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The retinal pigment epithelium cells (RPE) are sensitive to oxidative stimuli due to long-term exposure to various environmental stimuli. Thus, the oxidative injury of RPE cells caused by the imbalance of redox homeostasis is one of the main pathogenic factors of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). But the sophisticated mechanisms linking AMD to oxidative stress are not fully elucidated. Activation of Nrf2 signal pathway can protect RPE cells from oxidative damage. The present study investigated the regulating mechanism of miR-125b in Nrf2 cascade and evaluated its antioxidant capacity. The in vitro studies indicated that overexpression of miR-125b substantially inhibited Keap1 expression, enhanced Nrf2 expression and induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Importantly, functional studies demonstrated that forced expression of miR-125b could significantly elevate cell proliferation and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels while reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and malondialdehyde (MDA) formation. Further studies showed that miR-125b had no effect when Nrf2 was silenced in ARPE-19 cells. Additionally, the results identified that Nrf2 silence induced ROS accumulation enhances HIF-1α protein expression, while miR-125b could offset this effect via promoting HIF-1α protein degradation. Subsequent in vivo studies demonstrated that sodium iodate induced outer retina thinner was reversed with exogenous supplementation of miR-125b, which was cancelled in Nrf2 knockout mice. In conclusion, this study illustrated that miR-125b can protect RPE from oxidative damage via targeting Nrf2/HIF-1α signal pathway and potentially may serve as a therapeutic agent of AMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]