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This article discusses the word gentrification, identifies its origin and questions the abusive extension of this notion by covering what would be essential to urbanization, normalizing the positivity of urban improvement and generalizing what would be a typical phenomenon in the city of London. Remember the analysis carried out by Engels (1873) who spoke of Hausmann's "method" to describe the segregation and the transformation urban of Paris as results of the reproduction of capital in the construction industry. It analyzes why in the real estate-financial economy of the 21st century, the production of space has become much more significant and how the neoliberal orientation of planning prioritizes corporate urbanism, trivializes urban struggle and integrates local and global processes with rentierism. Criticizes the notion of gentrification as an insufficient denunciation, proposing the development of the theory of the value and the land rent for a more coherent defense of the right to the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resumption of the State's role in urban infrastructure in recent decades has resulted in a large cycle of investments in transportation infrastructure in Brazil, particularly in RMRJ, supported mainly by federal resources. The objective of this article is to analyze this cycle of investments, highlighting the distribution of financial resources and their spatialization in the RMRJ. The lack of priority to the historical challenge of socio-spatial inequalities resulted in the concentration of investments in the capital, which, in turn, accentuated the unequal and excluding urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on the recognition that there is an imbricated relationship between urbanization, metropolization and tourism, which, therefore, guides the analysis about the consequences of the pandemic of COVID-19 on the tourism of São Paulo and Baixada Santista. More than simply reflecting on the amounts involved, it seeks to qualify the debate beyond a supposed cause and effect relationship, considering the complexity underlying the theme and the case studies. Assuming that the urban context between São Paulo and Baixada Santista has many parallels in Brazil and in the world, this study contributes to the understanding of the phenomenon of tourism in complex metropolitan dynamics. The development of certain practices under the umbrella of "pandemic tourism" indicates an accommodation in the narrative and dynamics of tourism today, despite the seriousness and uncertainties about the consequences of the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the difficult regulation of the Brazilian urbanization process throughout the twentieth century and the challenges that emerge in the 21st century. It begins with a description of the urbanization process in Brazil, aiming to associate the transformation of a rural society into an urban-industrial base. Then we pointed out the advance in urban legislation introduced in the post-constitutional period, marked by an increase in social rights in the country. And despite this advance, the peripheral urbanization, characteristic of the Brazilian urbanization process, persisted, which allows us to recognize the failure of the normative advance of urban policies to be effective in favor of a social and inclusive urbanization of the poor population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we analyze the current economic dynamics, the urbanization and the expansion of the lower circuit of the urban economy in Rio Grande do Norte and, specifically, on the road axis Natal-Caicó. We have adopted this road as cutting analysis due to the fact that subsystem of potiguar territory connect municipalities of the interior and the coast of the State, stand out by intercity passenger flows and be characterized by cities whose economic center is the highway that passes through, being the highway bordered by various activities of the economy not hegemonic. Our analysis is grounded in theoretical reflections on the socioeconomic dynamics of the potiguar territory and in the interpretation of statistical data regarding this dynamic and primary data resulting from field research conducted on axis Natal-Caicó. Thus, we reflect on the economic modernization of the potiguar territory, paying attention to the process of urbanization of that territory and the road axis Natal-Caicó and understated the contribution of expansion of not hegemonic economy to the process of urbanization. We conclude whereas the cities and the economy grow based on supporters of poverty structural economic activities produced by the modernization of the territory, this characteristic of the process of precarious work. As systemic response to this situation, there is the threading of the urban economy, with the lower subsystem increasingly dependent on top, as well as more permanent and receiver of workers with precarious work relations and unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge of the areas susceptible to the occurrence of floods contributes to the urban planning and to the minimization of the effects to which the population is exposed. This study aimed to identify sites that are prone to floods in the urban area of the main hydrographic basin of the city of Irati, State of Paraná. For this mapping, we used a Geographic Information System (GIS) associated with methodologies including fuzzy logic and hierarchical analysis. For that, criteria for analysis were the altitude, slope, distance of water courses and degree of urbanization. The results showed that 3,645 km² of the Irati urban perimeter, about 13,8% of the study area, present some degree of susceptibility to floods. The generation of maps with degrees of susceptibility varying from 0 (null) to 1 (high) was a good visual indicator to identify points of greater or lesser risk of riverbed extravasation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its founding, the growth of the city of Rio de Janeiro was given the numerous and intense human interventions in the natural environment. In this process, we identified several landfill lagoons and coastal portions, changes in the drainage network and deforestation of hillsides and their occupation. Considering these interventions, associated with relief - plains in direct contact with massive coastal - and the climate in which the city is inserted - with intense and / or high altitude rain - the Rio de Janeiro has the occurrence of urban flooding with great frequency especially in the summer months. The study area are the districts of Grande Tijuca, in the north of the city, which suffers constantly floods and the social, economic and environmental arising therefrom. In this area, mapping proposals were developed urban floods at different times of the last two decades, using different methods and techniques, but, analyzed from a theoretical-methodological look, contributing to the advancement of understanding and spatial distribution of the phenomenon, and especially, walk toward a cartography