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• Chicken hemoglobin is relatively stable at high hydrostatic pressures. • Oxidation in washed chicken is promoted by high pressure processing and hemoglobin. • Oxidation is related to the appearance of methemoglobin and insoluble heme forms. • The release of hemin seems to play a crucial role in the progression of oxidation. The role of chicken hemoglobin in lipid oxidation of washed chicken muscle exposed to high hydrostatic pressure (0, 200, 400 and 600 MPa) was examined. The observed decrease in redness was higher with elevated pressures (5.0 vs 3.7). During storage, redness decreased in samples exposed to 400 and 600 MPa. This decrease was concomitant with the progression of oxidation and the 2.5 fold decrease of soluble heme. An additional experiment was conducted to examine the effect of the hemoglobin mode of addition into pressurized muscle. The exposure at 600 MPa led to washed muscle oxidation even in the absence of hemoglobin, thus indicating that pressure treatments triggered lipid oxidation. However, the presence of native or pressurized hemoglobin into pressurized washed muscle caused more hexanal than the pressurized control without hemoglobin. Overall, results suggest that membrane disruption and the release of hemin are crucial for the onset of oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal and aquatic meats represent important sources of dietary protein and micro-nutrients. Although red and processed meats carry some risks for human health, sensory and nutritional advantages drive meat consumption. Therefore, it is important to understand how meat processing and cooking influence healthiness. The research aim was to investigate relationships of meat composition (proximates, amino acids and minerals) and cooking conditions (raw, 90 s microwave, 200 °C oven for 10 or 30 min) on protein digestibility, for a selection of four animal (beef, chicken, pork, kangaroo) and four aquatic meats (salmon, trout, prawn, oyster). Lean meats were minced before cooking followed by in vitro gastro-intestinal digestion and analysed for progress of hydrolysis, and size ranges of peptides using MALDI-TOF-MS. Correlation matrix analysis between compositional and functional parameters indicated that digestibility was significantly linked with protein and metal concentrations, likely reflecting moisture-dependent solubility and inter-mixing of sarcoplasmic metallo-proteins and insoluble myofibrillar proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fortification of food products with iron is a common strategy to prevent or overcome iron deficiency. However, any form of iron is a pro-oxidant and its addition will cause off-flavours and reduce a product’s shelf life. A highly bioavailable heme iron ingredient was selected to fortify a chocolate cream used to fill sandwich-type cookies. Two different strategies were assessed for avoiding the heme iron catalytic effect on lipid oxidation: ascorbyl palmitate addition and co-spray-drying of heme iron with calcium caseinate. Oxidation development and sensory acceptability were monitored in the cookies over one-year of storage at room temperature in the dark. The addition of ascorbyl palmitate provided protection against oxidation and loss of tocopherols and tocotrienols during the preparation of cookies. In general, ascorbyl palmitate, either alone or in combination with the co-spray-dried heme iron, prevented primary oxidation and hexanal formation during storage. The combination of both strategies resulted in cookies that were acceptable from a sensory point of view after 1 year of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forty-five women (35–45 year) were randomly assigned to three iron (Fe) absorption sub-studies, which measured the effects of dietary animal proteins on the absorption of heme Fe. Study 1 was focused on heme, red blood cell concentrate (RBCC), hemoglobin (Hb), RBCC + beef meat; study 2 on heme, heme + fish, chicken, and beef; and study 3 on heme and heme + purified animal protein (casein, collagen, albumin). Study 1: the bioavailability of heme Fe from Hb was similar to heme only (∼13.0%). RBCC (25.0%) and RBCC + beef (21.3%) were found to be increased 2- and 1.6-fold, respectively, when compared with heme alone ( p < 0.05). Study 2: the bioavailability from heme alone (10.3%) was reduced ( p < 0.05) when it was blended with fish (7.1%) and chicken (4.9%), however it was unaffected by beef. Study 3: casein, collagen, and albumin did not affect the bioavailability of Fe. Proteins from animal source foods and their digestion products did not enhance heme Fe absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To precisely determine heme and non-heme iron contents in meat product, the feasibility of combining spectral with texture features extracted from multispectral imaging data (405–970 nm) was assessed. In our study, spectra and textures of 120 pork sausages (PSs) treated by different temperatures (30–80 °C) were analyzed using