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A novel method is introduced for extracting and enriching Cd(II) and Pb(II) from edible oils using glutathione disulfide (GSSG) as both an extractant and a phase-separation agent. The ions in the oils were initially extracted into an aqueous solution containing GSSG. After mixing the solution with acetonitrile at the appropriate volume ratio, a new phase formed, resulting in enrichment of the analytes. The experimental conditions were optimized using response surface methodology with a central composite design. Under optimal conditions, the method offered a combined enrichment factor of >660, with combined extraction efficiencies of 84.31% and 83.35% for Cd(II) and Pb(II), respectively. Finally, the method was conjugated to capillary electrophoresis to determine Cd(II) and Pb(II) in edible oil samples, with detection limits of 0.45 and 1.24 ppb, respectively. In comparison to traditional approaches, the GSSG-based method demonstrates rapidity, efficiency, and recyclability in extracting heavy metal ions from complex matrices. [Display omitted] • A new method was proposed for determining Cd(II) and Pb(II) in edible oils. • GSSG acted as an extractant and phase-separation agent during the process. • A combined enrichment factor of >660 was obtained. • The method was applied to vegetable oil samples with low detection limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural sweeteners generally refer to a sweet chemical component directly extracted from nature or obtained through appropriate modifications, mainly secondary metabolites of plants. Compared to the first-generation sweeteners represented by sucrose and the second-generation sweeteners represented by sodium cyclamate, natural sweeteners usually have high sweetness, low-calorie content, good solubility, high stability, and rarely toxic side effects. Historically, researchers mainly focus on the function of natural sweeteners as substitutes for sugars in the food industry. This paper reviews the bioactivities of several typical natural sweeteners, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-bacterial, and anti-hyperglycemic activities. In addition, we have summarized the extraction, physicochemical properties, and application of natural sweeteners. The article aimed to comprehensively collate vital information about natural sweeteners and review the potentiality of tapping bioactive compounds from natural products. Hopefully, this review provides insights into the further development of natural sweeteners as therapeutic agents and functional foods. [Display omitted] • Natural sweeteners as substitutes for sugar have nutritional, healthy, and pharmacological values. • A comprehensive review of the bioactivities of natural sweeteners is given. • Natural sweeteners are used in both food and non-food industries. • Limits and future work on individual natural sweetener research were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steroidal glycoalkaloids (GAs) are toxins produced by solanaceous plants. As there are no fully standardized methods for their extraction and determination in food, the research aimed to: (1) develop and critically compare methods based on gas (GC) and liquid (LC) chromatography, including their coupling with mass spectrometry, and (2) to develop and optimize a universal GA extraction method. Hyphenated techniques proved to be the most useful in GA analysis: LC-MS was the most sensitive one, while GC–MS offered the highest chromatographic resolution. It was proven that quantitative results obtained using different analytical techniques cannot be directly compared. New extraction method that is more efficient than the AOAC method (997.13) was then designed and optimized. It was characterized by higher absolute recovery (99% and 34%, respectively) and allowed to extract much more GAs from the same material (e.g. 21.2 ± 1.4 and 11.82 ± 0.97 mg g−1 of potato tubers, respectively). [Display omitted] • Comprehensive comparison of analytical techniques for glycoalkaloid analysis • Matrix effects significantly affect the results in LC-MS and GC–MS • Insufficient selectivity of GC-based methods may overestimate the results • Direct comparison of the results should be done with caution • New extraction method displays much higher efficiency than previous approaches [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Structure and bioactivities of main sweet taste ingredients of stevia are described. • Stevia provides beneficial effects against various diseases and its application in food. • A number of novel techniques are currently utilized to extract steviol glycosides. • Recovery of steviol glycosides from Stevia is discussed. For health and safety reasons, the search for green, healthy, and low-calorie sweeteners with good taste has become the demand of many consumers. Furthermore, the need for sugar substitutes of natural origin has increased dramatically. In this review, we briefly discussed the safety and health benefits of stevia sweeteners and enumerated some examples of physiological functions of steviol glycosides (SGs), such as anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, antihypertensive, anti-diabetes, and anticaries, citing various evidence related to their application in the food industry. The latest advances in emerging technologies for extracting and purifying SGs and the process variables and operational strategies were discussed. The impact of the extraction methods and their comparison against the conventional techniques have also been demonstrated. These technologies use minimal energy solvents and simplify subsequent purification stages, making viable alternatives suitable for a possible industrial application. Furthermore, we also elucidated the potential for advancing and applying the natural sweeteners SGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep eutectic solvent (DES) combined with ultrasonic-assisted extraction was employed as an environmentally friendly technique for extracting antioxidant phenolic compounds from Neem leaves in place of organic solvents. Choline chloride-Ethylene glycol (1:2) with 40% V /V water content (DES-1) was investigated as a potential total phenolic content extractant (38.2 ± 1.2 mg GAE/g DW, where GAE: gallic acid equivalent, DW: dry weight). The optimal operational parameters assessed using single-factor experiments to maximize the total phenolic compounds content were as follows: extraction time of 30 min, 40% V /V water content, liquid-solid ratio of 15:1, and room temperature. Additionally, the in-vitro antioxidant experiments (2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay) demonstrated the DES-1-based extract of Neem leaves as a potent antioxidant agent, compared to traditional solvents. Moreover, microscopic morphological analysis supported the effectiveness of DES-1 for the noticeable alteration in the fiber surface structure of Neem leaves after extraction which benefited in the release of polyphenols from these leaves. Eventually, the mass analysis of the extract disclosed the presence of eleven polyphenols in the extract. The Green Analytical Procedure Index revealed the greenness of the extraction method. [Display omitted] • Choline chloride-Ethylene glycol (1:2) with 40% V/V water content efficiently extracts polyphenols from Neem leaves • DES-UAE significantly alters the surface morphology of Neem leaves. • Eleven polyphenols were identified in the extract using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis. • The DES-1-based extract was discovered as an effective antioxidant agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcuminoids originated from the plant Curcuma longa L. show high medical values. Herein, ionic liquids (ILs) were synthesized using fatty acids and alcohol amines to extract curcuminoids. Through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) optimization, the extraction amount of curcuminoids by [TEA][FA-C 7 ] aqueous solution reached 34.89 mg/g at a liquid-solid ratio of 16.36 mg/g and an extraction temperature of 36 °C, surpassing that of methanol. The extraction capacity of [TEA][FA-C 7 ] to curcuminoids was 299.33 mg/g. Furthermore, the separation of extracts and recovery of fatty acids were studied. Quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the extraction mechanism profoundly. This study not only proposed a novel green solvent for the extraction of curcuminoids from the plant Curcuma longa L. but also provided the possibility of applying fatty acid-based ILs to extract natural medicine efficiently. [Display omitted] • Synthesis of alcoholamine fatty acid ionic liquids for curcumin extraction studies. • The