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The presented recommendations concern the current management of acute pancreatitis. The recommendations relate to the diagnostics and treatment of early and late phases of acute pancreatitis and complications of the disease taking into consideration surgical and endoscopic methods. All the recommendations were subjected to voting by the members of the Working Group of the Polish Pancreatic Club, who evaluated them every single time on a five-point scale, where A means full acceptance, B means acceptance with a certain reservation, C means acceptance with a serious reservation, D means rejection with a certain reservation and E means full rejection. The results of the vote, together with commentary, are provided for each recommendation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Peptic ulcer remains the most frequent cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Treatment of bleeding with simultaneous combination of two endoscopic techniques has proved to be more efficient than monotherapy. None of the published comparative studies of various contact coagulation modalities have confirmed the superiority of one of these techniques over the others. Aim: To compare the therapeutic outcomes of the use of a device enabling both injection of adrenaline solution and bipolar electrocoagulation (A + BE) to those of combined adrenaline injection with mechanical therapy (haemostatic clips) (A + HC) in the treatment of peptic ulcer bleeding. Material and methods: Fifty-two subjects with bleeding ulcers were assigned to the A + BE group, and 55 patients were treated with A + HC. Results: Overall, treatment failed in 20 patients (20/107, 18.7%): in 10 individuals from the A + BE group (10/52; 18.2%) and in 10 individuals from the A + HC group (10/55; 19.2%) (p > 0.05). Primary haemostasis was not obtained in 7 patients (6.5%): in 4 patients in the A + BE group and in 3 patients in the A + HC group (p > 0.05). Ten individuals (9.3%) experienced recurrent bleeding during hospitalisation: 4 patients from the A + BE group and 6 patients from the A + HC group (p > 0.05). Finally, in 96.3% of the patients (n = 103) the endoscopic treatment proved efficient with regards to obtaining haemostasis during hospitalisation. Surgical intervention was required in 4 individuals (3.7%): 2 patients in the A + BE group and 2 patients treated with A + HC (p > 0.05). Three patients (2.8%) - all from the A + HC group - died during hospitalisation. No significant intergroup differences were documented with regards to the mean number of transfused blood units and the mean length of hospital stay. Conclusions: The efficacy of combined endoscopic treatment of ulcer bleeding with a probe enabling simultaneous bipolar electrocoagulation and adrenaline injection seems comparable to the widely used dual technique of adrenaline injection and haemostatic clipping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SARS-CoV-2 infection manifests mainly by involving the respiratory system. Due to the presence of abdominal symptoms, the digestive system is clearly involved in the expression, transmission, and possible pathogenesis of COVID-19. There are many theories regarding the development of abdominal symptoms, including angiotensin 2 receptor, cytokine storm, and disturbances of the intestinal microbiome. This paper provides an overview of the most important meta-analyses and publications on gastrointestinal symptoms and the gut microbiome in COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms can be considered as a manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Aim: Our study analysed GI symptoms depending on their occurrence, and their possible causes and impact on the course of COVID-19. Material and methods: A retrospective, single-centre assessment of the frequency, risk factors, and impact of GI symptoms in 441 patients with COVID-19. Results: A statistically significant reduction in the length of stay (LOS) (15 days vs. 17 days; p = 0.04), intensive care unit admission (ICU) (16.9% vs. 26.8%; p = 0.02), and need for mechanical ventilation (14.1% vs. 23.4%; p = 0.02) in the group who had experienced GI symptoms before hospitalization was noticed. For comparison, patients who developed GI symptoms during hospitalization had statistically significantly longer LOS (21 days vs. 15 days; p = 0.0001), were more frequently admitted to the ICU (38.1% vs. 18.6%; p = 0.0003), and had a higher need for mechanical ventilation (32.7% vs. 16.2%; p < 0.001). Risk factors for GI symptoms during hospitalization in COVID-19 patients included age, Clostridioides difficile infection, and receiving certain treatment (antibiotics and lopinavir + ritonavir). Conclusions: The GI symptoms that developed before admission to hospital correlated with reduced severity of the course of COVID-19. However, in the group of patients who developed GI symptoms during hospitalization, attention should be paid to concomitant treatment. The use of antibiotics should be limited because they are associated with the deterioration of the course of COVID-19; one of the reasons might be changes in the intestinal microbiome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: It is known that the virus SARS-CoV-2 can attack the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and induce gastroenteritis. This can trigger a wide variety of disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBIs) or functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), including post-infectious dyspepsia, which remains underestimated. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of dyspeptic symptoms following COVID-19, immediately after discharge and 3, 6, and 9 months after hospitalization. Material and methods: A prospective, single-centre evaluation of questions regarding functional dyspepsia (FD) as assessed by the Gastroduodenal Module of ROME IV Diagnostic Questionnaire for Adult FGIDs among 320 patients who had had COVID-19. Results: The FD ROME IV criteria were met at the respective time-points by 0.0% (0), 4.8% (12), 3.2% (8), and 3.2% (8) of cases. However, the presence of GI symptoms that suggested FD but did not meet the timeframe ROME IV criteria for FD were found in 9.6% (24), 23.5% (59), 20.7% (52), and 20.7% (52) of cases, respectively. Conclusions: The presence and persistence of gastrointestinal dyspeptic symptoms following COVID-19 is a significant problem. The timeframe of the Rome IV criteria may underestimate the number of patients with persistent dyspeptic symptoms following COVID-19 disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of a patented preparation of sodium butyrate in the triglyceride matrix at reducing clinical symptoms and improving quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Material and methods: In this prospective multicenter clinical trial, we observed a total of 3000 non-hospitalized patients with confirmed IBS who were treated with sodium butyrate in a triglyceride matrix at a dosage of 150 mg twice a day for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was to evaluate the efficacy of sodium butyrate at reducing the severity of clinical symptoms and improving quality of life in patients with IBS. Results: A total of 2990 complete surveys were collected. A statistically significant improvement in severity of abdominal pain was noticed (p < 0.001). Moreover, flatulence, diarrhea, constipation, urgent pressure for bowel movements, nausea, and vomiting decreased significantly (p < 0.001). Most of the respondents (93.90%) declared that they would continue the therapy and 88.9% would recommend using sodium butyrate to other IBS patients. Conclusions: Sodium butyrate in the triglyceride matrix, as a postbiotic substance, may be effective in relieving the symptoms of IBS by modifying the intestinal microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As one of the most common causes of cancer deaths in Poland, colorectal cancer, remains a mystery when factors affecting local and distant lymph node metastasis are concerned.Aim:In this study the authors have analysed possible correlations between the number of regional (and distant) lymph nodes affected by cancer, location and stage of the primary tumour, levels of oncological markers CA19-9 and CEA, and the patients age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and other clinical symptoms.Material and methods:A special questionnaire was created for this study, and a group of 100 men and women was selected. All patients in the study group had undergone surgery due to colorectal cancer.Results:There were no statistically significant relationships between age, and number and location of metastases (p > 0.05). Primary tumour assessment did not show a statistically significant relationship with the presence of metastases to regional lymph nodes (p > 0.05). There was also no statistically significant correlation between tumour localisation and lymph node metastases (p > 0.05) or between tumour size, BMI, occurrence of physical symptoms, and involvement of distant lymph nodes (p > 0.05). The highest CEA was observed in a patient with nine regional lymph node metastases (612.46 ng/ml) and the lowest in one with metastases to two regional nodes (0.2 U/ml). CEA value above 5 ng/ml was found in 35.74% of patients with regional lymph node metastases. A statistically significant relationship was reported (p < 0.05).Conclusions:The location of the primary tumour, and its pathological stage and size does not seem to have a direct correla-tion with the occurrence of regional lymph node metastases. Metastasis to distant lymph nodes seems to be a consequence of metastases in regional nodes. Elevated CEA tumour marker values are significantly related to metastases in regional lymph nodes. The elevation of CA 19-9 and CEA tumour markers significantly correlates with the presence of metastasis to distant lymph nodes. The location of the primary tumour determines the formation of metastases in distant lymph nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the latest diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations in chronic pancreatitis, developed by the Working Group of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology and the Polish Pancreas Club. The recommendations refer to the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, autoimmune pancreatitis, conservative management, treatment of pain, and exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency, treatment of chronic pancreatitis by endoscopic and surgical methods, and oncological surveillance of chronic pancreatitis. This paper refers to the Polish recommendations published in 2011, which have been updated and supplemented. All recommendations were voted by experts of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology and the Polish Pancreas Club, who evaluated them each time on a five-degree scale, where I meant full acceptance, II - acceptance with some reservation, III - acceptance with serious reservation, IV - rejection with some reservation and V - full rejection. The results of the voting, together with a brief commentary, have been included with each recommendation put to the vote. In addition, the expert group assessed the value of clinical studies on which the statements are based, on a scale where A means high (based on meta-analyses and randomised clinical trials), B means medium (based on clinical trials and observational studies), and C means low (based mainly on expert opinion). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]