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Toxocariasis is an important, neglected zoonosis caused mainly by Toxocara canis . Although our knowledge of helminth molecular biology is improving through completed draft genome projects, there is limited detailed information on the molecular biology of Toxocara species. Here, transcriptomic sequencing of male and female adult T. canis and comparative analyses were conducted. For each sex, two-thirds (66–67%) of quality-filtered reads mapped to the gene set of T. canis , and at least five reads mapped to each of 16,196 (87.1%) of all 18,596 genes, and 321 genes were specifically transcribed in female and 1467 in male T. canis . Genes differentially transcribed between the two sexes were identified, enriched biological processes and pathways linked to these genes established, and molecules associated with reproduction and development predicted. In addition, small RNA pathways involved in reproduction were characterized, but there was no evidence for piwi RNA pathways in adult T. canis . The results of this transcriptomic study should provide a useful basis to support investigations of the reproductive biology of T. canis and related nematodes. 2 2 Note: Transcriptomic data can be accessed in the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.gov/geo ) under accession no. GSE75536. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]