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Background: With 10 million cases around the world, pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) has been classified as a highly contagious disease and mostly affecting low and middle countries. Having the second highest incident cases in West Java of Indonesia, Cirebon becomes a challenging city in order to reduce the number of TB cases in the country. Aims: This study aims to identify the patients’ knowledge and treatment phases, and how the two factors encourage patients to comply with their medication. Methods : This cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 91 new pulmonary tuberculosis patients at the Cirebon City Community Lung Health Centre, selected using random sampling. Not only respondent characteristics, but also data on the patients' knowledge levels, treatment phases, and medication adherence were collected using a questionnaire and medical records. To assess the relationship between these variables, the collected data was then analyzed using the Spearman Correlation test. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Commission, and informed consent was gathered from all participants. Results: This study reveals the most updated characteristics of the Tuberculosis patients at the Cirebon City Community Lung Health Center aged 15-64 years old with treatment duration ranged 1-6 months. The majority have insufficient knowledge about tuberculosis (45.1%), and 75.8% of patients adhered to their prescribed medication regimen, regardless of their knowledge level. The data indicates a significant positive correlation between knowledge level and medication adherence (p = 0.015), with 95% of patients with good knowledge adhering to treatment compared to only 34% with poor knowledge. Furthermore, there is a significant relationship between adherence and treatment duration (p = 0.002), as 85% of patients who adhered to treatment did so for more than two months. Conclusion: The study shows that patients with better knowledge of tuberculosis are more likely to stick to their medication, which also leads to longer treatment durations. Given the high incidence of TB in the region, these findings suggest the need for targeted educational programs to enhance patients' understanding of TB, thereby improving adherence to treatment protocols. Received: 20 May 2024, Reviewed: 09 June 2024, Revised: 26 August 2024, Accepted: 30 August 2024.

Background: Fish consumption preferences vary among communities. The issue of fish consumption achievement of East Kalimantan residents which has decreased compared to 2019 has encouraged the government to intensify programs, especially considering socio-economic factors for liking to consume fish. In this study, the issue of fish consumption is also associated with the residents’ knowledge of the benefits of fish nutritional content for health. Aims: This recent study aims to investigate the appreciation of East Kalimantan residents for the health of fish consumption benefits and to analyze factors which influence the fish consumption of East Kalimantan residents. Methods: Data collection was done through a questionnaire completed by 160 people in 10 regency and city sites in East Kalimantan with purposive random sampling method during January to March 2024. Also employing Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) is in data analysis. Results: Most of East Kalimantan residents (85%) appreciate the benefits of fish consumption for their health, even though there are still residents (15%) who lack information and knowledge about its benefits. The residents’ understanding and knowledge cover fish as a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, high-quality protein, and related with reducing risk of heart disease, stroke, and certain types of cancer. The most residents (90%) approve that the fish protein content is of high quality of protein and vitamins-mineral. In the analysis, all variables that build this model have amounting to 82% (R2) affected into fish consumption residents. Partially, age, income, fish price, ethnic, education, and fish substitute variables significantly influence the fish consumption of East Kalimantan residents at p

Background: As a modern communication medium, Facebook provides a new place to people who live far apart to interact and discuss on the same topic, such as football. This research examines how the nationalism is generated through Facebook. From the perspective of social realities, Facebook is observed as a channel of communication utilized by football lovers. However, communication through Facebook also causes conflicts among its users. Aims: This study aims to investigate how nationalism is expressed through communication on Facebook and how conflicts affect mental health but can also build and perpetuate a sense of nationalism and strengthen group identities. Methods: To achieve the objectives, content analysis is used to examine the manifestation with regard to the context of generating a spirit of nationalism through the communication interaction process of Facebook users. Data collection in this study was conducted through ASEAN football page on Facebook. Posts, images and comments left under the related posts were then selected when they are regarding only the spirit of nationalism. Results: Results show that Facebook is not only a social medium but also, a means of generating nationalism through conversations. As nationalism is expressed both in a positive and negative way on ASEAN football page, it, of course, leads to conflicts because of the differences in the orientation of values and interest when the conflicting sides hold different background. Conclusion: By exploring how nationalism is expressed through Facebook comments on ASEAN football page, the research provides insights into how digital platforms shape and amplify nationalistic sentiments. This understanding is crucial in an era where social media plays a significant role in public discourse and it also highlights the mental health impacts of online nationalistic comments. This is significant for developing strategies to address and mitigate the negative psychological effects that such interactions can have on individuals. Received: 31 July 2024, Reviewed: 4 August 2024, Revised: 22 August 2024, Accepted: 24 August 2024.

