and-pencil tests, there was no difference in deficit between the upper and lower left visual fields in any of the groups. According to the modified Posner task, the USN+ group exhibited delays in reaction time in the lower left visual field rather than the upper left visual field. Importantly, reaction times were delayed, and USN symptoms persisted, particularly for the lower left quadrant. Our findings imply that the modified Posner task can accurately uncover neglect symptoms in the case of mild USN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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7. Understanding motor control in health and disease: classic single (n = 1) observations
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Jose A. Obeso, Bastiaan R. Bloem, and Mariana H G Monje
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Adult ,Male ,Value (ethics) ,Physiology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Big data ,Disease ,Fingers ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Presentation ,All institutes and research themes of the Radboud University Medical Center ,0302 clinical medicine ,Motor control ,Opinion Paper ,Case report ,Healthy volunteers ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Aged ,media_common ,Cognitive science ,Movement Disorders ,business.industry ,General Neuroscience ,Middle Aged ,Disorders of movement Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 3] ,Incentive ,Motor Skills ,Female ,business ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
The field of neuroscience is increasingly dominated by a preferred use of big data, where analysis of large numbers has become an essential area of development. We here draw attention to the importance of smaller numbers, and more specifically, to the historical and continued importance of detailed and judiciously performed studies in single healthy volunteers or single patients with a unique clinical presentation, as an important approach to study normal functions of the nervous system, and to understand the pathophysiology underlying neurological movement disorders. We illustrate this by discussing several historical examples and by summarising Professor John Rothwell’s impressive body of work in single-patient studies, highlighting some of his seminal n = 1 studies that have had a great impact on the field. In doing so, we hope to provide a powerful incentive for the next generation of neuroscientists to keep appreciating the value of detailed analyses of single observations.
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- 2020
8. Comment to Salt and Stopp's Paper on Potassium and cochlear microphonics
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- 1980
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9. Comment to Salt and Stopp's Paper on Potassium and cochlear microphonics
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B. M. Johnstone and J. R. Johnstone
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chemistry ,General Neuroscience ,Potassium ,Inorganic chemistry ,Microphonics ,Salt (chemistry) ,chemistry.chemical_element - Published
- 1980
10. Differential effects of aging on spatial abilities.
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Aguilar Ramirez, Daniela E., Blinch, Jarrod, Takeda, Kate, Copeland, Jennifer L., and Gonzalez, Claudia L. R.
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SPATIAL ability ,MENTAL rotation ,VISUAL perception ,COGNITIVE ability ,OLDER people ,AGING - Abstract
Visuospatial functions are particularly vulnerable to the aging process. Decline of these processes can seriously affect an individual's functional independence and quality of life. Effectively assessing the spatial abilities of older adults is, therefore, crucial for identifying strategies to maintain cognitive functioning. The purpose of the present study was to use ecological tasks more comparable to activities of daily living to assess spatial ability in older adults. Three hands-on tasks (a visual search task, a low- and a high-mental rotation demand tasks) and a version of the well-known paper-based mental rotation of figures test (Shepard and Metzler, Science 171(3972):701–703, 1971) were given to 60–79-year-old female and male participants. The hands-on tasks required participants to locate, manipulate, and arrange real objects (i.e., toy bricks) in space. Age had a negative impact on visual search but not on mental rotation ability. Male participants outperformed females in the mental rotation tasks, but a trend for the opposite (better performance by females) was found for the visual search task. The results suggest that spatial abilities are not a monolithic construct and that sub-categories of this construct are affected by age and by sex differently. While visual search function is susceptible to decline during old age, mental rotation ability is not. In addition, unlike the paper-based test, the hands-on tasks were found to be age-appropriate with a feasible level of difficulty for all participants. The hands-on tasks may be more appealing as a tool to evaluate, maintain, and/or enhance spatial function in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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11. Studying cognitive-motor interactions using a tablet-based application of the Color Trails Test.
