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Tornadoes are dangerous and difficult to forecast atmospheric phenomenon that may cause high economic and social losses. Therefore in the USA and Europe tornado receive more attention and tornadoes observation systems are actively expanding and improving. In the present paper; based on the new data of seven severe weather catalogs of Europe and former USSR a merged catalog was created containing 6298 tornado sighting records. On this basis the geographical distribution of recorded tornadoes of all types and intensities in Ukraine; Belarus; Moldova; Poland; Romania; Hungary and other European countries near Ukraine in 1119—2017 within 21—65 °E and 44—71 °N was mapped. The tornado geographic distribution in continental and moderate continental climate areas was shown to be approximately homogeneous and correlating with population density in the territories under consideration. A conclusion that in the low populated regions of Ukraine 90—95 % of destructive tornadoes with intensity EF1 and above remain unreported and are not included in the catalogs was obtained. This conclusion was confirmed by Earth’s remote sensing data; therefore the real quantity of tornadoes in Ukraine Should be approximately 10—20 times higher than the amount of events reported in the catalogs. Based on analysis of the merged catalog it was shown that catastrophic tornadoes with EF4—EF5 intensity may also emerge in Ukrainian territory. The geographic distribution of tornado emerging probability in Ukrainian territory was mapped. The probability of powerful destructive tornadoes with intensity EF1 and higher registration was also shown to be approximately homogeneous in all the territory of Ukraine. Based on geographic distribution of tornado observation frequency in Ukraine the average rate of tornado reporting in Ukraine was estimated to be 20.6 tornadoes per square degree per century; and for destructive tornadoes of EF1 intensity and higher; this frequency estimate is 4.3.

A large amount of geomagnetic data of Intermagnet network observatories for 1991—2014 years have been processed and time series of induction vector components for every month were obtained. This paper presents the results of processing of eight observatories, located in different parts of the globe. For these observatories graphs of monthly values of induction vector components for four intervals of periods from the range 5—60 minutes are shown. Periodic changes in vector components (from semiannual to 11-years) are detected, as well as trends. After 2007 some increase of annual variations is seen. The most intense variations are at high geomagnetic latitudes and in the equatorial zone; they arc minimal in the middle latitudes. The nature of variations is affected both by global and regional/local factors. Investigation of these periodic changes can give an unique information on the substance and the structural features of the Earth's interior. At Polish observatories long aperiodic variation is obtained after 2008, clarifying the nature of which requires further research.

In this study we show that correspondence of the main structures of geomagnetic field, near surface air temperature and surface pressure in the mid-latitudes, reported previously in the 1st part of the paper, has its physical foundation. The similar pattern, found in latitude-longitude distribution of the lower stratospheric ozone and specific humidity, allows us to close the chain of causal links, and to offer a mechanism through which geomagnetic field could influence on the Earth’s climate. It starts with a geomagnetic modulation of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and ozone production in the lower stratosphere through ion-molecular reactions initiated by GCR. The alteration of the near tropopause temperature (by O3 variations at these levels) changes the amount of water vapour in the driest part of the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS), influencing in such a way on the radiation balance of the planet. This forcing on the climatic parameters is non-uniformly distributed over the globe, due to the heterogeneous geomagnetic field controlling energetic particles entering the Earth’s atmosphere.