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G A A b st ra ct s in colonoid culture and we posit that activation of the TRIF signaling pathway is the main mediator of these changes. Understanding how innate immune recognition pathways crosstalk with epithelial stem cell self-renewal and differentiation pathways will be important for future studies examining the role of stem cells in homeostasis and tumor promotion. We would like to acknowledge the technical help and provision of reagents by Richard J. von Furstenberg and Susan J. Henning.

expected, several fold increase in the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ in the DSS-treated WT mice but not in the DSS-treated Cl2TGmice suggesting potential immune tolerance/adaptation. Further assessment of proliferation and apoptosis in isolated colonic epithelial cells using BrdU and cleaved caspase-3 staining and FACS analysis showed decreased apoptosis (p