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Ben Yair, Noa, Wilf, Meytal, Bahat, Yotam, and Plotnik, Meir
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TOUCH screens ,NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL tests ,TRAIL Making Test ,TEST validity ,COGNITIVE ability ,SCHEDULING - Abstract
The Color Trails Test (CTT) is a pen and paper (P&P) test designed to measure cognitive function. The test consists of two parts that evaluate primarily sustained visual attention (Trails A) and divided attention (Trails B). Based on clinical interest in converting neuropsychological testing from P&P to computerized testing, we developed a digital version of the CTT ('Tablet-CTT'). Twenty-four young, healthy participants performed Trails A and B of both the original P&P and the Tablet-CTT. Hand kinematics were calculated using the continuous location of an electronic pen on the tablet touch screen. To compare motor control aspects, we differentiated for each test session the 'movement planning' and 'movement execution' times (accumulated across all single target-to-target trajectories). Concurrent validity was demonstrated by the high correlation between completion times of the P&P and Tablet-CTT, in both Trails A (r = 0.6; p < 0.005) and Trails B (r = 0.8; p < 0.001). Trails B yielded significantly longer completion times in both formats (p < 0.001). Examining hand kinematics in Tablet-CTT revealed that the difference in durations was mostly due to prolonged planning time, but also due to significantly lower execution velocity in Trails B (p < 0.001). Lastly, we found increased hand velocity during the planning phase in Trails B compared to Trails A (p < 0.001). This study demonstrates how transforming the CTT to a digital platform could be useful for studying cognitive-motor interactions in healthy individuals. Moreover, it could potentially serve as a diagnosis tool by introducing a more comprehensive testing method that incorporates online recordings of hand movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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12. Understanding effects of observing affordance-driven action during motor imagery through EEG analysis
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Bordoloi, Supriya, Gupta, Cota Navin, and Hazarika, Shyamanta M.
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- 2024
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13. Speech-evoked cortical activities and speech recognition in adult cochlear implant listeners: a review of functional near-infrared spectroscopy studies
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Farrar, Reed, Ashjaei, Samin, and Arjmandi, Meisam K.
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- 2024
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14. Modeling kinematic variability reveals displacement and velocity based dual control of saccadic eye movements
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Vasudevan, Varsha, Murthy, Aditya, and Padhi, Radhakant
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- 2024
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15. Pseudoneglect during object search in naturalistic scenes.
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Nuthmann, Antje and Clark, Christopher N. L.
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VISUAL perception ,BISECTORS (Geometry) ,EYE movements ,GAZE - Abstract
Pseudoneglect, that is the tendency to pay more attention to the left side of space, is typically assessed with paper-and-pencil tasks, particularly line bisection. In the present study, we used an everyday task with more complex stimuli. Subjects' task was to look for pre-specified objects in images of real-world scenes. In half of the scenes, the search object was located on the left side of the image (L-target); in the other half of the scenes, the target was on the right side (R-target). To control for left–right differences in the composition of the scenes, half of the scenes were mirrored horizontally. Eye-movement recordings were used to track the course of pseudoneglect on a millisecond timescale. Subjects' initial eye movements were biased to the left of the scene, but less so for R-targets than for L-targets, indicating that pseudoneglect was modulated by task demands and scene guidance. We further analyzed how horizontal gaze positions changed over time. When the data for L- and R-targets were pooled, the leftward bias lasted, on average, until the first second of the search process came to an end. Even for right-side targets, the gaze data showed an early left-bias, which was compensated by adjustments in the direction and amplitude of later saccades. Importantly, we found that pseudoneglect affected search efficiency by leading to less efficient scan paths and consequently longer search times for R-targets compared with L-targets. It may therefore be prudent to take spatial asymmetries into account when studying visual search in scenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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16. The relationship between T7-Fz alpha coherence and peak performance in self-paced sports: a meta-analytical review
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Raman, Dhruv and Filho, Edson
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- 2024
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17. The expression of decision and learning variables in movement patterns related to decision actions
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Selbing, Ida and Skewes, Joshua
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- 2024
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18. Operational encoding enhances action knowledge integration: insights from event-related potential analysis
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Zhao, Xiaomei, Cheng, Shi, and Liu, Zihan
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- 2024
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19. An evaluation of visuospatial skills using hands-on tasks.
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Aguilar Ramirez, Daniela E., Blinch, Jarrod, and Gonzalez, Claudia L. R.