extraction mechanism was explored using quantum chemistry and molecular dynamics. • Preparing ILs is simple and fast, and it is more effective at extracting curcumin. • Preliminary routes for solvent recovery and extract separation were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impurities and isomerized polysaccharides affect the analytical accuracy of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) structure and bioactivity, hindering their application in food and medicine. Preparing homogeneous GAGs components is essential for exploring structure-potency relationships and facilitating industrial production. This review primarily summarizes research on animal-derived GAGs preparation over the past five years, standardizing the preparation process into four operational units: pre-extraction treatment, extraction of crude polysaccharides, refinement of crude polysaccharides, and separation of GAGs components. Analyzed for scientific research and industrial production, the principles and application conditions of traditional means and novel techniques to preparing GAGs are comprehensively emphasized, exploring the effects of different treatments on biological activity and structure. Current challenges and development trends are illuminated. This review aims to lay a foundation for the in-depth study of GAGs structure, bioactivity, and function, providing theoretical references for the comprehensive utilization of animal raw materials and the development of animal polysaccharide deep-processing industries. [Display omitted] • Extraction and purification mean for glycosaminoglycans are summarized. • Novel eco-friendly physical technologies become the trend. • Providing a foundation for the structure-activity relationship study. • Processing by-products can be re-used to prepare glycosaminoglycans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at recycling flavonoids with glycolipid lowering activity from Chenpi processing residue produced by essential oil extraction. The crude Chenpi flavonoids obtained by ethanol reflux mainly contained flavonone (hesperidin) and polymethoxyflavonoids (nobiletin, tangeretin, sinensetin, and isosinensetin), which complementally exerted strong glycolipid lowering activity as revealed by digestive enzyme inhibitory activity, molecular docking and network pharmacology. The reducing sugar and water-soluble impurities were efficiently removed by yeast fermentation and aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) extraction, respectively. The optimal combination use of yeast (2 % w/v, CN36) and ATPS formed by 22 % (w/w) (NH 4) 2 SO 4 and 25 % (w/w) ethanol improved flavonoid purity to 60.25 %, enriched flavonone and polymethoxyflavonoids by 6.69-fold, and enhanced digestive enzyme inhibitory activity, which was superior to the use of individual yeast or ATPS, unoptimized combination, macroporous resin (XAD-16), and ethyl acetate. This study was the first to develop a recyclable biophysical method for simultaneous enrichment of flavonone and polymethoxyflavonoids. [Display omitted] • Hesperidin and PMFs complementally inhibited glycolipid digestive enzymes. • Hesperidin and PMFs complementally regulated glycolipid metabolism in silico. • Innovative use of yeast and ATPS simultaneously enriched hesperidin and PMFs. • The technique achieved 6.69-fold enrichment of Chenpi characteristic flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With unprecedented growth in the world population, the demand for food has risen drastically leading to increased agricultural production. One promising avenue is recovery of value-added pigments from food waste which has been gaining global attention. This review focuses on sustainable strategies for extracting pigments, examining the factors that influence extraction, their applications, and consumer acceptability. The significant findings of the study state the efficiency of pigment extraction through innovative extraction techniques rather than following conventional methods that are time-consuming, and unsustainable. In addition to their vibrant colors, these pigments provide functional benefits such as antioxidant properties, extended shelf life and improved food quality. Societal acceptance of pigments derived from food waste is positively driven by environmental awareness and sustainability. The study concludes by highlighting the stability challenges associated with various natural pigments, emphasizing the need for tailored stabilization methods to ensure long-term stability and effective utilization in food matrices. [Display omitted] • Food waste is projected to rise, highlighting the need for sustainable valorisation. • Growing interest in extracting pigments from food waste for sustainability. • Advanced extraction methods enhance the efficiency of pigment recovery. • Societal acceptance of natural pigments from food waste, favouring eco-friendly dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conditions were determined for rapid, convenient, and efficient determination of 16 common mycotoxins in tea samples. Mycotoxins in tea leaves and tea infusion samples were extracted using solid-liquid extraction/liquid-liquid extraction combined with ultrasonic-assisted extraction. The extraction solvent was 2-butanone/ethyl acetate (9/1 v /v) with 0.1 % formic acid. The established conditions enabled the analysis of these mycotoxins by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) in 5.5 min. In addition, HPLC with a temperature-controlled fluorescence detector was able to simultaneously determine 8 mycotoxins with fluorescent properties in 10 min without derivatization. Aflatoxin M1 (2.15 and 3.01 μg/kg), fumonisin B2 (198.89 μg/kg), and zearalenone (87.54 μg/kg) could be detected in commercially available pu-erh tea, green tea, and black tea products, and their total transfer rates from the products to brewed tea infusions were 64.08–65.13 %, 90.59 %, and 25.99 %, respectively. The risks of drinking mycotoxins from these tea infusions mostly showed low levels of concern. • The conditions were developed for efficient analysis of 16 mycotoxins in tea samples. • The efficient extraction conditions of the mycotoxins in tea samples were developed. • SLE/LLE, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, UHPLC-MS/MS and HPLC-TCFLD were employed. • The mycotoxins in tea leaves and their transfer to brewed infusions were determined. • The drinking risks of mycotoxins in the brewed tea infusions were assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recalcitrant structure of cell walls restricts the extraction of bioactive components from edible plants. In this study, the impacts of steam explosion (SE) on the release and transformation of flavonoids in Astragali Radix (AR) were evaluated. Results revealed that SE destroyed the compact structure of cell walls. Furthermore, the porous network was reformed due to the degradation of hemicelluloses and water-soluble components. The maximum extraction contents of ethanol-soluble and water-soluble flavonoids of 6.34 and 1.48 mg/g were obtained from the pretreated AR (1.5 MPa, 5 min), which were 5.22 and 2.88 times higher than those obtained from the untreated AR, respectively. SE not only released bound flavonoids from cell walls by cleaving glycoside or ester bonds, but also transformed some flavonoid glycosides into aglycones through deglycosylation. In conclusion, SE can reduce mass transfer hindrance and facilitate flavonoid transformation, thus providing a green and facile processing method for traditional edible plants. [Display omitted] • Promoted extraction and nutritive value of flavonoids in AR is realized by SE. • SE reform multi-scale porous network and cellulose for improved mass transfer. • Flavonoid glycosides were turned into aglycones by thermal-acid effect of SE. • Bound flavonoids release from cell wall due to cleavage of glycoside or ester bond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cowslip (Primula veris L.) is an anioxidant-rich plant used for many food and medicinal purposes. In this study, the effect of incorporating hydrogen (H 2) into water (HRW), ethanol (HRE), and methanol (HRM) on the extraction of flavonoids (TFC), phenolics (TPC), and antioxidants (metal chelation, FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS) as well as color (L*, a*, b*, C*, H°), chlorophyll (a, b), lycopene, and β-carotene of wild cowslip flowers was evaluated. The results were submitted to Principal Component Analysis and correlation. Phenolic compounds, organic acids, vitamin C, and sugar content of the extract were analyzed using high-performance reverse phase liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD/RID). The