different calibration models including partial least squares regression (PLSR) and LIB support vector machine (Lib-SVM) for predicting heme and non-heme iron contents in PSs. Based on a combination of spectral and textural features, optimized PLSR models were obtained with determination coefficient ( R 2 ) of 0.912 for heme and of 0.901 for non-heme iron prediction, which demonstrated the superiority of combining spectra with texture data. Results of satisfactory determination and visualization of heme and non-heme iron contents indicated that multispectral imaging could serve as a feasible approach for online industrial applications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Myoglobin, lipid and protein oxidation occur concomitantly in cooled and cooked PSE chicken meat. • Thiol groups react with MDA, reducing the TBARS detection threshold in cooled PSE meat. • Metals and metmyoglobin are the main oxidative catalysts in cooled and cooked PSE meat. • Light plays a secondary role as an oxidative inducer in cooked PSE chicken meat. • Different pathways produce compounds from the interaction between oxidations in PSE chicken meat. The mechanisms involved in the development of oxidative changes in pale, soft, exudative (PSE) chicken meat during storage in the dark at 4 °C for 5 days and after cooking at 80 °C for 30 min, light exposure and reheating were explored in this study. The results indicate that myoglobin, lipid and protein oxidation occurred concomitantly during both treatments in PSE chicken meat during storage, and each process seemed to promote the others. Transition metals and metmyoglobin played pivotal roles in the generation of free radicals that triggered lipid and protein oxidation in cooled and cooked PSE, respectively. In contrast, light played a secondary role as an oxidative inducer of these processes. Different pathways triggered the production of compounds from the interactions between oxidative reactions in cooled and cooked PSE chicken meat. The impact of these reactions on the functionality of PSE chicken meat requires further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Free iron and heme content were significantly correlated with the formation of malondialdehyde and carbonyl. • The main reason for lipid and protein oxidation was free iron in meat cooking. • Heme itself could cause oxidation of lipids and proteins in meat cooking, but at very low degree. • The oxidation of lipid by free iron was more serious than protein. In this study, the relationship between different forms of iron (free or binding) and oxidation of lipids, proteins in meat system were investigated. Pork tenderloin was heated in 80 °C water bath for 0, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 min. Compared with control group, Equal and Treble deferiprone group confirmed that free iron was the main oxidizing substance. Moreover, adding exogenous heme caused slight increase of meat oxidation (p < 0.05). At the same time, the antioxidant properties of deferiprone were also evaluated and it shows few antioxidant properties. This study also found that the oxidation of lipid by free iron was more serious than protein. These results suggested that controlling free iron and production of free iron from heme is a potential approach for reducing the oxidative damage of lipid and protein in meat cooking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of cooking methods (electric oven, grill, microwave, and boiling) on total and heme iron contents of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicholus) were investigated. Effects of cooking methods on total and heme iron contents of anchovy were statistically significant (P<0.05). The highest total and heme iron losses were found in grilled samples (52.6%, 70.4%), and the lowest were found in boiled samples (11.2%, 30.4%). Boiling was the most suitable method in terms of both total and heme iron contents of anchovy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Optimization of analytical conditions for heme iron extraction and its quantitative determination in raw and cooked red meat was performed by Box-Hunter design, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to find a relationship between factors and response. Six analytical parameters, percent HCl in extracting solution, sample weight, stirring time, developing color time, manual stirring time, centrifugation time, were assumed to be critical factors affecting heme iron extraction. HCl concentration (X1), sample weight (X2), and their interaction, was the main factors affecting the effectiveness of heme extraction from meat. Optimum conditions for maximizing heme extraction were for raw meat when X1 was 0.38 M and X2 was 1.54 g, for cooked meat when X1 was 0.31 M and X2 was 1.14 g. Beef meat analyzed in this study was characterized by a high total iron content and by a corresponding high level of heme iron, representing 86% of total iron content for raw meat and 83% for cooked meat. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]