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MENTAL rotation ,VISUAL perception ,TASKS ,THREE-dimensional imaging - Abstract
Several tests of mental rotation ability have been used to investigate its development and the origins of sex differences. One of the most used tests is the mental rotation test (MRT) by Vandenberg and Kuse. A limitation of the MRT is that it is a pen-and-paper test with 2D images of 3D objects. This is a challenge to the ecological validity of the MRT because mental rotation typically involves physical 3D objects that are also physically manipulated. The purpose of the present study was to compare mental rotation ability as evaluated by the MRT to three new tasks with physical objects (toy bricks) that were physically manipulated. The different tasks allowed us to vary the processing demands on mental rotation while standardizing other aspects of the tasks. Fifty-nine females and twenty-eight males completed the LMR and HMR conditions (low- and high-mental rotation demands, respectively) of the brick building task (BBT), a visual search task, and the MRT. As demands on mental rotation for the BBT increased, performance decreased and a sex difference, with males outperforming females, increased. There were correlations between all tasks, but they were larger between the versions of the BBT with the MRT. The results suggest that spatial skill is an assembly of interrelated subskills and that the sex difference is sensitive to the demands on mental rotation and dimensionality crossing. The benefits of the BBT are that it is ecologically valid, avoids dimensionality crossing, and the demands on mental rotation can be manipulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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20. Mapping of non-numerical domains on space: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Macnamara, Anne, Keage, Hannah A. D., and Loetscher, Tobias
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MATHEMATICAL mappings ,MATHEMATICAL domains ,SPATIAL analysis (Statistics) ,META-analysis ,SPACE - Abstract
The spatial numerical association of response code (SNARC) effect is characterized by low numbers mapped to the left side of space and high numbers mapped to the right side of space. In addition to numbers, SNARC-like effects have been found in non-numerical magnitude domains such as time, size, letters, luminance, and more, whereby the smaller/earlier and larger/later magnitudes are typically mapped to the left and right of space, respectively. The purpose of this systematic and meta-analytic review was to identify and summarise all empirical papers that have investigated horizontal (left-right) SNARC-like mappings using non-numerical stimuli. A systematic search was conducted using EMBASE, Medline, and PsycINFO, where 2216 publications were identified, with 57 papers meeting the inclusion criteria (representing 112 experiments). Ninety-five of these experiments were included in a meta-analysis, resulting in an overall effect size of d = .488 for a SNARC-like effect. Additional analyses revealed a significant effect size advantage for explicit instruction tasks compared with implicit instructions, yet yielded no difference for the role of expertise on SNARC-like effects. There was clear evidence for a publication bias in the field, but the impact of this bias is likely to be modest, and it is unlikely that the SNARC-like effect is a pure artefact of this bias. The similarities in the response properties for the spatial mappings of numerical and non-numerical domains support the concept of a general higher order magnitude system. Yet, further research will need to be conducted to identify all the factors modulating the strength of the spatial associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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21. Human mirror neuron system responsivity to unimodal and multimodal presentations of action.
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Copelli, Fran, Rovetti, Joseph, Ammirante, Paolo, and Russo, Frank A.
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MIRROR neurons ,PREFRONTAL cortex ,PREMOTOR cortex ,INDEPENDENT component analysis - Abstract
This study aims to clarify unresolved questions from two earlier studies by McGarry et al. Exp Brain Res 218(4): 527–538, 2012 and Kaplan and Iacoboni Cogn Process 8: 103–113, 2007 on human mirror neuron system (hMNS) responsivity to multimodal presentations of actions. These questions are: (1) whether the two frontal areas originally identified by Kaplan and Iacoboni (ventral premotor cortex [vPMC] and inferior frontal gyrus [IFG]) are both part of the hMNS (i.e., do they respond to execution as well as observation), (2) whether both areas yield effects of biologicalness (biological, control) and modality (audio, visual, audiovisual), and (3) whether the vPMC is preferentially responsive to multimodal input. To resolve these questions about the hMNS, we replicated and extended McGarry et al.'s electroencephalography (EEG) study, while incorporating advanced source localization methods. Participants were asked to execute movements (ripping paper) as well as observe those movements across the same three modalities (audio, visual, and audiovisual), all while 64-channel EEG data was recorded. Two frontal sources consistent with those identified in prior studies showed mu event-related desynchronization (mu-ERD) under execution and observation conditions. These sources also showed a greater response to biological movement than to control stimuli as well as a distinct visual advantage, with greater responsivity to visual and audiovisual compared to audio conditions. Exploratory analyses of mu-ERD in the vPMC under visual and audiovisual observation conditions suggests that the hMNS tracks the magnitude of visual movement over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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22. Will the real resource theory please stand up! Vigilance is a renewable resource and should be modeled as such.
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Helton, William S. and Wen, James
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RENEWABLE natural resources ,RESOURCE exploitation ,RESOURCE-based theory of the firm ,PSYCHOLOGICAL literature ,COGNITIVE neuroscience - Abstract
The vigilance decrement or decline in signal detection performance with time on task is one of the most reliable findings in the cognitive neuroscience and psychology literatures. The majority of theories proposed to explain the decrement are limited cognitive or attention resource based theories; the central nervous system is a limited capacity processor. The decrement in performance is then due to resource reallocation (or misallocation), resource depletion or some combination of both mechanisms. The role of resource depletion, in particular, is hotly debated. However, this may be due to a lack of understanding of the renewable nature of the vigilance resources and how this renewal process impacts performance during vigilance tasks. In the present paper, a simple quantitative model of vigilance resource depletion and renewal is described and shown to generate performance data similar to results seen in both humans and spiders. This model clarifies the role resource depletion and resource renewal may play in vigilance in both people and other animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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23. Motor learning and performance in schizophrenia and aging: two different patterns of decline
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Hulstijn, Wouter, Cornelis, Claudia, Morsel, Anne, Timmers, Maarten, Morrens, Manuel, and Sabbe, Bernard G. C.