highest TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity (metal chelation, FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS) were shown for HRM samples, followed by HRE samples, while the lowest were found for pure solvents. Incorporating H 2 into all solvents significantly increased TPC, TFC, metal chelation, DPPH, and ABTS scavenging activity, as well as b*, C*, H°, chlorophyll, lycopene, and β-carotene values. The levels of some phenolics (catechin, epicatechin, rutin, and quercetin), organic acids (tartaric acid and succinic acid), reducing sugars (maltose, glucose, and fructose), and ascorbic acid increased by 10–90 % when an H 2 -rich solvent was used instead of the pure solvent. This is the first report showing the enhanced extraction of organic acids, pigments, and ascorbic acid by hydrogen-rich solvent. The main benefits of the HRS method are its sustainability and high efficiency in extracting bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. Graphical abstract [Display omitted] • H 2 -rich solvents enhanced the extraction of phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidants. • H 2 -rich solvents enhanced the extraction of chlorophyll, lycopene, and β-carotene. • H 2 -rich solvents enhanced the extraction of organic acids. • H 2 -rich solvents enhanced the extraction of ascorbic acid. • H 2 -rich solvents enhanced the extraction of reducing sugars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the extraction of bioactive compounds from Quercus sideroxyla Bonpl., leaves which have been shown to possess health benefits. The extraction process was done using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), which is efficient and preserves heat-sensitive compounds. Key factors in the process included the choice of solvents, pressure, temperature, and extraction duration. The Hansen solubility parameters analysis aided in selecting effective solvents, such as ethanol and benzyl alcohol. The extracts were found to contain phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and polyphenols with antioxidant properties. The UPLC-PDA-ESI-QqQ was employed for the precise identification and quantification of these compounds, demonstrating superior extraction of quinic acid and gallic acid at elevated temperatures. Notably, the extracts obtained through PLE exhibited significant inhibitory activity of the MAO-A enzyme, linked to neuronal and cognitive health, suggesting potential benefits in these areas. • Solvent and temperature are crucial factors in the polyphenol extraction efficiency. • In PLE, temperature correlates with the ability to scavenge oxygen radicals. • Ethanol is most effective at low temperatures for extracting MAO-A inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When conventional solvents such as water, methanol, ethanol, hexane, petroleum ether, etc., are used to extract active ingredients from natural resources, an evaporation process is required to remove solvent from active ingredients, which not only consumes huge amounts of energy, but also causes harm to human health and the environment. The CO 2 -responsive switchable hydrophilic solvent (SHS) based on amines and water is an emerging, green and recyclable solvent, which not only has high extraction efficiency of active ingredients, but also can remove solvent from active ingredients without evaporation process. This paper reviews the research progress of amine-based SHS in the extraction of bioactive ingredients from natural resources. The process flow, extraction mechanism, critical influencing factors, recovery of amines and latest applications have been summarized. On this basis, some shortcomings of amine-based SHS are also pointed out. Finally, the improvement directions of amine-based SHS extraction in the future is prospected. • Amine-based SHS is a feasible alternative to traditional organic solvents. • The amine-based SHS extraction of active ingredients was comprehensively reviewed. • The mechanism, key factors, solvent recovery and latest applications were summarized. • The advantages, limitations, and future development directions were also discussed. • The amine-based SHS extraction has great potential in recovering bioactive ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction methods for antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from plants are varied, but the absence of a standardized and rapid technique remains a challenge. In this study, a functionalized biochar was developed and characterized for the extraction of AMPs from pea protein hydrolysates. The results indicated that the biochar mainly enriched AMPs through electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding and pore filling. Then three novel cationic antimicrobial peptides were identified, among which the RDLFK (Arg-Asp-Leu-Phe-Lys) had the greatest inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis , showcasing IC 50 value of 2.372 and 1.000 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, it was found that RDLFK could damage bacterial cell membranes and penetrate the cells to inhibit DNA synthesis. These results provided that the biochar-based extraction method presents an efficient and promising avenue for isolating AMPs, addressing a critical gap in the current methodologies for their extraction from plant sources. [Display omitted] • Functional biochar derived from Camellia oleifera shell was prepared • Antimicrobial peptides were extracted by functional biochar in one step • Three antimicrobial peptides were identified and antimicrobial mechanisms were verified [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of bioactive compounds is based on the application of various extraction techniques. Therefore, the stem and root bark of the plant species Morinda lucida L. were used in this research, while the extraction procedure was performed using three extraction techniques: HAE (homogenizer extraction), UAE (ultrasound extraction) as modern, and MAC (maceration) as conventional extraction technique. The presence of different classes of secondary metabolites was determined using the UHPLC method, while the content of total phenols and flavonoids was determined spectrophotometrically. The biological potential was investigated by in vitro antioxidant and enzyme assays. Different extraction technologies showed significant differences in only two classes of phenols, namely lignans and phenolic acids, which were significantly higher in HAE than in UAE and MAC. These findings highlight the significant effect of stem and bark extracts of M. lucida , opening the way for innovative industrial exploitation of these matrices. • The stem and root barks of Morinda lucida were examined for chemical profiles and biological activities. • Two green and one conventional extraction techniques were performed. • Homogenizer-assisted extract was the most active on antioxidant assays. • Homogenizer-assisted extract contained more phenolic acids and lignans. • The plant can be considered as an industrial crop for further applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stachyose is a new functional oligosaccharide that exists naturally in plants, including Stachys sieboldii and Rehmannia glutinosa. Because of its low sweetness, low-calorie content, and robust stability, it has been used to improve food quality and develop functional foods. In addition, owing to its targeted regulatory effect on beneficial microorganisms in the gut and its influence on body health, evidence suggests that stachyose's physiological function may be attributed to its interaction with the host. Notably, stachyose's physiological characteristics and functions are largely affected by its extraction process, purity, physical composition, and chemical structure. Therefore, the present review mainly describes the source, extraction, and purification processes, physiological functions, and applications of stachyose in the food processing industry, which would aid in elucidating the biochemical reactions of stachyose in the body, and its future application prospects in the field of food. • The source, extraction, and purification processes of stachyose were reviewed. • Recent advances in stachyose physiological functions were summarized. • The use of stachyose in food processing was highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation was focused on the impact of cold plasma (CP) on the extraction of curcumin and bioactive compounds of turmeric powder (TP). TP was treated with CP at different applied voltages (10, 20, and 30 kV), with various exposure times (10, 20, and 30 min). The curcumin content was highest at 30 kV for 10 min with a yield of 46.49 mg/g of TP. Total phenols significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced from 163.91 to 360.78 mg GAE/g DW accompanied by a remarkable 16% increment in total flavonoids, paralleled by a 26% increment in antioxidants as of control. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra justified the extraction of curcuminoids. Moreover, micrographs displayed cell lysis in the treated powder. CP has exhibited a positive effect on surface colour parameters and thermal properties of TP. Overall, CP technology can be tailored for better curcumin extraction and the enhancement of phytochemicals. [Display omitted] • Cold Plasma (CP) treatment significantly improved the extraction yield of curcumin. • Bioactive compounds of Turmeric powder (TP) were enhanced after plasma treatment • Curcumin's functional group found through NMR spectra analysis after CP-treatment • CP-treated TP displayed more rough and irregular structure through SEM micrographs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) developed with benzyl-based quaternary ammonium salts-deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and polypropylene glycol (PPG) were herein proposed. The liquid-liquid equilibrium and the partitioning behavior of pigments in the systems were addressed. The results suggested that the shorter the carbon chain length of the DES, the easier to form two phases. The analysis of mixed samples showed that the selective separation was achieved in the ABSs, including 99.47% of tartrazine in the DES-rich phase and 98.47% of sudan III in the PPG-rich phase. Additionally, the systems were successfully applied to the extraction of pigments from the actual beverage samples with recoveries ranging from 93.43% to 102.15%. Furthermore, the study on the separation mechanism indicated that the hydrogen bonding played a significant role in the separation process. All the above results highlight the proposed DES/polymer-based ABSs have great advantages in selective and high-performance separation of pigments from beverages. [Display omitted] • Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and polymer were used to construct aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs). • Selective extraction of pigments with different hydrophobicities was achieved. • The extraction mechanism of the DES/polymer-based ABSs was addressed. • An efficient strategy for pigments separation has been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phycoerythrin (PE) is a phycobiliprotein holding great potential as a high-value food colorant and medicine. Deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was applied to extract B-PE by disrupting the resistant polysaccharide cell wall of Porphyridium purpureum. The solubility of cell wall monomers in 31 DESs was predicted using COSMO-RS. Five glycerol-based DESs were tested for extraction, all of which showed significantly higher B-PE yields by up to 13.5 folds than water. The DES-dependent B-PE extraction efficiencies were proposedly associated with different cell disrupting capabilities and protein stabilizing effects of DESs. The DES-based UAE method could be considered green according to a metric assessment tool, AGREEprep. The crude extract containing DES was further subjected to aqueous two-phase system, two-step ammonium sulfate precipitation, and ultrafiltration processes. The final purified B-PE had a PE purity ratio of 3.60 and a PC purity ratio of 0.08, comparable to the purity of commercial products. • COSMO-RS predicted the solubility of microalgal cell wall components in DESs. • High solubility-predicted DESs could disrupt the resistant cell wall effectively. • PGly-based UAE of cells could produce the B-PE extract the most efficiently. • PGly-based UAE method was considered green based on AGREEprep evaluation. • High-purity B-PE was obtained from DES extract by ATPS, followed by ASP and UF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Two methods were applied to extract sunflower protein concentrate (SPC). • Alkaline extraction-isoelectric precipitation extracted protein (AI-SPC). • Alkaline extraction-ultrafiltration extracted protein (AU-SPC). • The close relationship between protein production methods and its functional properties and digestibility. This study was the first to compare the structural features, functional properties and in vitro digestibility of two protein concentrates produced from defatted sunflower meal via two different three-stage processes (chlorogenic acid removal-alkaline extraction-isoelectric precipitation versus chlorogenic acid removal-alkaline extraction-ultrafiltration; concentrates termed AI-SPC and AU-SPC, respectively). Compared with AI-SPC, AU-SPC with a darker brown color had much higher protein recovery yield and purity, much higher solubility at pH 4–7, higher oil-holding capacity, greater emulsifying and foaming capacities at pH 7 and 9, and slightly lower foaming capacity at pH 3. The bioavailability was higher for AU-SPC after oral-gastric-intestinal digestion. Moreover, AI-SPC occurred as clumps/lumps of particles, whilst AU-SPC appeared as flat blocks with continuous surfaces. AU-SPC was more negatively charged, and had a smaller particle size, less β -sheet, more β -turn, slightly more α -helix structure. These results confirmed the close relationship between protein production methods and its functional properties and digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Garlic polysaccharides were predominantly pectins. • Pectins extracted from skin biomass were mainly homogalacturonan. • Pectins from leaf biomass comprised both HG and RG-I. Polysaccharides from garlic waste leaf and skin biomass have been isolated using a sequential extraction protocol and characterised using constituent sugar composition and linkage analysis, spectroscopy, chromatography and dilute solution viscometry. The results revealed that the isolated polysaccharides were predominantly pectins. The predominant monosaccharide in all samples was galacturonic acid (>61 %), followed by galactose and rhamnose. The pectins extracted from skin biomass were mainly homogalacturonan (83–91 %), whereas those extracted from leaf biomass comprised both homogalacturonan (62–65 %) and rhamnogalacturonan-I (35–38 %). The degree of methyl esterification of uronic acids in all samples was 44–56 %. The peak molecular weight of the main polysaccharide population in each sample was ∼ 350 x103 g/mol, with leaf extracts and the skin acidic extract containing a second, lower molecular weight peak. Overall, waste garlic biomass is a potential resource for commercial pectin extraction for use in food or pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The extraction, separation and preparation were comprehensively summarized for the first time. • Absorption, metabolism, and health effects of oleacein were generalized. • Limits and future work on oleacein research were discussed. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) consumption reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease in high-risk groups and the polyphenols in EVOO play an important health effect on it. As one of the most abundant polyphenols in EVOO, oleacein (OLEA) has many health benefits. However, there is no review article that focus comprehensively on OLEA, and most articles have limited data and information on OLEA. The purpose of this review is to summarize the results of all available studies, to present and compare the main traditional and novel techniques for the extraction and isolation and purification of OLEA, to elucidate the absorption and metabolic pathways of OLEA, and finally, to illustrate the health-promoting properties. Hopefully, this review can promote the use of OLEA in functional foods and therapeutic fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CO 2 -responsive deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were used for hesperidin extraction. • DESs exhibited a higher extraction efficiency than methanol for hesperidin extraction. • The extraction yield was proportional to the polarity of H-bond acceptors and donors. • Hesperidin (74.38%) was enriched in the top aqueous phase after phase-separation. • H-bonding and π-π stacking interaction were the main factors affecting hesperidin extraction. Hesperidin, also known as vitamin P, is widely studied for its distinctive potential in food and pharmaceutical industries. This work focuses on the research of CO 2 -responsive deep eutectic solvents (DESs) used as recyclable extractants for efficient extraction of hesperidin from Fertile orange peel. Reversible phase transformation of DES solution was achieved by bubbling CO 2 /N 2. The maximum extraction yield of 22.39 mg/g was obtained for hesperidin