Background: There is a wide gap in healthcare access between the poor and the rich in South Africa. The government has implemented several policies to address this gap; nonetheless the complaints about poor healthcare delivery exist. Aims: The objective of this study is to examine the relative importance of healthcare service indicators in Tshwane Municipality, South Africa. Methods: This research uses a utility approach to analyse the relative importance of healthcare service indicators in the context of the Tshwane Municipality in South Africa. The study applies conjoint analysis to better understand healthcare users' preferences for several factors such as service range, waiting time for medications and consultations, waiting time for elective operations, and location. Questionnaire was administered on 280 respondents, comprising the following: Black – 130, Whites – 70, Indians – 40, and Coloured – 40. The data was collected from both public and private healthcare users, and the results were compared using an independent t-test. Results: The study found that there were no statistically significant variations in the mean utilities of public and private healthcare users. The finding suggests that healthcare users' preferences, whether they utilize public or private services, are largely comparable and can be addressed by utilizing unified techniques. The result also demonstrates the most favoured levels for each metric, providing insights into patient preferences and their social impacts. The study further highlights various healthcare preferences of users. Conclusion: This finding emphasises that healthcare users have unique expectations, requiring personalised healthcare delivery. The findings have several recommendations for policymakers and healthcare practitioners to improve service delivery and patient satisfaction. Received: 01 May 2024 | Reviewed: 03 June 2024 | Revised: 12 July 2024 | Accepted: 21 July 2024.

Background: The paper seeks to provide evidence on the government policy’s moderating role in donor-funded procurement in the laboratory services of Zimbabwe. Procurement is a key component for any organizations to function optimally and the medical laboratory service is no exception considering that the donors are the major funders of the department hence the need for this study to examine the government policy as the moderating variable for this research. Medical laboratory services plays a very important role in the functioning of any health sector as every disease have to be tested to ascertain the actual disease a person suffering from before any treatment can be commenced. Aims: The aim of the paper was to examine the moderating role of government policy on donor-funded procurement in Zimbabwe’s laboratory services. Methods: The paper made use of a quantitative method research method. Data was collected from 260 respondents sampled from a total population of 795 using RaoSoftware but only 214 respondents successfully returned the questionnaire from the Ministry of Health and Child Care, Zimbabwe and the analysis was done using STATA to run the structural equation modeling. Results: The study found out that government policy (GP) moderates the pre-donation preparation process (PDPP) (β=0.15, p-value = 0.038) donation requirement process (DRP) (β=0.24, p-value =0.000), donation recipient planning process (DRPP) (β=0.22, p-value = 0.001) and donation implementation process (DIP) (β=0.18, p-value = 0.004) and the effectiveness of donor-funded procurement. Conclusion: Based on the results, the study concluded that government policy has a role to play to support donor-funded procurement in the laboratory services in Zimbabwe and the world over and the study recommended that policy maker should take into consideration the important role as government policy plays as it support key health outcomes considering the crucial role the medical laboratory also plays. Received: 16 April 2024 | Reviewed: 22 April 2024 | Revised: 6 May 2024 | Accepted: 11 June 2024.

