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Plantation management can affect ecosystem soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles. However, how different harvest residue management strategies impact soil C and N processes over the long term is largely unclear. In this study, we examined effects of harvest residue management on soil C and N concentrations, labile soil C and N pools and soil CO2 efflux (Rs) at different stages after Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) was replanted in subtropical China. The residue management treatments were slash and burning, whole-tree harvesting, stem-only harvesting and stem only harvesting with double residue retention. Our results showed that the harvest residue management treatments did not differ significantly in their effect on soil C and N, mineral N (NH4+-N plus NO3−-N), dissolved organic C or total dissolved N concentrations, except for soil N concentrations in surface soil (0–10 cm) at year 3 and soil total dissolved N concentrations at year 12, which were significantly lower where the slash was burnt than in the double residue retention treatment. Similarly, Rs did not differ significantly among the four residue management strategies at year 15. Topsoil temperature and topsoil moisture were also unaffected by harvest residue management treatment. Soil temperature was found to be the most important factor controlling the temporal pattern of Rs, accounting for 65.8% of seasonal variation of Rs. There was no significant difference in temperature sensitivity of Rs (Q10) or annual Rs among the four treatments. These results indicated that harvest residue management may not significantly cause long-term effects on soil C cycling and N availability in subtropical Chinese fir plantations.