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High-speed shearing (HSS) technology was used to mill the okara fibers in raw whole soybean flour (rWSF) suspension for fabrication of whole soybean curd (WSC). By measuring the medium diameter and analyzing the protein subunit composition of rWSF and heated whole soybean flour (hWSF), we found that HSS effectively micronized the insoluble fraction in suspension (especially the component cell layers of seed coat) but destroyed the structure of the native protein and caused the disappearance of specific protein band 7 in sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Further, we made WSC using HSS-treated hWSF suspension and analyzed its characteristics. The relative contents of α-helix, β-sheet, and β-turns all decreased after HSS, but the surface hydrophobicity showed an opposite trend. Additionally, the maximum emission wavelength blue- shifted after HSS. These results indicated that the secondary and tertiary structures of WSC were changed by HSS. Moreover, microstructural analysis based on a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and texture analyzer suggested that HSS led to the formation of a loose and less connected gel network and weakened the gel strength consequently. In summary, to separate and micronize okara individually and add them back to soymilk for WSC making was a considerable method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D food printing has attracted considerable attention as promising technique to manufacture foods customization in shape, color, texture and even nutrition. In this study, the effect of material formulation (water content and rice types including waxy rice, japonica rice, and indica rice) on the quality of 3D-printed rice-based foods was investigated. Results showed that rheological properties of rice doughs were obviously influenced by its formulation and qualitatively but not quantitatively correlated with its printability ever further. The 3D-printed waxy rice product with flour-to-water ratio of 100:90 (3DWRD-3) exhibited best shape, highest precision, and most compact microstructure, followed by indica rice product (3DIRD-2) and japonica rice product (3DJRD-4) with flour-to-water ratio of 100:85 and 100:95, respectively. To further study the compatibility of 3D printing with conventional food processing technologies, 3D-printed products were steamed. The study revealed that 3DWRD-3 has swollen during steaming due to the highest amylopectin content of waxy rice and further showed the worst shape stability and highest in vitro starch digestibility. But opposite phenomenon arose in steamed 3DIRD-2 and steamed 3DJRD-4, indicating that indica and japonica rice could be promising materials for 3D printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]