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Start Over Journal future microbiology
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1. Paper money and coins as potential vectors of transmissible disease

Author

Adel Galal El-Shemi, Muhammad Yasir, Emmanouil Angelakis, Ahmed K. Al-Ghamdi, Fehmida Bibi, Didier Raoult, Ahmad M. Ashshi, and Esam I. Azhar

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Paper, Rotavirus, Numismatics, Salmonella, Rhinovirus, Food Handling, Orthomyxoviridae, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Communicable Diseases, medicine, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Escherichia coli, Humans, Cross Infection, biology, Norovirus, Environmental exposure, Bacterial Infections, Environmental Exposure, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Currency, Virus Diseases, Fomites, Hepatitis A virus
Abstract

ABSTRACT: Paper currency and coins may be a public health risk when associated with the simultaneous handling of food and could lead to the spread of nosocomial infections. Banknotes recovered from hospitals may be highly contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus. Salmonella species, Escherichia coli and S. aureus are commonly isolated from banknotes from food outlets. Laboratory simulations revealed that methicillin-resistant S. aureus can easily survive on coins, whereas E. coli, Salmonella species and viruses, including human influenza virus, Norovirus, Rhinovirus, hepatitis A virus, and Rotavirus, can be transmitted through hand contact. Large-scale, 16S rRNA, metagenomic studies and culturomics have the capacity to dramatically expand the known diversity of bacteria and viruses on money and fomites. This review summarizes the latest research on the potential of paper currency and coins to serve as sources of pathogenic agents.

Published
2014

2. Paper money and coins as potential vectors of transmissible disease.

Author

Angelakis E, Azhar EI, Bibi F, Yasir M, Al-Ghamdi AK, Ashshi AM, Elshemi AG, and Raoult D

Subjects
Cross Infection, Environmental Exposure, Escherichia coli isolation & purification, Fomites, Food Handling, Hepatitis A virus isolation & purification, Humans, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolation & purification, Norovirus isolation & purification, Orthomyxoviridae isolation & purification, Paper, Rhinovirus isolation & purification, Rotavirus isolation & purification, Salmonella isolation & purification, Bacterial Infections transmission, Communicable Diseases, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Numismatics, Virus Diseases transmission
Abstract

Paper currency and coins may be a public health risk when associated with the simultaneous handling of food and could lead to the spread of nosocomial infections. Banknotes recovered from hospitals may be highly contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus. Salmonella species, Escherichia coli and S. aureus are commonly isolated from banknotes from food outlets. Laboratory simulations revealed that methicillin-resistant S. aureus can easily survive on coins, whereas E. coli, Salmonella species and viruses, including human influenza virus, Norovirus, Rhinovirus, hepatitis A virus, and Rotavirus, can be transmitted through hand contact. Large-scale, 16S rRNA, metagenomic studies and culturomics have the capacity to dramatically expand the known diversity of bacteria and viruses on money and fomites. This review summarizes the latest research on the potential of paper currency and coins to serve as sources of pathogenic agents.

Published
2014
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