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Orbital Earth Radiation Budget measurement comparisons to models, are critical for climate prediction confidence. Satellite systems must reduce calibration drifts for this purpose. NASA Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) measures Earth albedo reductions that if correct, would increase solar forcing and suggest greater sunlight absorption is driving much of recent temperature increases. Such results are presented, alongside those from the Moon and Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (MERBE). MERBE uses constant lunar reflectivity for tracking and compensation of instrument telescope degradation, undetectable by CERES. MERBE finds Earth albedo constant compared to that of the Moon, because Arctic solar warming effects are balanced by solar cooling elsewhere, likely due to negative feedbacks. Contrary to NASA, this shows the Sun is not increasing warming and that CERES results are not as stable as claimed and assumed. Furthermore, MERBE can actually resolve Cloud Radiative Forcing (CRF) signals from the existing record, rather than in decades with official observations. Plain Language Summary: In contrast to NASA Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System results, this paper shows that the Earth reflectivity has not changed since the year 2000, by comparing the sunlight bouncing off it to that from the Moon. Disagreeing with NASA, this provides physical evidence that global warming is not being increased by the Sun. It also immediately brings data to the standard requested by the climate community for cloud forcing/feedback signal detection. The Moon and Earth Radiation Budget Experiment data is being staged for free on the FAIR compliant website Pangaea for climate scientists. Key Points: The Sun is not causing climate change and Cloud Radiative Forcing (CRF) signals can now be detected immediatelyArctic heating is being balanced by reflectivity increases elsewhereThe calibration accuracy of data is sufficient to detect uncertain cloud feedback signals immediately, rather than in decades [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) and the lower Chron 29n hyperthermal event were recently proposed to have been triggered by the meteorite impacts that formed the Marquez Dome (Texas, USA; 58.3 ± 3.1 Ma) and Boltysh (Ukraine; 65.39 ± 0.14 Ma) craters, respectively. We use shock physics hydrocode simulations and radiative forcing calculations to quantify the expected global temperature increase associated with impacts of different scales via the release of CO2 and CH4 sourced from target rocks into the atmosphere. Our results suggest that the <2 km diameter impactors associated with the Marquez Dome and Boltysh craters were too small to have induced hyperthermal‐like (>1 K) temperature changes, even if target rocks were carbon‐rich; >10 km diameter impactors may produce hyperthermal events, but such large impacts are predicted to be uncommon during the Cenozoic era (2–4 objects per Gyr). Plain Language Summary: Global warming events occur when temperature on Earth rises by a few degrees in a geologically short time period. Such events occurred approximately 25 times between 66 and 52 million years ago, but their causes are poorly understood. The meteorite impacts that formed the Marquez Dome (Texas, USA) and the Boltysh (Ukraine) craters have both been hypothesized to have triggered global warming events by releasing greenhouse gases. We found that the impacts which produced those craters are too small to be the sole cause for a significant temperature increase. Instead, impactors greater than 10 km in diameter are needed for substantial global warming to occur. Such large impacts would rarely occur within the past 100 million years, but were much more frequent early in Earth history. Key Points: Objects larger than 10 km are required to vaporize greenhouse gases capable of inducing multidegree global warmingThe impacts that produced the Boltysh and Marquez Dome craters were too small to trigger early Cenozoic hyperthermal events [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]