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Introduction: Cognition and emotional state are domains that highly interfere with postural control in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aims to find associations between executive function, anxiety, depression, and reactive and anticipatory postural control domains in individuals with moderate-to-severe Parkinson's disease., Methods: In this study, 34 individuals with PD while on medication were thoroughly assessed for postural control in perturbed, quiet standing and stepping. We performed multiple linear stepwise regressions using postural variables as dependent and cognitive/emotional as independent variables., Results: The results showed that cognitive flexibility explained 23 % of anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) duration, inhibitory control explained 42 % of instability on a malleable surface, anxiety explained 21 % of APA amplitude, and 38 % of reactive postural response amplitude., Conclusion: Our results highlight the impact of emotional and cognitive states on particular domains of postural control in individuals with PD while on medication. These results may have significant implications for future treatments, mainly considering the predictors for postural control domains, which were consistent with the assumption that impairments in affective and executive domains underlie posture. As we have shown that cognitive and emotional states influence postural control domains in individuals with PD, this should be taken into account in rehabilitation protocols., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement Authors declare to have no actual or potential conflict of interest including financial, personal or other relationships which might influence results and their interpretation. Conflict of interest statement The authors declare that there is no interest or relationship, financial or otherwise, which might be considered as a potential conflict of interest influencing the interpretation and conclusions drawn from the current results., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) who report freezing of gait (FOG) have poorer sleep quality than those without FOG. Cognitive, anxiety, and mobility disability are components of the FOG phenotype, however, no study has investigated if poor sleep quality is associated with all three components that underlie FOG in PD., Research Question: Are there associations among sleep quality and all three components of the FOG phenotype?, Methods: Forty and 39 individuals with and without FOG (PD + FOG and PD-FOG), respectively, and 31 age-matched healthy controls (HC) participated in this study. Self-reported FOG (new-FOG questionnaire-NFOGQ), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index-PSQI), cognitive function (Montreal Cognitive Assessment-MoCA), anxiety (subscale from Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-HADS-A), and mobility (timed-up-and-go test-TUG) were assessed., Results and Significance: PSQI scores were correlated with the scores of NFOGQ, MoCA, HADS-A, and TUG time in PD + FOG (P ≤ 0.0038). The multiple regression analysis identified the PSQI scores as the only predictor of the variance of the NFOGQ scores (R 2  = 0.46, P < .0001). The variance in the PSQI scores were explained (69 %) by MoCA scores, NFOGQ scores, TUG time, and HADS-A scores (P ≤ 0.05). Although PD + FOG had a higher disease severity compared to PD-FOG (P < 0.001), disease severity did not enter in the regression model to explain PSQI scores and NFOGQ scores. We also observed associations of PSQI scores with the MoCA scores and TUG time for HC (P ≤ 0.0038), whereas there was no association between PSQI scores and any variable in PD-FOG (P > 0.05). Finally, PD + FOG presented worse scores of PSQI, MoCA, HADS-A, and TUG time than PD-FOG and HC (P < 0.05). Thus, poor sleep quality is associated with FOG and all three components that underlie FOG, regardless of the disease severity. Therefore, treatments useful to decrease FOG should be targeted to ameliorate sleep quality, cognition, anxiety, and mobility., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)