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- 2024
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24. The role of vision in sensory integration models for predicting motion perception and sickness
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Kotian, Varun, Irmak, Tugrul, Pool, Daan, and Happee, Riender
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- 2024
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25. LncRNA-mir3471-limd1 regulatory network plays critical roles in HIBD
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Sun, Li, Wan, Jun, Sun, Bin, Tian, Qiuyan, Li, Mei, Xu, Li-Xiao, Feng, Chen-Xi, Tong, Xiao, Feng, Xing, Yang, Xiaofeng, and Ding, Xin
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- 2024
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26. Modulation of motor surround inhibition during motor tasks
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Kassavetis, Panagiotis, Camacho, Terance, Levine, Matthew, and Hallett, Mark
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- 2024
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27. Sex differences in visuospatial cognition- a female advantage in jigsaw puzzle solving.
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Aguilar Ramirez DE, Blinch J, Robertson K, Opdenaker J, and Gonzalez CLR
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- Humans, Female, Male, Young Adult, Adult, Rotation, Adolescent, Cognition physiology, Imagination physiology, Space Perception physiology, Sex Characteristics, Problem Solving physiology
- Abstract
Mentally visualizing objects, understanding relationships between two- or three- dimensional objects, and manipulating objects in space are some examples of visuospatial abilities. Numerous studies have shown that male participants outperform female participants in visuospatial tasks, particularly in mental rotation. One exception is solving jigsaw puzzles. Performance by seven- to eight-year-old girls was found to be superior to that of boys of the same age (Kocijan et al. 2017). No study, however, has confirmed this finding in an adult population, where sex differences are often detectable. Seventy-nine young adult participants were given four different jigsaw puzzles and the Shepard and Metzler mental rotation test (MRT) with two main goals: First, to investigate possible sex differences in jigsaw puzzle solving, and second, to explore a potential relationship between mental rotation and jigsaw puzzle solving. We hypothesized that female participants would outperform males in the jigsaw puzzles but males would outperform females in the MRT. The findings confirmed this hypothesis. Notably, the male performance in jigsaw puzzle solving was attributed to their sex and mediated by their higher MRT scores. These results yielded two key insights. First, they indicate a dissociation between these two visuospatial abilities, jigsaw puzzle solving and mental rotation; and second, female and male participants capitalize on their distinct cognitive strengths when solving visuospatial tasks., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
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- 2024
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28. How prism adaptation reveals the distinct use of size and positions in grasping.
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Smeets, Jeroen B. J., Pennekamp, Ian, van Amsterdam, Bente, and Schot, Willemijn D.
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PRISMS ,INFORMATION resources ,SENSORIMOTOR integration ,INFORMATION resources management ,PROPRIOCEPTION - Abstract
The size of an object equals the distance between the positions of its opposite edges. However, human sensory processing for perceiving positions differs from that for perceiving size. Which of these two information sources is used to control grip aperture? In this paper, we answer this question by prism adaptation of single-digit movements of the index finger and thumb. We previously showed that it is possible to adapt the index finger and thumb in opposite directions and that this adaptation induces an aftereffect in grip aperture in grasping. This finding suggests that grasping is based on the perceived positions of the contact points. However, it might be compatible with grasping being controlled based on size provided that the opposing prism adaptation leads to changes in visually perceived size or proprioception of hand opening. In that case, one would predict a similar aftereffect in manually indicating the perceived size. In contrast, if grasping is controlled based on information about the positions of the edges, the aftereffect in grasping is due to altered position information, so one would predict no aftereffect in manually indicating the perceived size. Our present experiment shows that there was no aftereffect in manually indicating perceived size. We conclude that grip aperture during grasping is based on perceived positions rather than on perceived size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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29. Auditory and somatosensory feedback mechanisms of laryngeal and articulatory speech motor control.
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Weerathunge, Hasini R., Voon, Tiffany, Tardif, Monique, Cilento, Dante, and Stepp, Cara E.
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SPEECH ,YOUNG adults - Abstract
Purpose: Speech production is a complex motor task involving multiple subsystems. The relationships between these subsystems need to be comprehensively investigated to understand the underlying mechanisms of speech production. The goal of this paper is to examine the differential contributions of 1) auditory and somatosensory feedback control mechanisms, and 2) laryngeal and articulatory speech production subsystems on speech motor control at an individual speaker level using altered auditory and somatosensory feedback paradigms. Methods: Twenty young adults completed speaking tasks in which sudden and unpredictable auditory and physical perturbations were applied to the laryngeal and articulatory speech production subsystems. Auditory perturbations were applied to laryngeal or articulatory acoustic features of speech. Physical perturbations were applied to the larynx and the jaw. Pearson-product moment correlation coefficients were calculated between 1) auditory and somatosensory reflexive responses to investigate relationships between auditory and somatosensory feedback control mechanisms, and 2) laryngeal and articulatory reflexive responses as well as acuity measures to investigate the relationship between auditory-motor features of laryngeal and articulatory subsystems. Results: No statistically significant correlations were found concerning the relationships between auditory and somatosensory feedback. No statistically significant correlations were found between auditory-motor features in the laryngeal and articulatory control subsystems. Conclusion: Results suggest that the laryngeal and articulatory speech production subsystems operate with differential auditory and somatosensory feedback control mechanisms. The outcomes suggest that current models of speech motor control should consider decoupling laryngeal and articulatory domains to better model speech motor control processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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30. MicroRNA-124 conducts neuroprotective effect via inhibiting AK4/ATF3 after subarachnoid hemorrhage
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Jiang, Wei, Jia, Qingge, Ma, Hongxin, Han, Song, Bi, Shijun, Zhu, Kunyuan, Chen, Ligang, and Liang, Guobiao
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- 2024
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31. Non-coding RNA in alcohol use disorder by affecting synaptic plasticity.