under the following conditions: DES-6 (triethanolamine: 4-methoxyphenol = 1:1) used as extractant, water content of 35 wt%, solid–liquid ratio of 1:60 g/mL, extraction temperature of 25 °C, and ultrasonic time of 25 min, which was much higher than that extracted by methanol. Hesperidin of 74.38% was recovered in top phase after CO 2 triggering. Density function theory (DFT) results indicated that hydrogen and π - π bonds were the main factors affecting hesperidin extraction. This study provides a new idea for extracting natural bioactive compounds using recyclable extractants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Different plant extracts can be combined to improve antimicrobial performance. • The specific antimicrobial compounds in many plant extracts are not well understood. • Many methods to extract and purify antimicrobials from plants are not sustainable. • It is economically advantageous to utilize plant waste after the extraction process. • The utilization of natural antimicrobials may face obstacles due to toxicity issues. Plant-based antimicrobial substances have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics and preservatives. Although many review studies have been done in this field, many of these reviews solely focus on specific compounds from particular perspectives. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review on the various types of plant-based antimicrobial substances, the extraction and purification processes, as well as the application and safety issues. Combining different natural plant-derived substances shows promise in enhancing antimicrobial activities. Moreover, despite the existence of various methods (e.g., microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction) to extract and purify antimicrobial substances, isolating pure compounds remains a laborious process. Sustainability issues should also be considered when developing extraction methods. Additionally, the extraction process generates a significant amount of plant waste, necessitating proper utilization to ensure economic viability. Lastly, not all plant-derived substances are safe, and further research is needed to investigate their toxicity before widespread application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Current analytical strategies for resveratrol in foods (2012–2022) were reviewed. • Principles and applications of extraction and detection methods were described. • Advantages and prospects of these extraction and detection methods were discussed. • Future perspectives for resveratrol determination in foods were provided. Resveratrol, a non-flavonoid polyphenolic compound, possesses various beneficial properties such as anti-cancer, anti-aging, anti-bacterial, and antioxidant effects. It is naturally produced by many plants in response to stimulation. However, the content of resveratrol in natural plants can vary significantly, ranging from micrograms to milligrams per kilogram. As the demand for resveratrol increases, the development of methods for extracting and quantifying resveratrol in food has become a rapidly growing field in recent years. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the progress made in resveratrol analysis in food over the past decade (2012–2022), with a specific focus on the latest advancements in extraction and detection technologies. The objective is to offer a valuable reference for further research and utilization of resveratrol in various food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new DESs, tetraethyl ammonium bromide: 1,2,4-butanol, exhibited excellent efficiency in phenolic and flavonoid extraction. • DESs-UAE technique presented a greener option for extraction of bioactive compounds. • The extraction mechanism of DESs-UAE was initially explored. • 9 kinds of compounds were first identified in Ligustrum robustum by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. • Ligustrum robustum extract proved to have promising antioxidant, enzyme inhibitor and anticancer activities. An eco-friendly and efficient extraction method using deep eutectic solvents assisted ultrasound extraction (DESs-UAE) for the polyphenols from Ligustrum robustum was developed. Among the 34 kinds of DESs prepared, tetraethyl ammonium bromide: 1,2,4-butanol (Teab: 1,2,4-But) was proved to be a suitable extraction solvent based on the extraction efficiency. The extraction parameters including temperature, water content, liquid-solid ratio were optimized with response surface methodology (RSM). Under the optimal conditions, the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were 101.46 ± 2.96 mg GAE/g DW and 264.17 ± 5.39 mg RE/g DW, respectively. Furthermore, the extraction mechanism of DESs-UAE was investigated by extraction kinetics, molecular dynamic simulation and theory calculations of interaction. In particular, 9 kinds of polyphenols compounds from Ligustrum robustum were firstly identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Moreover, the recovered polyphenols exhibited significant antioxidant, α -glucosidase inhibition, acetylcholinesterase inhibition and anticancer activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Oxidation during drying led to relative enrichment of apple pomace in flavonols. • Hydroxycinnamic acids, dihydrochalcones, and procyanidins decreased during drying. • Procyanidins were extracted selectively by aqueous ethanol (48%). • Most polyphenols extracted after drying were either oxidised or condensed. • Antioxidant capacities (Folin-Ciocalteu) of the extracts were not influenced by drying. Little data are available on the impact of pomace pre-treatment, notably drying, on the nature and yield of polyphenols. Pomace from two apple varieties ('Avrolles' and 'Kermerrien'), pressed with and without oxidation, were air-dried to different degrees. Drying led to the loss of native molecules, notably 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid and flavan-3-ols. Total polyphenol yields, after sequential pressurized liquid extraction (water 10 MPa, 70 °C, then ethanol 48%, 10 MPa, 70 °C), varied between 5 and 15 g/kg dry weight but showed no marked trend with drying. Extracts from dried pomace contained few native polyphenols. Water extracts from 'Kermerrien' contained flavonols, flavanols and phloridzin and those from 'Avrolles' contained phloridzin. Water:ethanol extracts were rich in procyanidins, especially from 'Avrolles', where they represented >80% of analysable polyphenols. Presence of polyphenol molecules with modified structures in the extracts of dried pomaces might lead to different biological properties than those with native molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Polyphenols were effectively extracted from citrus peels in short extraction times. • High amounts of hesperidin were obtained especially from clementine peels. • Extraction conditions were deduced by DOE on the basis of individual polyphenols. • PCA was a useful strategy for analysis and evaluation of extraction data. • Identity of extracted polyphenols was corroborated by LC-MS/MS. A method combining solid-liquid extraction based on ethanolic aqueous solution, cLC-DAD and chemometrics, was performed to extract and quantify polyphenols from citrus peels. LC-MS/MS was also employed for chemical profiling. The effect of extraction variables on the recovery was examined by experimental factorial design. Data were evaluated using multifactorial-ANOVA, response surface analysis and Principal Component Analysis. trans -Ferulic and p -coumaric antioxidants were found in lower quantities (<1.4 mg·g−1) in all peel extracts. Narangin flavonoid was also identified in all samples, while rutin flavonol was determined in the concentration range of 3.3–4.7 mg·g−1. The most abundant polyphenol in the extracts obtained from all evaluated citrus samples was the flavanone hesperidin (280–673 mg·g−1). Furthermore, peel extracts were evaluated in terms of total polyphenol and flavonoid content, total antioxidant activity and DPPH free radical scavenging. The obtained results suggested that evaluated citrus peel by-products could be reused as a source of polyphenols and transformed into value-added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Pectin was extracted from orange peel using surfactant and microwave assisted method. • Pectin yield, GA content, and DE were considered during Box–Behnken design. • Chemical properties of pectin extracted by different methods were compared. • S-MAE showed the best effect on the yield and characteristics of extracted pectin. Abstract Surfactant and microwave assisted extraction (S-MAE) was used for pectin extraction from orange peel. First, we optimized the conditions of microwave assisted extraction (MAE), e.g., irradiation time, liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR), and pH on pectin yield (PY), galacturonic acid (GA) content, and degree of esterification (DE) using a Box-Behnken design. Under optimal conditions (pH 1.2, 7.0 min, and 21.5 v/w LSR), we obtained a PY of 28.0 ± 0.5%, which was close to the predicted value (31.1%). Second, we analyzed the effect of surfactant on microwave extraction of pectin. Among the surfactants investigated, Tween-80 (8 g/L, w/v) increased PY by 17.0%. Compared with conventional solvent extraction, S-MAE is a novel and efficient method for pectin extraction, which generated a higher (p < 0.05) PY (32.8%), GA content (78.1%), DE (69.8%), and M w (286.3 kDa). