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Three types of plasmon (A, B and G) are present for genus Triticum. Plasmon B is detected in polyploid species - Triticum turgidum L. and Triticum aestivum L. By now, 21 complete sequences of chloroplast DNA of the genus Triticum is published by different authors. Many inaccuracies can be detected in the sequenced chloroplast DNAs. Therefore, we found it necessary to study of plasmon B evolution to use only those sequences obtained by our method in our laboratory. Complete nucleotide sequences of chloroplast DNA of 11 representatives of Georgian wheat polyploid species were determined. Chloroplast DNA sequencing was performed on an Illumina MiSeq platform. Chloroplast DNA molecules were assembled using the SOAPdenovo computer program. Using T. aestivum L. subsp. macha var. palaeocolchicum as a reference, 5 SNPs were identified in chloroplast DNA of Georgian indigenous polyploid wheats. 38 and 56 bp inversions were observed in paleocolchicum subspecies. The phylogeny tree shows that subspecies macha, durum, carthlicum and palaeocolchicum occupy different positions. According the simplified scheme based on SNP and indel data the ancestral, female parent of all studied polyploid wheats is an unknown X predecesor, from which four lines were formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Georgia plays an important role in wheat formation. In the past, the Zanduri population of Georgia was a set of diploid- Triticum monococcum var. hornemanii (2n = 14) (Gvatsa Zanduri), tetraploid Triticum timopheevii (2n = 28) (Chelta Zanduri) and hexaploid Triticum zhukovskyi Men. et Er. (2n = 42). It is a Zanduri puzzle that wild T. araraticum was not found in Georgia, though cultivated T. timopheevii was only detected here. Next-generation sequencing technologies, which have been developed in recent years, enable the determination of complete nucleotide sequences of both chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA of many higher plants, including wheat. The genetic structure of Zanduri wheat is more accurately inferred by the complete sequences of chloroplast DNA. In the present investigation, the complete sequences of three Zanduri wheats ( T. timopheevii, T. zhukovskyi, and T. monococcum var. hornemanii) and wild T. araraticum are presented. Sequencing of chloroplast DNA was performed on an Illumina MiSeq platform. Chloroplast DNA molecules were assembled using the SOAPdenovo computer program. In comparison to T. araraticum, there are 12 SNPs, a 25 bp inversion in the ccsA- ndhD intergenic sequence, and a 38-bp inversion in the intergenic sequence rbcL- rpl23 pseudogene identified in T. timopheevii and T. zhukovskyi. In addition, a 24 bp repeat of trnG- trnI intergenic sequence is present as a double copy in T. araraticum, whereas in T. timopheevii and T. zhukovskyi, it is present as a triple copy. Unlike T. araraticum, T. timopheevii and T. zhukovskyi have a 6 bp repeat in the gene ndhH, which results in a dipeptide duplication in the corresponding protein. Gvatsa Zanduri ( T. monococcum var. hornemanii) chloroplast DNA slightly differs from other einkorn chloroplast DNA. In comparison to T. monococcum, four SNPs can be identified in T. monococcum (Gvatsa Zanduri), two in gene matK and one in gene ndhD. The sequenced chloroplast DNA molecules were compared to other Triticum and Aegilops species, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. T. araraticum, T. timopheevii and T. zhukovskyi chloroplast DNA showed the closest phylogenetic relationship with the chloroplast DNA of Ae. speltoides. The most significant difference was in the 114-bp deletion within the gene ndhH in the Timopheevi species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]