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1. Paper money and coins as potential vectors of transmissible disease.

Author

Angelakis E, Azhar EI, Bibi F, Yasir M, Al-Ghamdi AK, Ashshi AM, Elshemi AG, and Raoult D

Subjects
Cross Infection, Environmental Exposure, Escherichia coli isolation & purification, Fomites, Food Handling, Hepatitis A virus isolation & purification, Humans, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolation & purification, Norovirus isolation & purification, Orthomyxoviridae isolation & purification, Paper, Rhinovirus isolation & purification, Rotavirus isolation & purification, Salmonella isolation & purification, Bacterial Infections transmission, Communicable Diseases, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Numismatics, Virus Diseases transmission
Abstract

Paper currency and coins may be a public health risk when associated with the simultaneous handling of food and could lead to the spread of nosocomial infections. Banknotes recovered from hospitals may be highly contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus. Salmonella species, Escherichia coli and S. aureus are commonly isolated from banknotes from food outlets. Laboratory simulations revealed that methicillin-resistant S. aureus can easily survive on coins, whereas E. coli, Salmonella species and viruses, including human influenza virus, Norovirus, Rhinovirus, hepatitis A virus, and Rotavirus, can be transmitted through hand contact. Large-scale, 16S rRNA, metagenomic studies and culturomics have the capacity to dramatically expand the known diversity of bacteria and viruses on money and fomites. This review summarizes the latest research on the potential of paper currency and coins to serve as sources of pathogenic agents.

Published
2014
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3. Paper money and coins as potential vectors of transmissible disease

Author

Adel Galal El-Shemi, Muhammad Yasir, Emmanouil Angelakis, Ahmed K. Al-Ghamdi, Fehmida Bibi, Didier Raoult, Ahmad M. Ashshi, and Esam I. Azhar

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Paper, Rotavirus, Numismatics, Salmonella, Rhinovirus, Food Handling, Orthomyxoviridae, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Communicable Diseases, medicine, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Escherichia coli, Humans, Cross Infection, biology, Norovirus, Environmental exposure, Bacterial Infections, Environmental Exposure, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Currency, Virus Diseases, Fomites, Hepatitis A virus
Abstract

ABSTRACT: Paper currency and coins may be a public health risk when associated with the simultaneous handling of food and could lead to the spread of nosocomial infections. Banknotes recovered from hospitals may be highly contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus. Salmonella species, Escherichia coli and S. aureus are commonly isolated from banknotes from food outlets. Laboratory simulations revealed that methicillin-resistant S. aureus can easily survive on coins, whereas E. coli, Salmonella species and viruses, including human influenza virus, Norovirus, Rhinovirus, hepatitis A virus, and Rotavirus, can be transmitted through hand contact. Large-scale, 16S rRNA, metagenomic studies and culturomics have the capacity to dramatically expand the known diversity of bacteria and viruses on money and fomites. This review summarizes the latest research on the potential of paper currency and coins to serve as sources of pathogenic agents.

Published
2014

4. Management of dental unit waterline biofilms in the 21st century

Author

M.A. Boyle, M.J. O’Donnell, R.J. Russell, and David C. Coleman

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Staphylococcus aureus, Detergents, Infection Control, Dental, Biofilm, Biology, Pulp and paper industry, Dental Equipment, Microbiology, Waterline, symbols.namesake, Water Supply, Biofilms, Gram-Negative Bacteria, symbols, Equipment Contamination, Humans, Water treatment, Dental chair, Legionella species, Water Microbiology, Disinfectants
Abstract

Dental chair units (DCUs) use water to cool and irrigate DCU-supplied instruments and tooth surfaces, and provide rinsewater during dental treatment. A complex network of interconnected plastic dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) supply water to these instruments. DUWLs are universally prone to microbial biofilm contamination seeded predominantly from microorganisms in supply water. Consequently, DUWL output water invariably becomes contaminated by high densities of microorganisms, principally Gram-negative environmental bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Legionella species, but sometimes contain human-derived pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. Patients and staff are exposed to microorganisms from DUWL output water and to contaminated aerosols generated by DCU instruments. A wide variety of approaches, many unsuccessful, have been proposed to control DUWL biofilm. More recently, advances in biofilm science, chemical DUWL biofilm treatment agents, DCU design, supply water treatment and development of automated DUWL biofilm control systems have provided effective long-term solutions to DUWL biofilm control.