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Factors affecting the interaction between pectin and sodium caseinate was studied. • Extraction of orange pectin was performed based on interaction of pectin and sodium caseinate. • Physicochemical properties of pectin extracted using this method were determined. Abstract The interaction between commercial orange pectin (COP) and sodium caseinate (SC) was studied using FTIR, fluorescence spectroscopy, CD, and LSCM. The effect of different conditions on the formation and separation of COP-SC complex was determined. The extraction of the orange pectin using SC precipitation (SCOP) was performed, and the physicochemical properties of SCOP were determined and compared with the orange pectin extracted by alcohol precipitation (APOP). The results showed that the electrostatic interaction was the main interaction between these two polymers, and it was strongly dependent on pH, COP/SC ratio, and salt concentration. The mixture of COP and SC formed an electrostatic complex in the pH range of 1.5–6.8 with the absence of NaCl. The recovery rate of SCOP and precipitation rate of SC were 89.43% and 98.33% when the ratio was 1:15. The physicochemical properties of SCOP were almost the same as APOP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Tannase and cellulase in conjunction enhance grape pomace extraction of phenolics. • Optimization provides practical enzyme doses, time and temperature for the extraction. • Gallic acid liberation by tannase raises grape pomace extracts antioxidant capacity. • Cellulase favours the liberation of p -coumaric acid and malvidin-3- O -glucoside. • Cellulase and tannase simultaneously employed favour the liberation of phenolic acids. Abstract Phenolic compounds are highly valuable products that remain trapped in grape pomace, an abundant winery by-product. Therefore, efficient extraction procedures of these compounds represent a route for grape pomace valorisation. Here we performed a screening of the factors affecting the aqueous enzymatic extraction of phenolic compounds from Syrah grape pomace, including the following independent variables: temperature, pH, pectinase, cellulase and tannase; and a subsequent optimization through response surface methodology. At the optimal region, the enzymatic treatment enhanced the extraction yield of phenolics by up to 66% and its antioxidant capacity by up to 80%, reducing the incubation time and enzyme doses in respect to previous studies. We found that tannase raises the antioxidant capacity of the extract by the liberation of gallic acid, while cellulose favours the liberation of p -coumaric acid and malvidin-3- O -glucoside. We also tested the procedure in different grape pomace varieties, verifying its wide applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A novel combination of supramolecular solvents and nanostructured lipid carriers. • Astaxanthin from H. pluvialis powder is extracted, encapsulated and stabilized. • Spherical SUPRAS-NLCs of ∼100 nm were obtained. • Antioxidant and in vitro ROS scavenging properties are preserved and even enhanced. • A remarkable time stability of at least 180 d at 4 °C is guaranteed. Abstract The interest of food industry to merchandise natural astaxanthin is growing up. However, it confronts scientific and technological challenges mainly related to its poor water solubility and chemical instability. Here, we present a new quick and efficient green process to simultaneously extract, encapsulate and stabilize astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis. The process is based on the hitherto unexplored combination of supramolecular solvents (SUPRAS), nanostructured liquids generated from amphiphiles through sequential self-assembly and coacervation, and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). These novel nanosystems were characterized by means of dynamic light scattering, AFM and cryoSEM, revealing spherical particles of ∼100 nm. Their antioxidant activity was measured by ORAC (20.6 ± 3.9 μM TE) and α-TEAC (2.92 ± 0.58 µM α-TE) assays and their in vitro capacity to inhibit ROS by DHE probe. Results showed that the SUPRAS-NLCs proposed yield high extraction and encapsulation efficiencies (71 ± 4%) in combination with a remarkable time stability (180 d, 4 °C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Heating method and acid type were influential factors on lime peel pectin yield. • Microwave extraction had greater higher Eq.W and DE of pectin than conventional. • Citric acid assisted with microwave extraction showed good pectin quality. • Lime peel pectin was classified as high methoxyl pectin having rapid-set gel. Abstract Microwave and conventional heating methods were used to extract pectin from lime peel waste using different acid extractants (hydrochloric or citric acid) and peel-to-extractant ratios (1:20 or 1:40). Hydrochloric acid as the extractant resulted in a higher yield of pectin with both methods. The methoxyl content and galacturonic acid content of lime peel pectin were in the range 8.74–10.51% and 79.29–95.93%, respectively. The intense band around 1730 cm−1 corresponded to methyl esterified uronic carboxyl groups and confirmed the higher equivalent weight and degree of esterification for the microwave-extracted pectin than that from conventional extraction. Lime peel pectin could be classified as high methoxyl pectin having a rapid-set gel formation. The viscosity and viscoelastic properties of the pectin solution from both heating methods enhanced with increasing solid concentration. Hence, microwave heating can be a short processing time for pectin extraction from lime peel waste with suitable pectin properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The transformation of curcumin during its extraction in different systems. • The influence of extraction method on curcumin transformation was examined. • The influence of extractant type and pH on curcumin transformation was examined. • Formation of hydroxy and alkoxy adducts of different curcumin isomers. • MS2, HRMS and NMR analysis of curcumin transformation products. Abstract Curcumin is a phenolic compound produced by some plants, among which Curcuma longa is the reachest in this principal curcuminoid. Curcumin is known from its lability, however, the structural curcumin transformations and the formation of hydroxy and alkoxy adducts has not been reported yet. The formation of the mentioned derivatives is favoured by an alkaline environment. The presented results are important both from the analytical and food processing point of view as curcumin transformation products can be mistakenly treated as new components naturally present in turmeric, while in fact they may be formed during food products preparation, causing consumer misinformation about their bioactivity. In this context, an attempt has been made to investigate this problem. The present paper shows that curcumin easily transforms into ketonic/enolic structural isomers and forms adducts with water and alcohols. All structures of these compounds were confirmed by MS n , HRMS and partly also by NMR data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Red rose petals yield liqueurs with superior characteristics. • Air-drying prior to steeping enhances extraction of most phenolics. • Extraction in ethanol positively affects rose liqueur composition and colour. Abstract Chemical composition and colorimetric parameters of alcoholic liqueurs prepared from rose petals were evaluated by comparing the potential of three cultivars ('Amadeus', 'Colossal Meidiland' and 'Rosanna') and three traditional methods of preparation (fresh/air-dried petals extracted in 50% ethanol or aqueous sucrose syrup). Extraction was performed at room temperature for 2 weeks. High performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to confirm the presence of 6 anthocyanins, 4 flavanols, 4 phenolic acids, 2 hydrolysable tannins and 31 flavonols