Background: A recent survey conducted in 2021 noted a high stunting incident was found in Cirebon, West Java of Indonesia, reached to 30.6%, even higher compare to the provincial rate (24.5%). It has been known that parenting patterns and nutritional status are greatly influenced by the mother's understanding of managing health and nutrition for their baby in order to lower the stunting case. Aims: This study is to analyze the association between mother's parenting patterns and stunting in toddlers age 24-48 month in Cirebon Municipality. Methods: A total of 68 mothers have been selected using the consecutive sampling from a health facility in Cirebon City, Indonesia. This research uses survey and descriptive methods with a quantitative approach to examine the impact of mother's parenting patterns on stunting incidence in toddlers aged 24-48 months. This research also uses secondary data in the form of KIA (Mother and Child Health) records to identify the stunting cases among the respondents. Statistical analysis was employed to find how significant the variables affecting to the others. Results: From the questionnaire, it was found that the majority of participants were mothers aged 26-35 years old, and only graduated from high school or lower, and most of them were not working mothers. The stunting incidence found in this health center reached to 58.8 %. While only 36.8% of mothers exhibits well parenting pattern, the majority may show sufficient level (52.9%). Even only 10.3% of respondents correspond with low parenting pattern, however all of them found with stunting incidence. From statistical analysis, it is noted that mothers’ parenting pattern significantly affecting stunting cases in toddlers (p value = 0.001). Conclusion: This recent study concludes that parenting pattern significantly contributes to the number of stunting cases in toddler aged 24-48 months. The statistical analysis found mothers with well parenting pattern lower chance of having a stunted child. The data highlights the importance of knowledge and attitude will benefit in reducing the total number of stunted children in Cirebon city, Indonesia. Keywords: Parenting pattern; Stunting; Mothers; Toddlers; Indonesia. Received: 09 November 2023, Reviewed: 19 November 2023, Revised: 06 January 2024, Accepted: 03 June 2024.

Background: On an annual basis, young boys lose their lives due to circumcisions performed at initiation schools across South Africa. Some of the initiates lose their manhood as a result of amputations and all these acts are done in the name of culture. Over the last few years, there have been more media reports in South Africa about improper traditional circumcisions coupled with poor health outcomes causing deaths of children admitted at initiation schools. Aims: This article explores the health impacts of traditional initiation schools in South Africa. Methods: This review followed desktop approach through utilization of secondary data. Systematic quantitative review technique was used to collect data. To get a better understanding of the context under investigation, desktop analysis was employed using the five steps of the data analysis process. Results: The themes identified in this study include challenges associated with the practice in relation to children’s rights, ethical conflicts between traditional initiation practices and public health, commercialization of initiation schools, and complications associated with circumcision at initiation schools. Conclusion: There is insufficient enforcement of the laws and a lack of public knowledge regarding the impact of initiation on children. Even though South Africa's national and local governments have made significant attempts to control the initiation practices and uphold children's rights, significant law enforcement is still required to shield children from unsafe cultural customs. In addition to the ineffective execution of existing rules and regulations, the traditional initiation sector is burdened by a lack of direct, continuous, and efficient supervision of the operations of initiation schools. Received: 7 February 2024, Reviewed: 11 March 2024, Revised: 29 March 2024, Accepted: 16 April 2024.

