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Nitrogen modified atmosphere was an effective way to control pest infestation in grains. In this study, the quality changes of rice during nitrogen modified atmosphere packaging storage (N 2 -MAPS) were monitored. An un-targeted metabolomics method was used to detect the rice metabolites and explore the mechanism of N 2 -MAPS for delaying rice deterioration. In this study, two rice species were studied under N 2 -MAPS and conventional storage at 30 °C for 150 days. The quality changes of rice during storage were monitored. The results showed that N 2 -MAPS could retard the increase of fatty acid value and amylose content, and defer the decrease of enzyme activities. And N 2 -MAPS had no significant influence on texture characteristics of rice. The metabolomics results suggested some metabolites and pathways were affected by N 2 -MAPS and revealed that N 2 -MAPS could protect rice cells from oxidative damage, maintain cell integrity and stability by regulating the metabolism to delay the rice deterioration., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Gallic acid (GA) is a natural polyphenolic compound with many health benefits. To assess the potential risk of long-term consumption of GA to gut health, healthy dogs were fed a basal diet supplemented with GA (0%, 0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.08%) for 45 d, and fecal microbiota and metabolomics were evaluated. This study demonstrated that GA supplementation regulated serum lipid metabolism by reducing serum triglyceride, fat digestibility, and Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio. In addition, the relative abundance of Parasutterella was significantly lower, and the SCFAs-producing bacteria were increased along with fecal acetate and total SCFAs contents accumulation in the 0.08% GA group. Metabolomics data further elucidated that 0.08% GA significantly affected carbohydrate metabolism by downregulating succinic acid in fece, thereby alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress. Overall, this study confirmed the beneficial effects of long-term consumption of GA on lipid metabolism and gut health, and the optimal level of GA supplementation was 0.08%., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Author(s).)

With the advancement of blueberry industrialization, cultivation measures for obtaining high-quality fruits and technologies for obtaining high levels of the main secondary metabolites have become inevitable requirements for further development of the blueberry industry. This study applied different shading treatments and found that the FT1 shading treatment yielded the largest values for the single fruit weight, solid longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter of blueberry fruit as well as the highest solidity-acid ratio and total phenol and vitamin C contents. Moreover, 470 known metabolites were obtained from blueberry fruits. Interestingly, the differentially abundant metabolites related to ABC transporters, pyrimidine metabolism, and purine metabolism pathways were commonly identified from the three comparisons, which indicated that these three metabolic pathways in blueberry fruits are vulnerable to shading treatment. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of summer shading to improve the quality and antioxidant substances of small berries., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Compared with the P. longanae -infected longan, the DNP-treated P. longanae -infected fruit represented a higher pulp breakdown index, a higher O 2 -. production rate, and a higher MDA content, but the lower activities of APX, SOD and CAT, the lower transcript levels of DlAPX6 , DlSOD1 , DlSOD2 , DlSOD3 and DlCAT1 , the lower values of AsA, GSH, flavonoid and total phenolics, a lower scavenging ability of DPPH radical, and a lower value of reducing power. Whereas, the ATP-treated P. longanae -infected samples showed the contrary results. The above findings indicated that the DNP-promoted the pulp breakdown in P. longanae -infected longan was because DNP weakened the capacity of scavenging ROS, raised the O 2 -. level, and accelerated the membrane lipids peroxidation. However, the ATP-suppressed the pulp breakdown in P. longanae -infected longan was because ATP improved the capacity of scavenging ROS, reduced the O 2 -. level, and reduced the membrane lipids peroxidation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Authors.)

The potential mechanism behind the browning inhibition in fresh-cut water chestnuts (FWC) after eugenol (EUG) treatment was investigated by comparing the difference in browning behavior between surface and inner tissues. EUG treatment was found to inactivate browning-related enzymes and reduce phenolic contents in surface tissue. Molecular docking further confirmed the hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding between EUG and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). Moreover, EUG also enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzyme activities, ultimately decreasing the O 2 - generation rates. Regarding inner tissue, EUG induced the accumulation of colorless phenolic compounds and increased the antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, 1.5 % EUG exhibited the best inhibitory effect on FWC browning, which partly attribute to the direct inhibitory effects on PAL activity. Furthermore, EUG could also enhance the enzymatic/non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity and alleviate the ROS damage to membranes, thereby, preventing the contact between oxidative enzymes and phenols and indirectly inhibiting the enzymatic browning in FWC., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Phomopsis longanae Chi is a crucial pathogen causing fruit spoilage in postharvest fresh longan. The influence of P. longanae invasion with a suspension containing 1 × 10 4 P. longanae spores per mL on the breakdown occurrence and ROS metabolism in pulp of longan cv. Fuyan during storage at 28 °C was explicated. Compared to control group, more severe development of pulp breakdown (PB), higher PB index, O 2 -. generation rate, H 2 O 2 and MDA content, but lower SOD, APX and CAT activities, GSH, AsA, flavonoid and total phenolics amounts, ability of scavenging DPPH radical, and reducing power were displayed in the pulp of P. longanae- infected fruit during days 0-5. In this context, P. longanae induced breakdown of longan pulp by reducing the scavenging ability of ROS and increasing the cumulation of ROS, thereby enhancing the structural collapse and lipid peroxidation of cell membrane, which were responsible for the PB of harvested longans., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Kombucha, originated in China 2000  years ago, is a sour and sweet-tasted drink, prepared traditionally through fermentation of black tea. During the fermentation of kombucha, consisting of mainly acidic compounds, microorganisms, and a tiny amount of alcohol, a biofilm called SCOBY forms. The bacteria in kombucha has been generally identified as Acetobacteraceae. Kombucha is a noteworthy source of B complex vitamins, polyphenols, and organic acids (mainly acetic acid). Nowadays, kombucha is tended to be prepared with some other plant species, which, therefore, lead to variations in its composition. Pre-clinical studies conducted on kombucha revealed that it has desired bioactivities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-hypercholestorelomic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, etc. Only a few clinical studies have been also reported. In the current review, we aimed to overhaul pre-clinical bioactivities reported on kombucha as well as its brief compositional chemistry. The literature data indicate that kombucha has valuable biological effects on human health., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Author(s).)

We aimed to explore the effects of the 60 Co-γ irradiated ginseng adventitious root (GAR) with different radiation doses on the hypoglycemic effects of its extract (GARSE) through in vivo and in vitro experiments. The total saponin of GARSE was increased by 4.50% after 5 kGy irradiation, and the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability was enhanced by 5.10%. At 50 μg/mL, GARSE irradiated by 5 kGy displayed superior protective effects on human glomerular mesangial cells (HMCs) with high glucose damage. After feeding type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) mice with GARSE irradiated by 5 kGy at 500 mg/kg·BW for 4 weeks, the glucose values was decreased by 16.0% compared with the unirradiated. The Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway was activated and the oxidative stress was attenuated, which further alleviated T1DM., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Authors.)