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Aim: The aim of this work was to study the effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on inflammation-impaired cognitive functions and the brain of mice. Methods: Young mice (~3-month-old) and aged mice (~18-month-old) were injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and obtained intravenously donor 106 human umbilical cord MSCs, EVs isolated from a similar amount of MSCs or conditioned medium (CM) of MSCs. Subsequently, the mice were examined in behavioral tests and the mouse brains were analyzed for the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChRs) and amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ1-42). Results: EVs prevented LPS-induced memory impairment in mice, whereas CM provided a weaker and temporal effect. Both EVs and MSCs injected once after regular injections of LPS stably improved memory of young mice. In contrast, both cells and EVs provided only transient effect in aged mice injected with LPS. The brains of aged LPS-treated mice contained elevated amounts of IL-1β and IL-6; both MSCs and EVs decreased them significantly. The brains of non-treated aged mice contained decreased levels of α7 nAChRs and increased levels of Aβ1-42 and α7-bound Aβ1-42 compared to the brains of young mice. LPS treatment decreased α7 nAChRs in both young and aged mice, while both MSCs and EVs restored them up to the control level. In young mice, LPS treatment increased the level of Aβ1-42 and α7-bound Aβ1-42, whereas MSCs and EVs decreased it. In contrast, neither LPS nor MSCs/EVs influenced the elevated level of Aβ1-42 but increased α7-bound Aβ1-42 in the brains of aged mice. Conclusions: Regenerative potential of MSCs and MSC-derived EVs is sufficient to support cognitive functions of LPS-treated young mice but is quite poor for aged animals, possibly, due to decreased levels of α7 nAChRs and accumulated Aβ1-42 in their brains.