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Zhu, Shuang, Wu, Jiaming, and Hu, Jian
- Subjects
ALCOHOLISM ,NON-coding RNA ,NEUROPLASTICITY ,LINCRNA ,COMPULSIVE behavior ,SYNAPSES - Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is one of the most serious public health problems worldwide. AUD is a complex disorder, and there is ample evidence that genetic predisposition is critical to its development. Recent studies have shown that genetic predisposition leads to the onset of AUD, and alcohol metabolism can affect epigenetic inheritance, which in turn affects synaptic plasticity, alters brain function, and leads to more severe addictive behaviors. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), play an important role in alcohol addiction. This paper reviews the regulatory role of ncRNAs. ncRNAs are involved in enzyme and neurotransmitter reaction systems during alcohol use disorder. Alcohol consumption regulates the expression of ncRNAs that mediate epigenetic modification and synaptic plasticity, which play an important role in the development of chronic AUD. ncRNAs may be used not only as predictors of therapeutic responses but also as therapeutic targets of AUD. Chronic alcoholism is more likely to lead to neuroimmune disorders, including permanent brain dysfunction. AUD induced by long-term alcoholism greatly alters the expression of genes in the human genome, especially the expression of ncRNAs. Alcohol can cause a series of pathological changes by interfering with gene expression, such as through disordered miRNA–mRNA expression networks, epigenetic modifications, disordered metabolism, and even synaptic remodeling. ncRNAs are involved in the transition from moderate drinking to alcohol dependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Timecourse of two-dimensional decision-making to offensive actions
- Author
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Mori, Shuji and Ono, Mikoto
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Two-step actions in infancy—the TWAIN model.
- Author
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Gottwald, Janna M., Gredebäck, Gustaf, and Lindskog, Marcus
- Subjects
INFANTS ,MOTOR learning ,SOCIAL interaction ,LEARNING ability - Abstract
In this paper, we propose a novel model—the TWAIN model—to describe the durations of two-step actions in a reach-to-place task in human infants. Previous research demonstrates that infants and adults plan their actions across multiple steps. They adjust, for instance, the velocity of a reaching action depending on what they intend to do with the object once it is grasped. Despite these findings and irrespective of the larger context in which the action occurs, current models (e.g., Fitts' law) target single, isolated actions, as, for example, pointing to a goal. In the current paper, we develop and empirically test a more ecologically valid model of two-step action planning. More specifically, 61 18-month olds took part in a reach-to-place task and their reaching and placing durations were measured with a motion-capture system. Our model explained the highest amount of variance in placing duration and outperformed six previously suggested models, when using model comparison. We show that including parameters of the first action step, here the duration of the reaching action, can improve the description of the second action step, here the duration of the placing action. This move towards more ecologically valid models of action planning contributes knowledge as well as a framework for assessing human machine interactions. The TWAIN model provides an updated way to quantify motor learning by the time these abilities develop, which might help to assess performance in typically developing human children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Multifractal signatures of complexity matching.
- Author
-
Delignières, Didier, Almurad, Zainy, Roume, Clément, and Marmelat, Vivien
- Subjects
STATISTICAL matching ,SYNCHRONIZATION ,MULTIFRACTALS ,MOTOR ability ,STATISTICAL hypothesis testing - Abstract
The complexity matching effect supposes that synchronization between complex systems could emerge from multiple interactions across multiple scales and has been hypothesized to underlie a number of daily-life situations. Complexity matching suggests that coupled systems tend to share similar scaling properties, and this phenomenon is revealed by a statistical matching between the scaling exponents that characterize the respective behaviors of both systems. However, some recent papers suggested that this statistical matching could originate from local adjustments or corrections, rather than from a genuine complexity matching between systems. In the present paper, we propose an analysis method based on correlation between multifractal spectra, considering different ranges of time scales. We analyze several datasets collected in various situations (bimanual coordination, interpersonal coordination, and walking in synchrony with a fractal metronome). Our results show that this method is able to distinguish between situations underlain by genuine statistical matching and situations where statistical matching results from local adjustments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Ocular microtremor: a structured review.
