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The seasonal snowpack plays a key role in global water resources, providing large populations with water for domestic, agricultural, and municipal uses. Below-average or low snow water equivalent (SWE) accumulation can greatly stress a region's water supply, economy, etc., which highlights an existing need for a global snow drought assessment. We therefore explore frameworks for characterizing and quantifying snow drought conditions (e.g., severity, duration, intensity) in snow-dominated areas around the world. We examine a variety of topographic, climatic, and ecologic regimes to better understand the spatial and temporal variability of snow droughts across the globe and how they are changing. Identifying regions that are becoming more prone to snow drought conditions will become increasingly important in a warming world, particularly in places that derive large fractions of their water resources from snowmelt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the climatic and direct human drivers of abrupt drying of lakes in many parts of the world is a high research priority, particularly for water resources management and restoration. Lake Urmia, a shallow endemic lake in north-west Iran and one of the major saltwater bodies on earth, has undergone a dramatic decline in its water level (WL) in the past decades, resulting in about 80% of loss in the lake's water content. Different explanations have been discussed regarding the primary cause of this WL decline, including climate change, and regional human-driven land- and water-use changes. This paper reports a comprehensive study of the possible primary drivers of the lake's desiccation. Using classical exploratory statistical methods, the analysis accounts for the relationships between climate change (precipitation P, temperature T), land-surface and hydrological evolution (soil moisture SM, and WL), and vegetation cover (VC) change in the region. The latter includes human-driven changes of irrigation and expansion of agricultural lands. Observations over the period 1981-2015 indicate that the observed variability in P, T, and SM cannot explain the sharp decline in the lake WL since 2000. Instead, land-surface analysis shows VC was nearly doubled after 2000 in the Lake Urmia watershed, indicating that the WL decline is mainly associated with human-driven agricultural increase of VC. The expansion of agricultural activities in the watershed has led to increasing transpiration and hence, total evapotranspiration, decreasing the runoff during the increase in VC (inherently including irrigation, storage, and water diversion). Our results are consistent with similar cases around the world identifying human activities and interventions as the main driver of hydrologic changes, while climate change will likely increasingly contribute to such changes and their impacts in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]