of urban floods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The countryside plays traditional roles of providing workforce and raw materials to the city as well as consuming products made in urban areas. Now it houses many non-farming activities as well, including industrial manufacturing and service providing related to tourism activities that value areas with natural aspects. That is why it is fundamental to analyze these changes in the countryside, especially in Rio de Janeiro state, where they occur intensely and a strong urbanization process marks its territorial configuration: it is the state with the highest urban population index. Changes include new roles and activities for farmers. Now, besides farming output, they deal with activities such as providing service and working in industries to increase household income. Therefore, this study's main aim was to identify current changes in Rio do Janeiro state's countryside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban development is a result of the actions of agents of production of space guided by planning models. The current dynamism imposed on the outskirts of cities, which is no longer limited to the habitation of the poor ones, encourages the development of analysis to understand the forces that act in the reproduction of the space in periphery and in the city as a whole. In recent decades we are witnessing changes regarding the use and occupation of land in the suburbs, becoming common fixing developments associated with investments which give new centrality in the cities. Existing contemporary socio-spatial practices in urban peripheries will be discussed and analyzed presenting a case study of Sorocaba city. The appreciation of the evolution of the use and occupation of territory on the outskirts occurred through the support of theoretical surveys, statistic data, cartographic resources and technical visits. This activity helped to demonstrate the main public and private strategies incorporated in the reproduction of space in the periphery and the consequences for the urban structure and the inhabitants of Sorocaba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coast and the beach turned into spaces with significant social value for modern societies and postmodern. The desire for the use of coastal areas starts in Europe from the eighteenth century. This practice comes to Brazil in the nineteenth century and is consolidated in the twentieth century. Over time this demand is incorporated by the real estate capital, which, in partnership with the State appropriates the beach areas and leads the process of construction of second homes. To classify a domicile as second residence we consider, among other things, ownership of the property, the frequency of use, the links established with the place and purpose of use. So articulate the production of urban space to the second home phenomenon, with emphasis on coastal areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

San Jose, Costa Rica is undergoing significant changes related to the technical innovation in the area of construction, changes in legislation and the imposition of a new way of living. The intensification of urbanization led to the fast residential verticalization in strategic points of the Gran Área Metropolitana. This article presents the recent trends in the housing market, highlighting key factors that contribute and limit the local real estate development. It is also analysed the different agents and financing methods involved in the housing sector. It is discussed the differences between use value and exchange value of these recent residential projects and how location influences this differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to analyze some of the most frequent approaches of the urbanization process and its main contributions and limitations. We assume that studies which establishes links between the urban and the socially produced space are at the forefront of urban studies, because this approaches avoids orthodoxies and includes an spatial view about the social processes. In relation to urban studies, the Henri Lefebvre theoretical insights are opened and pointed to the possible. This is the best approaches today because he was the one who best understood the dialectic and the spatial component of this process. Another important contributions brought different approaches. In this sense, our approach seeks to show the importance of making connections between portions taken from the social reality developed at different scales, spaces and times. It has to include urban phenomenon studies. For this purpose, the socially produced space theory developed by Lefebvre brought great contributions and allows we think the city in a dialectical perspective, which implies the revelation of his connections with the social processes totality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we seek to understand the changes in the dynamics of land urban market in Dourados/MS, resulting from the expansion of the urban perimeter, held in the year 2011. The large amount of rural land converted into land available for urbanization purposes drew attention by to mean sharp change the conditions under which performs concrete and symbolic production the city. As practical example of such transformations, we have the high real estate prices and urban phenomena resulting from the features new of acting of incorporator, construction companies and real estate. As immediate result, it turns out, for example, the emergence of new outbreaks of urban occupations considered irregular and the production of residential condominiums "closed wall", which highlights the growing contradictions urban socio-spatial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forerunners of Fluvial Geomorphology took into consideration environmental conditions pre-existing balances which changed as a result of accelerated erosion and / or deposition of sedimentary material. Among the impacts of environmental changes on river conditions, the process of urbanization is on what can, sometimes, in addition to affecting the impacted areas, be transmitted upstream and downstream, and even courses along tributaries. In addition to direct actions to the channel, as adjustments in river course, indirect actions such as soil sealing, promote strong impacts on river systems. To assess progress in studies of Urban Fluvial Geomorphology at the end of the last century, we will assess the progression this field of Geomorphology based on work of Wolman (1967), Ebisemiju (1989), Whitlow and Gregory (1989) and Gregory Davis and Dows (1992). The authors in question have demonstrated the relevance of studies on Urban Fluvial Geomorphology as a subsidy for projects to planning and management of river basins suffering a growing process of urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metropolitan regions present problems of water supply and sewage treatment, especially those related the protection of watersheds, water treatment and distribution, are areas that concentrate a greater diversification of multiple