- Author
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Graham, Lisa, Das, Julia, Vitorio, Rodrigo, McDonald, Claire, Walker, Richard, Godfrey, Alan, Morris, Rosie, and Stuart, Samuel
- Subjects
EYE movements ,NEUROLOGIC examination ,NEUROLOGICAL disorders ,GENERATING functions ,MEDICAL research ,LOSS of consciousness - Abstract
Ocular microtremor (OMT) is the smallest of three involuntary fixational micro eye movements, which has led to it being under researched in comparison. The link between OMT and brain function generates a strong rationale for further study as there is potential for its use as a biomarker in populations with neurological injury and disease. This structured review focused on populations previously studied, instrumentation used for measurement, commonly reported OMT outcomes, and recommendations concerning protocol design and future studies. Current methods of quantifying OMT will be reviewed to analyze their efficacy and efficiency and guide potential development and understanding of novel techniques. Electronic databases were systematically searched and compared with predetermined inclusion criteria. 216 articles were identified in the search and screened by two reviewers. 16 articles were included for review. Findings showed that piezoelectric probe is the most common method of measuring OMT, with fewer studies involving non-invasive approaches, such as contact lenses and laser imaging. OMT frequency was seen to be reduced during general anesthesia at loss of consciousness and in neurologically impaired participants when compared to healthy adults. We identified the need for a non-invasive technique for measuring OMT and highlight its potential in clinical applications as an objective biomarker for neurological assessments. We highlight the need for further research on the clinical validation of OMT to establish its potential to identify or predict a meaningful clinical or functional state, specifically, regarding accuracy, precision, and reliability of OMT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Effect of degeneration of sympathetic ganglion cells on amino acid metabolism in cervical ganglion from the rat.
- Author
-
Nagata Y and Tsukada Y
- Subjects
- Animals, Aspartic Acid metabolism, Carbon Isotopes, Chromatography, Paper, DNA metabolism, Nerve Degeneration, RNA metabolism, Rats, Sympathectomy, Ganglia, Autonomic physiology, Ganglia, Spinal metabolism, Glucose metabolism, Glutamates metabolism, Schwann Cells metabolism
- Published
- 1968
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Looking beyond the binary: an extended paradigm for focus of attention in human motor performance
- Author
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Gose, Rebecca and Abraham, Amit
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Correction to: Postural responses to target jumps and background motion in a fast pointing task.
- Author
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Zhang, Yajie, Brenner, Eli, Duysens, Jacques, Verschueren, Sabine, and Smeets, Jeroen B. J.
- Subjects
MIND-wandering ,SPEED - Abstract
The original publication of this paper contained an error. The background motion speeds were actually 20 and 60 cm/s instead of the 2 and 6 cm/s mentioned in the paper (also in figures). It does not affect any of the results, interpretation or conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. The power law as behavioral illusion: reappraising the reappraisals.
- Author
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Marken, Richard S. and Shaffer, Dennis M.
- Subjects
POWER law (Mathematics) ,FISHBONE diagrams ,MATHEMATICAL variables ,LOGIC diagrams ,VELOCITY - Abstract
Marken and Shaffer (Exp Brain Res 235:1835-1842,
2017 ) have argued that the power law of movement, which is generally thought to reflect the mechanisms that produce movement, is actually an example of what Powers (Psychol Rev 85:417-435,1978 ) dubbed a behavioral illusion, where an observed relationship between variables is seen as revealing something about the mechanisms that produce a behavior when, in fact, it does not. Zago et al. (Exp Brain Res. 10.1007/s0022-017-5108-z,2017 ) and Taylor (Exp Brain Res, 10.1007/s00221-018-5192-8,2018 ) have “reappraised” this argument, claiming that it is based on logical, mathematical, statistical and theoretical errors. In the present paper we answer these claims and show that the power law of movement is, indeed, an example of a behavioral illusion. However, we also explain how this apparently negative finding can point the study of movement in a new and more productive direction, with research aimed at understanding movement in terms of its purposes rather than its causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Suppression head impulse test paradigm (SHIMP) characteristics in people with Parkinson's disease compared to healthy controls.
- Author
-
Hawkins, Kim E., Rey-Martinez, Jorge, Chiarovano, Elodie, Paul, Serene S., Valldeperes, Ariadna, MacDougall, Hamish G., and Curthoys, Ian S.