in petal liqueurs. The highest concentrations of anthocyanins were determined in extracts from 'Amadeus' petals, followed by 'Colossal Meidiland' and finally, 'Rosanna'. The best extraction yields and optimal colour characteristics were achieved by ethanolic extraction of dry petals followed by fresh petal extraction in ethanol and, finally, extraction in sucrose syrup. Air-dehydration of 'Amadeus' petals prior to extraction in 50% ethanol yielded rose liqueur with the best all round characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • A fast quantitative LC-MS/MS method for analysis of antioxidants has been developed. • A simple and efficient extraction approach of plant metabolites was developed. • Antioxidant response of cucumber exposed to nano copper pesticide was investigated. Abstract Targeted metabolomics aims to provide a new approach to investigate metabolites and gather both qualitative and quantitative information. We describe a protocol for extraction and analysis of plant metabolites, specifically 13 secondary metabolites (antioxidants) using liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), with high linearity (R2 > 0.99) and reproducibility (0.23–6.23 R%) with low limits of detection (>0.001 ng/mL) and quantification (>0.2 ng/mL). The protocol was applied to study the antioxidant response of cucumber plants exposed to nanocopper pesticide. Dose-dependent changes in antioxidant concentrations were found, and 10 antioxidants were significantly consumed to scavenge reactive oxygen species, protecting plants from damage. Levels of three antioxidants were up-regulated, as a response to the depletion of the other antioxidants, signaling activation of the defense system. We demonstrated that the reported LC-MS/MS method provides a quantitative analysis of antioxidants in plant tissues, for example to investigate interactions between plants and nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seaweed Cystoseira trinodis was fermented by different fungi prior to extraction of fucoidan and alginate to enhance their antioxidative potential. All the investigated fungi were able to produce fucoidanase (1.05–3.41 U/ml) and alginate lyase (7.27–18.59 U/mL). Different fungal species induced a reduction in the molecular weight (MW) of fucoidan and alginate in comparison to the unfermented control. The MW of fucoidan reduced by 41–81.5%, while the MW of alginate was reduced by 28–75%, depending on the fungal species. Significant increases in the fucose and sulphate contents of fucoidan and mannuronic/guluronic acid ratio of alginate were induced by fungal fermentation. Fungal pretreatment enhanced the ferric reducing antioxidant power, total antioxidant capacity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of both fucoidan and alginate. Additionally, enzymatic pretreatment of the macroalgal biomass assisted in the recovery of fucoidan and alginate with low molecular weight and enhanced antioxidative potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present the development of a method for the determination of acetate and formate in vegetable oils by ion chromatography with conductometric detection following their extraction from samples using a diluted KOH solution. The extraction procedure was optimized using a multivariate approach. The application of a 2 4 full factorial design showed that the mass of sample, extraction time, and KOH concentration presented significant influence on the extraction of both acetate and formate, whereas the temperature presented little influence on the process. As a result, we set the extraction temperature at 22 °C and performed the multivariate optimization of the other variables using a Doehlert design. The optimum conditions were: 4.8 g of sample, 8 mmol L −1 KOH solution and 19 min extraction time. Six samples of vegetable oils (soybean, corn, canola, sunflower and olive) were analyzed and recovery tests provided recovery percentages in the range of 82–118%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work grape stalk samples from the Douro region were analyzed concerning polyphenolic composition. Different solid–liquid extraction conditions were tested for reaching the optimal parameters to obtain higher amounts of polyphenols. In general, the best conditions comprise the use of a mixture of acetone/ethanol/water (1:1:1) at room temperature during 20 min, using a pre-wash treatment with deionized water. The polyphenolic extractions with acetone are generally more effective than without acetone. Total phenolic determination (Folin-Ciocalteu), antioxidant capacity (DPPH/FRAP) and more accurate methods such as HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-MS were performed. An intensive polyphenolic characterization (including a possible identification of a new polyphenol) and compound quantification was achieved. A comparative study between these two analysis approaches was accomplished, which allowed to conclude that the Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH/FRAP determinations do not always allow a direct correspondence between high phenolic content or antioxidant/reducing capacity and real high polyphenolic content on crude polyphenolic extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Effects of 14 HNDES on lycopene degradation and Z-isomerization were studied. • Lycopene in HNDES composed of thymol and menthol (TM) exhibited low degradation. • The addition of AITC and DADS into TM promoted lycopene Z-isomerization. • The addition of capric acid into TM promoted lycopene extraction. Lycopene Z -isomerization and degradation in a series of hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvents (HNDES) was firstly studied. The highest lycopene retention (about 84.6%) was found in HNDES composed of thymol and menthol (TM), and fatty acid-based HNDES promoted lycopene Z -isomerization (about 70% for total Z -isomers) and degradation. The addition of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), diallyl disulfide (DADS) and capric acid into TM promoted Z -isomerization of lycopene (80% for total Z -isomers), especially 5 Z -isomer (>30%), while lycopene remaining rate in TM/-capric acid was below 20%. During lycopene extraction from tomato power and watermelon juice by TM, the ratios of Z -isomer significantly (p < 0.05) increased especially with AITC and DADS (up to about 80%), and extraction yields increased even > 100% with capric acid. Lycopene in TM/-capric acid extracts showed low degradation with Z -isomers increasing during storage. TM with capric acid could simultaneously promote lycopene Z -isomerization and extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Facile, versatile process for extraction and encapsulation of grape pomace phenols. • Gliadin from wheat semolina is investigated as a carrier of phenolic compounds. • Nanometric gliadin particles are developed for whole extract delivery. • Extraction in gliadin-rich solvent improves yield and encapsulation efficiency. • Formulation and extraction process affects release during simulated digestion. Grape pomace (GP), the major winery by-product, is still rich in phenolic compounds, scarcely applied in food systems due to physicochemical instability issues. This work aimed at fabricating gliadin (G)-based nanoparticles through antisolvent precipitation, for delivery of GP extracts, investigating different extraction strategies with ethanol/water solution (70:30 v/v). Interestingly, the fabricated nanoparticles were characterized by a nanometric size range with hydraulic diameter values around 100 nm and ζ-potential of 18–22 mV. The addition of gum arabic (GA), at the optimized G/GA ratio 1:1, improved particle stability and encapsulation efficiency of GP polyphenols. The two-step extraction of GP in the G-rich solvent retrieved from G extraction, as evidenced by total phenolics (1.24 times higher than the two separately obtained extracts G/GP10:10), HPLC-PDA analysis, encapsulation efficiency (62.9% in terms of epicatechin), and simulated digestion (95.6% release of epicatechin), represented the most promising approach to obtain G nanoparticles for efficient delivery of GP extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Optimized UPLC-TQ-XS/ESI method particularly for 8 major HCAs formed in braised beef with method validation. • Improved HCAs extraction and purification by modifying sample extraction and purification for better recovery. • Quantified HCAs from marketed braised beef samples either vacuum packed or sold on local deli counters. • HCAs were significantly quantified in vacuum packed samples. • Obtained minimum formation of HCAs in real simulated braised beef. This research work has developed and optimized