Published
2011
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5. The potential role of Akkermansia muciniphilain liver health

Author

Zhang, Min, Wang, Yang, and Gan, Yong

Abstract

ABSTRACTAkkermansia muciniphila(A. muciniphila) is a ‘star strain’ that has attracted much attention in recent years. A. muciniphilacan effectively regulate host metabolism, significantly affect host immune function, and play an important role in balancing host health and disease. As one of the organs most closely related to the gut (the two can communicate through the hepatic portal vein and bile duct system), liver is widely affected by intestinal microorganisms. A growing body of evidence suggests that A. muciniphilamay alleviate liver-related diseases by improving the intestinal barrier, energy metabolism and regulating inflammation through its protein components and metabolites. This paper systematically reviews the key roles of A. muciniphilaand its derivatives in maintaining liver health and improving liver disease.

Published
2024
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44. Priority Paper Alerts.

Subjects
MEDICAL research, RAPAMYCIN, BCG vaccines, INFLUENZA vaccines, PREVENTIVE medicine
Abstract

The article offers news briefs involving several pharmaceutical studies in the U.S. A study headed by Jagannath C. Lindsey reveals the significance of autophagy in enhancing the efficacy of BCG vaccine by increasing peptide presentation in mouse dendritic cells. A research headed by R. H. Groenwold determines the effect of influenza vaccination on mortality risk among elderly.

Published
2009

45. Priority Paper Alerts.

Subjects
RESPIRATORY diseases, VIRUS diseases, JUVENILE diseases, ROTAVIRUSES
Abstract

The article presents abstracts of the studies on the burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children and rotavirus architecture at subnanometer resolution.

Published
2009

46. Priority Paper Alerts.

Subjects
MEDICAL research, ADENOVIRUS diseases, VACCINES, NEUROTOXIC agents, BOTULISM, EBOLA virus disease, INTERFERONS, LABORATORY mice, VACCINATION, THERAPEUTICS
Abstract

The article offers news briefs related to medical research. A study reveals that an adenoviral vector vaccine with the heavy chain C fragment (HC50) of botulinum neurotoxin type C (BoNT/C) has been found effective in treating a mouse suffering from botulism. Another study was conducted which describes the structure of the Ebola virus C-terminal VP35 interferon (IFN) inhibitory domain solved to a resolution of 1.4-Å.

Published
2009

47. Priority Paper Alerts.

Subjects
MICROBIOLOGY, DISEASE susceptibility, BACTERIAL toxins, EBOLA virus disease, VIRUS diseases, MITOGEN-activated protein kinases
Abstract

The article reports on the two studies related to microbiology conducted by researchers in Great Britain. One study finds that the incorporation of a non-human glycan mediates human susceptibility to a bacterial toxin. Meanwhile, the other study explores on the stimulation of Ebola virus production from persistent infection through activation of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.

Published
2008

48. Priority Paper Alerts.

Subjects
MEDICAL research, MYCOBACTERIUM tuberculosis, BACTERIA, AMYLOID
Abstract

The article presents abstracts of the articles "A membrane protein preserves intrabacterial pH in intraphagosomal Mycobacterium tuberculosis," by O. H. Vandal and colleagues and "Bacterial inclusion bodies contain amyloid-like structure," by L. Wang and colleagues.

Published
2008

49. Priority Paper Alerts.

Subjects
MEDICAL research, STAPHYLOCOCCUS aureus infections, SARS disease, CORONAVIRUS diseases, ACE inhibitors
Abstract

The article presents summary of two studies concerning (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ) SARS-CoV infections and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA). Accordingly, the first study shows that SARS-CoV strains cannot infect humans because of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) and two coronavirus residues. The second study determines the activity of BPR against Staphylococcus aureus, which showed that BPR is effective against all MRSA strains.

Published
2008

50. Priority Paper Alerts.

Subjects
MICROBIOLOGY, POLYMERASE chain reaction, MICROBIAL peptides, MICROBIOLOGICAL assay, MICROBIOLOGICAL chemistry
Abstract

The article discusses various studies related to microbiology. One study presents a novel real time polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic assay for the detection of viable bacterial mRNA in human synovial fluid samples. The other study also discusses peptoids that mimic the structure, function, and mechanism of helical antimicrobial peptides.

Published
2008