- Subjects
PARKINSON'S disease ,VESTIBULO-ocular reflex ,PHASE velocity - Abstract
The suppression head impulse test paradigm (SHIMP) is a newly described indicator of vestibular function which yields two measures: vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain and a saccadic response. It is an alternative and complementary test to the head impulse test paradigm (HIMP). Parkinson's disease (PD) has known saccadic and central vestibular pathway dysfunction. This paper is the first description of SHIMP VOR gain and saccade characteristic in this population. This prospective observational study measured the SHIMP VOR gain and saccade characteristics in 39 participants with idiopathic PD and compared this to 40 healthy controls (HC). The effect of group, demographic variables and SHIMP characteristics were evaluated. SHIMP VOR gains were not significantly different between groups (p = 0.10). Compared to HC, the PD group mean SHIMP peak saccade velocity was significantly reduced by an average of 77.07°/sec (p < 0.001), and SHIMP saccade response latency was longer, with an average delay of 23.5 ms (p = 0.003). SHIMP saccade peak velocity was also associated with both head impulse velocity (p = 0.002) and SHIMP VOR gain (p = 0.004) variables, but there was no significant influence of these variables when SHIMP saccade peak velocity was considered as a predictor of PD (p = 0.52–0.91). VOR gains were unaffected by PD. PD-specific saccadic dysfunction, namely reduced peak saccade velocities and prolonged response latencies, were observed in the SHIMP-induced saccade responses. VOR gain using slow phase eye velocity is preferred as the indicator of vestibular function in the SHIMPs paradigm as non-vestibular factors affected saccade peak velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. An experimental paradigm for studying sense of agency in joint human–machine motor actions.
- Author
-
Dubynin, Ignat A., Yashin, Artem S., Velichkovsky, Boris M., and Shishkin, Sergei L.
- Subjects
HUMAN-machine systems ,ELECTROMECHANICAL devices ,EVOKED potentials (Electrophysiology) ,SYSTEMS development - Abstract
In this paper, we propose an experimental technique for studying the sense of agency (SoA) in joint human–machine actions. This technique is based on the use of an electromechanical finger-lifting device that enables a joint motor action initiated by a participant and completed by the machine. The joint action, later referred to as an "active–passive" action, was implemented as a reaction time task and contrasted with other levels of participant's involvement, including active movement, passive movement, and observation of a dummy's movement. In each trial, a feedback sound signal informed the participant whether they had performed the task successfully, i.e. faster than a threshold, which was individually adjusted in the beginning of the experiment. In the active condition, the result depended on the participant, while in other conditions it was preprogrammed for the servo. In context of this task, we studied direct time estimates made by participants and auditory event-related potentials (ERP) in 20 healthy volunteers. The amplitude of the auditory N1 component in the responses to the feedback sound showed no significant effect of activity and success factors, while its latency was shorter in successful trials. Interaction of activity and success factors was significant for subjective time estimates. Surprisingly, the intentional binding effect (subjective compression of time intervals, which is known as a correlate of SoA) only emerged in trials of active condition with negative results. This observation was in contrast with the fact that the active and active–passive movements were both voluntarily initiated by the participant. We believe that studying SoA with the proposed technique may not only add to the understanding of agency but also provide practically relevant results for the development of human–machine systems such as exoskeletons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Does play shape hand use skill in rats?
- Author
-
Whishaw, Ian Q., Burke, Candace J., and Pellis, Sergio M.
- Subjects
RATS ,GESTURE ,NEST building ,SOCIAL movements ,ADULTS ,ABILITY - Abstract
Hand use is a widespread act in many vertebrate lineages and subserves behaviors including locomotion, predation, feeding, nest construction, and grooming. In order to determine whether hand use is similarly used in social behavior, the present paper describes hand use in the social play of rats. In the course of rough and tumble play sessions, rats are found to make as many as twenty different movements a minute with each hand for the purposes of manipulating a partner into a subordinate position or defending against a partner's attack. The hand movements comprise signaling movements of touching, offensive manipulating of a partner to control a play engagement, and defensive hand movements directed toward blocking, pushing and pulling to parry an attack. For signaling, attack and defense, hand movements have a structure that is similar to the structure of hand movements used for other purposes including eating, but in their contact points on an opponent, they are tailored for partner control. Given the time devoted to play by rats, play likely features the social rat behavior with the most extensive use of hand movements. This extensive use of hand movements for social play is discussed in relation to the ubiquity of hand use in adaptive behavior, the evolution of hand use in the play of mammals, and in relation to extending the multifunctional theory of the purposes of play to include the education of skilled hand movements for various adult functions including as feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Circ_0132817 facilitates cell proliferation, migration, invasion and glycolysis by regulating the miR-432-5p/NOL4L axis in neuroblastoma.