a sensitive analytical method for separation and quantification of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) mainly including PhIP, Harman, Norharman, IQ, MeIQ, AαC, MeAαC and Trp-P-2 by optimizing UPLC-TQ-XS using electrospray ionization source (ESI+) on ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18 column in <7 min, from braised beef sample matrix. Meanwhile, modified HCAs extraction by modifying QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, efficient, rugged and safe) technique and revisited with solid phase extraction (SPE) for HCAs purification, instead using traditional QuEChERS salts. Moreover, optimized pH conditions of HCA extracts before purification, for better extraction recoveries. Furthermore, this method was validated in terms of method validation parameters. Lastly, simulation of real braised beef model provided the minimum formation of HCAs by optimizing cooking parameters and precursors in a cooking system. Therefore, this method could be applied simultaneously on braised beef matrix either marketed or home cooked for HCAs analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Phenylalanine (Phe) and TSIL were functionalized on multi-walled carbon nanotubes. • BTEX was removed from water and milk samples by Phe/TSIL@MWCNTs adsorbent. • BTEX was extracted by the dispersive homogenized micro-solid phase extraction. • The BTEX concentration was determined by the GC-FID. • The method was validated by the GC–MS and spiking of real samples. An advanced synthesis based on the phenylalanine (Phe) and task-specific ionic liquid (TSIL) functionalized on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Phe/TSIL@MWCNTs), was used to extract benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene (BTEX) from cow's milk, powdered milk, and farm water samples. The BTEX was efficiently extracted by ultrasound-assisted dispersive homogenized-micro-solid phase extraction (USA-DH-µ-SPE) between 95.1% and 103.4%. By procedure, 50 mg of Phe/TSIL@MWCNTs was added to 0.2 mL of acetone and injected into 10 mL of the samples. The upper aqueous solution was vacuumed, the vial heated to 80 °C, and the BTEX desorbed in the vial. Then, using a Hamilton syringe, 1–20 µL of gas in the headspace vial was determined by injecting it into the gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The linear range, LOD, and LOQ for BTEX in milk and water samples were obtained at 0.05–500 µg L-1, 15 ng L-1, and 50 ng L-1, respectively (r = 0.9997, RSD% = 2.27). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method combining aqueous extraction, reversed-phase high-performance capillary liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (cLC-DAD) and chemometric tools, was developed to determine phenolic compounds in residual brewing yeast. The effect of temperature, nature of extraction solvent and method for separation of extract solution were studied to optimize the extraction conditions on the basis of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and antioxidant capacity. Polyphenols were determined by cLC-DAD. Flavonols as rutin and kaempferol, flavonoids as naringin, phenolic acids as gallic acid and antioxidants as trans -ferulic and p- coumaric acids were found and quantified in the brewing residue. Data were subjected to evaluation using multifactor ANOVA and principal component analysis (PCA), both showing that lyophilization pretreatment affects the content of individual polyphenols and that residual brewing yeast contains higher polyphenol amounts than the liquid beer waste. The obtained results suggest that residual brewing yeast could be a source of polyphenols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulsed electric field (PEF) processing of white grapes (cv. Garganega) after crushing was studied on pilot-plant scale, to investigate the effects of the treatment on must and wine composition, wine color and predisposition to browning, wine aroma compounds and extraction of aroma precursors from grapes. PEF pre-treatment of grapes did not change the must or wine basic composition, nor was it able to modify the evolution of alcoholic fermentation. By contrast, PEF produced an increase in total dry extract, wine color and total phenolics. Treatment corresponding to a total specific energy of 22 kJ kg −1 allowed more intense extraction of varietal aroma precursors without provoking excessive color evolution and extraction of phenolic compounds, apparently increasing the stability of wine towards oxidation. Due to the few papers available on this subject, PEF applications on white grapes should be optimized in further experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of the extraction kinetic modelling for natural compounds is essential for industrial application. The second order rate model was applied to estimate the extraction kinetics of conventional solid-liquid extraction (CSLE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of total polyphenols (TPC) from saffron floral bio-residues at different solid-to-liquid ratios (R S/L )(1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:50 g ml −1 ), ethanol 59% as solvent and 66 °C temperature. The optimum solid-to-liquid ratios for TPC kinetics were 1:20 for CLSE, 1:30 for UAE and 1:50 for MAE. The kinetics of total anthocyanins (TA) and antioxidant activity (AA) were investigated for the optimum R S/L for each method. The results showed a good prediction of the model for extraction kinetics in all experiments (R 2  > 0.99; NRMS 0.65–3.35%). The kinetic parameters were calculated and discussed. UAE, compared with the other methods, had the greater efficiency for TPC, TA and AA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae are an interesting source of natural pigments that have valuable applications. However, further research is necessary to develop processes that allow us to achieve high levels of carotenoid recovery while avoiding degradation. This work presents a comprehensive study on the recovery of carotenoids from several microalgae genera, optimizing carotenoid extraction using alkaline saponification at various temperatures and KOH concentrations. Results show that I. galbana requires a temperature of 60 °C and <10% KOH, N. gaditana and K. veneficum require 60 °C and no saponification, P. reticulatum requires 40 °C and 10% KOH, T. suecica and H. pluvialis require 25 °C and 40% KOH while C. sp. and S. almeriensis require 80 °C and 40% KOH. The influence of the solvent on carotenoid recovery was also studied. In general terms, an ethanol:hexane:water (77:17:6 v/v/v) mixture results in good yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger is a commonly used spice around the world. Its bioactive compounds contain hydrophobic gingerols and hydrophilic polysaccharides. Huge physiochemical differences between these compounds and the thermal instability of gingerols impede fast and effective extraction of them using conventional methods. In this research, ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (ILUAE) was applied to simultaneously extract gingerols and polysaccharides from ginger. Parameters influencing the recovery of gingerols were ionic liquid type, ionic liquid concentration, solid/liquid ratio, ultrasonic power, extraction temperature and extraction time. Compared with traditional methods, LUAE significantly increased the yield of total gingerols and shortened the extraction time. Meanwhile, ginger polysaccharides recovery reached up to 92.82% with ILUAE. Our results indicated that ILUAE has a remarkable capacity to extract gingerols and ginger polysaccharides in one step. Therefore, ILUAE represents a promising technology for simultaneous extraction of hydrophilic and hydrophobic bioactive compounds from plant materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of process parameters on the extraction of anthocyanins from the edible portion of fresh, sweet cherry were investigated. The optimal extraction time and temperature were determined as 90 min and 37 °C, respectively. A solvent/solid ratio of 10 mL/g using 100% acidified solvent resulted in the greatest anthocyanin yield. No significant difference was observed between the use of methanol or ethanol as the extraction solvent. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-MS analysis of the extract identified four anthocyanins, with cyanidin-3-rutinoside and peonidin-3-rutinoside accounting for over 95% of the anthocyanin content, while cyanidin-3-glucoside and pelargonidin-3-rutinoside accounted for the remaining 5%. 244 mg/100 g fresh weight total anthocyanins were determined in the fresh cherries using the optimal extraction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]