uses of water resources. Urban population growth associated with the urban sprawl, the degradation of watersheds and the contamination and pollution promote considerable increase in water demands. In this context is part of the Goiania metropolitan region (RMG), which over the past few decades, has been going through an accelerated population growth and urbanization process, demonstrated by demographics data. This work is proposing to debate the impacts of urban sprawl of RMG in the degradation of watersheds, as the risk of water shortage causes in the region, evidenced by the strong growth of human settlements and industrial enterprises in the areas of catchments areas, committing the water quantity and quality of supply. Amongst threats, risks and limits for the water producer system on RMG, the strategy for water management and confrontation of the problem was the construction of Mauro Borges producer system, included the dam the Ribeirão João Leite and a complex of facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights some critical elements in Anglo-Saxon literature on geographies of regulation and governance and discusses its validity for understanding patterns of urbanization. To this end, we intend to understand the socio-spatial embededdness of localities and their relationships to regulatory regimes, governance mechanisms and transformations of the state. We propose an analytical framework that highlights the institutional, territorial and non-territorial aspects of urban governance and the extra-economic forms that guide the various strategies of competitiveness adopted by contemporary cities. We discuss the multiscalar aspects of governance mechanisms and the complexity involved in its global regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the formation and the thickness of the circuit of radio FM in Campinas. The circuit FM in Campinas falls in the field of cultural industry since de decade of 1970, and has been expanding in the context of urbanization and metropolis growing in Brazil. Today this circuit incorporates a bigger system, coupled with the strategies of vertical use of the territory. It is, therefore, a study of Campinas as a place that houses technical, informational and communicational densities. We analyzed geographical conditions of contemporary life in this city, inquiring about the communication component in the use of the territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to stimulate discussions on the terms city, urban and medium sized city, with a view to proposing criteria which, considering the specificities of the urban network of Bahia, allow to identify their medium-sized cities. Certainly because it deals, at the same time, of a theoretical debate and a mapping exercise, here does not dissipate the subject at hand. With this paper we intend to establish a starting point for the posterior elaboration of deepening studies about this question and give account of the singularities of these cities. It is understood though its results may provide of subsidies to similar researches to be conducted in other states. This work finds itself divided into four parts, and a brief introduction. Initially, we presented some ideas and concepts, made by different authors, about city and its relationship with urbanization due to industrialization. The second topic was realized a reflection of the theme medium-sized city, which reviews questions related to population size as a principle for their identification, characteristics and roles. Based on these considerations and analysis of some of the peculiarities of the urban network of state, proposed a set of basic criterions to see which of their municipal seats would be so categorized. Finally, we had woven additional discussions on this subject, highlighting the importance of studying it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on medium-sized cities in Brazil gain prominence in the academic and public policies development in the 1970s. With the new economic context of globalization and territorial reconfigurations, some authors have proposed the use of the term intermediate city or town intermediary, whose scope is built on qualitative criteria, including the idea of a structured space of relations and flows in us. In the Northeast, the urbanization process was slow, fragmented, dispersed geographic and economically, which resulted in a truncated urban network, which consists primarily of its nine regional capitals and about two dozen medium-sized cities, mostly interiorized. It is from this 'urban network northeastern interiorized' we seek to understand the fundamental functions of Pau dos Ferros (RN), Souza and Cajazeiras (PB) in regional development and the role they play in their respective regions of influence that permeate the ray partition RN-PB-CE. A priori these functions would offer enough jobs to accommodate the population surrounding rural and absorb the population of urban are as saturated and ease living conditions. In general terms, what can be seen is that trade and services has a very high relative share in the PIB composition of the three cities, reinforced by the participation of the state, especially the provision of education services, including higher and health, beyond of jobs, particularly in trade and public services, which allows us to treat them as a priori intermediate cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is about the relationship between the extreme pluvial episodes and the socioenvironmental vulnerability, as well as the results of this interaction in the organization of the urban spaces. The area of study is the city of Fortaleza-Ceara State, Brazil. The process of urbanization of this city resulted in the occupation of vulnerable environmental areas by an unprivileged socioeconomic population, resulting in the creation of spaces of risk, exposed during the intense pluvial episodes, as that happened at March, 27th 2012. It was used as theory referential the socioenvironmental approach and the Urban Climate System. The objective of the understanding of weather systems that induce intense rainfall, as well as were analyzed the former social and natural elements of natural risks and the negative consequences about the space of Fortaleza. It was found a combination of ZCIT, VCAS and CCM in the production of atmospheric instabilities of the day. It was identified and spatialized the hydrometric impacts in the city, emphasizing the aggravation of the natural risk conditions and the disorganized of the urban space in analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article make a historical rescue about the housing problem in Latin America and bring to example the Brazil and Chile, countries that have interesting polity to try to solve the housing problem. From the XIX century, with the industrialization and, consequently, the increasing urbanization, the Latin America cities had suffered with the urban problems. Including, the housing question stands out because is a problem that affect our cities until today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]