- Author
-
Fang, Yafei, Yao, Yuqian, Mao, Kangwei, Zhong, Yanyan, and Xu, Yan
- Subjects
NEUROBLASTOMA ,CELL proliferation ,GLYCOLYSIS ,TUMORS in children ,CIRCULAR RNA ,TUMOR growth - Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the most common extracranial solid tumors in children. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been shown to be involved in the development of NB. However, the function of circ_0132817 in NB is currently unclear. In this paper, the levels of circ_0132817 and NOL4L were induced in NB tissues and cells, and miR-432-5p expression was on the contrary. MiR-432-5p was verified as a target of circ_0132817 and miR-432-5p could bind to NOL4L. The inhibitory effects of miR-432-5p overexpression on cell proliferation, migration, invasion and glycolysis could be reversed by circ_0132817 facilitation. The suppression of NOL4L knockdown on NB cells progression could be rescued by miR-432-5p inhibition. Besides, knockdown of circ_0132817 repressed tumor growth in vivo. Thus, we came to a conclusion that circ_0132817 promoted the tumorigenesis of NB cells by up-regulating NOL4L and acting as a sponge for miR-432-5p. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Discrimination of cone contrast changes as evidence for colour constancy in cerebral achromatopsia.
- Author
-
Hurlbert, A. C., Bramwell, D. I., Heywood, C., and Cowey, A.
- Abstract
One proposed mechanism for underpinning colour constancy is computation of the relative activity of cones within one class – cone ratios, or cone contrasts – between surfaces in a fixed scene undergoing a change in illuminant. Although there is evidence that cone ratios do determine colour appearance under many conditions, the site or sites of their computation is unknown. Here, we report that a cerebrally achromatopsic observer, MS, displayed evidence of colour constancy in asymmetric colour matching tasks and was able to discriminate changes in cone ratios for simple, but not complex scenes. We hypothesise that the site of local cone-ratio computation is therefore early in the visual system, probably retinal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Principles for learning single-joint movements.
- Author
-
Jaric, Slobodan, Corcos, Daniel, Agarwal, Gyan, and Gottlieb, Gerald
- Abstract
The previous paper in this series showed that changes both within and between experimental sessions can be understood in the framework of the dual-strategy hypothesis of motor control, with a modification sometimes required for the timing of the antagonist muscle. The present paper extends these findings by determining how practicing movements at one distance generalizes to changes in performance at other distances. Five subjects made elbow flexion movements over five different distances (pretest). They then performed 1400 movements (seven sessions of ten blocks of 20 trials) at only one of those distances. The subjects then repeated the flexion movements over the five different distances (posttest). On the posttest, subjects decreased their average movement time by 20 ms. In addition, their movements became less variable. The electromyographic pattern of the faster movements was characterized by a more rapidly rising electromyogram, for three of the subjects, and an antagonist latency that decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Motor programmes for goal-directed movements are continuously adjusted according to changes in target location.
- Author
-
Sonderen, J., Gielen, C., and Denier, J.
- Abstract
We have studied fast arm movements in response to double-step stimuli in two-dimensional space. In a previous paper we found that such movements did not start in the direction of the first or the second target, but in a direction between the two targets. The initial movement direction was found to depend in a continuous fashion on the inter-stimulus interval and on the reaction time. Therefore we concluded that the internal representation of a discrete target displacement is a gradually shifting internal target, moving from the first to the second target location. In this paper we investigate whether the arm movements also show a modification of the trajectory during the movement. An inter-stimulus interval of 100 ms was chosen, because then the initial movement direction is the same as in the response to a single-step displacement. We found that on average double-step trajectories deviate significantly from their original trajectory within 60 ms, and in some cases even within 30 ms of the start of the movement. We conclude that a motor programme is centrally modified according to a changed target location. We hypothesize that the generation of the motor programme starts after the target presentation, and that the activation levels for the appropriate muscles are continuously adjusted to move the hand in the direction of the current internal representation of the target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1989
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Reply to Frassinetti (2022): assessing all the available evidence on discriminating photographs of our own hands.
- Author
-
Holmes, Nicholas P.
- Subjects
PHOTOGRAPHS ,MOTOR imagery (Cognition) - Abstract
Of the papers cited by Frassinetti in support of a self-advantage in implicit tasks, three reported healthy adult samples of 14 or smaller (Frassinetti et al [4], I N i = 8; Moreau et al [9], I N i = 12; Frassinetti et al [5], I N i = 14). Dear Editors, I welcome the scrutiny and critique of Professor Frassinetti, whose work has been very influential on my own research. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Preventing action slows down performance in perceptual judgment
- Author
-
Quarona, D., Raffuzzi, M., Costantini, M., and Sinigaglia, C.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Rfamide-related peptide-3 suppresses the substance P-induced promotion of the reproductive performance in female rats modulating hypothalamic Kisspeptin expression
- Author
-
Rahdar, Parastoo and Khazali, Homayoun
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Metformin improves depressive-like symptoms in mice via inhibition of peripheral and central NF-κB-NLRP3 inflammation activation
- Author
-
Du, Ren-Wei and Bu, Wen-Guang
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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