Background: On an annual basis, young boys lose their lives due to circumcisions performed at initiation schools across South Africa. Some of the initiates lose their manhood as a result of amputations and all these acts are done in the name of culture. Over the last few years, there have been more media reports in South Africa about improper traditional circumcisions coupled with poor health outcomes causing deaths of children admitted at initiation schools. Aims: This article explores the health impacts of traditional initiation schools in South Africa. Methods: This review followed desktop approach through utilization of secondary data. Systematic quantitative review technique was used to collect data. To get a better understanding of the context under investigation, desktop analysis was employed using the five steps of the data analysis process. Results: The themes identified in this study include challenges associated with the practice in relation to children's rights, ethical conflicts between traditional initiation practices and public health, commercialization of initiation schools, and complications associated with circumcision at initiation schools. Conclusion: There is insufficient enforcement of the laws and a lack of public knowledge regarding the impact of initiation on children. Even though South Africa's national and local governments have made significant attempts to control the initiation practices and uphold children's rights, significant law enforcement is still required to shield children from unsafe cultural customs. In addition to the ineffective execution of existing rules and regulations, the traditional initiation sector is burdened by a lack of direct, continuous, and efficient supervision of the operations of initiation schools. Received: 7 February 2024, Reviewed: 11 March 2024, Revised: 29 March 2024, Accepted: 16 April 2024.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, pose significant health challenges globally. Physical activity has long been recognized as a modifiable factor that can influence various aspects of cardiovascular health, including blood pressure. However, the relationship between physical activity and blood pressure is complex and can be influenced by various factors such as cultural and regional differences. Aims: The primary objective of this research was to examine the association between physical activity and blood pressure using a quasi-experimental design. Methods: This study utilized a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pre-test post-test approach. The sample was selected using a total sampling technique. The independent and dependent variables in this research were physical activity and blood pressure. Data collection instruments employed in this study consisted of observation sheets, an aneroid sphygmomanometer, and a stethoscope. Data analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon test. Results: This study showed that there was an association between physical activity and blood pressure. Conclusion: this research sheds light on the relationship between physical activity and blood pressure. The findings underscore the importance of considering cultural and regional factors in designing health interventions. Received: 20 November 2023, Reviewed: 21 November 2023, Revised: 14 March 2024, Accepted: 03 April 2024.

Background: The cause of obesity is an imbalance between the number of calories taken and the amount burned. Obesity is a complex disease. The FTO rs9939609 gene polymorphism is one of the genetic factors that contribute to obesity in addition to environmental factors. Numerous researches have suggested a connection between the prevalence of obesity and the FTO rs9939609 gene polymorphism Aims: The purpose of this study is to ascertain how the FTO rs9939609 gene polymorphism relates to the prevalence of adult obesity. Methods: At the Biomolecular and Genetics Laboratory of the UGJ Faculty of Medicine, an analytical observational study using a case-control design was carried out with 84 participants, 42 subjects in case group, and 42 subjects in control groups. Data were collected utilizing DNA from blood collection, PCR-RFLP for genotyping, and 2.5% electrophoretic gel for visualization. Chi-square was used for data analysis. Results: Findings showed that there is no link between the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and the prevalence of obesity (p>0.05, OR=0.710). Conclusion: In the Indonesian population, the FTO rs9939609 gene polymorphism is not associated with an increased risk of obesity.

Background: A sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is an illness that is primarily transmitted through sexual contact. There are around 30 different species of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, that can be transmitted through sexual activity without protection. The most prevalent conditions include gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, trichomoniasis, chancroid, genital herpes, HIV, and hepatitis B. Within society, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are the most prevalent form of infection. Aims: The objective of this study is to ascertain the direct and indirect impact on the prevention of sexually transmitted illnesses in the city of Makassar. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. The study collected samples from 45 consenting individuals who agreed to participate. This study used a structure equation model as an analysis method using Smart PLS 2.0. Results: The findings demonstrated a significant correlation between the support of fellow female sex workers (FSWs) and the practice of STDs prevention, with a direct impact of 10.26%. Additionally, there was a direct influence of STDs prevention behavior on motivation, accounting for 10.84%. Furthermore, the support of fellow FSWs had a substantial impact on motivation, with a direct influence of 29.16%. The overall direct effects have increased by 50.26%. The support of fellow FSWs has an indirect influence on STDs prevention behavior, increasing motivation by 5.77%. The cumulative impact, both direct and indirect, amounts to 56.03%. The Q-Square analysis model accounts for 44.1% of the variability in the data and specifically investigates the phenomenon studied. The remaining 55.9% of variability is attributed to other variables that were not addressed in this study. Conclusion: Hence, the research findings indicate that various factors, including the assistance from fellow female sex workers and motivation, contribute to the promotion of STDs prevention behavior. Received: 14 December 2023, Reviewed: 25 December 2023, Revised: 06 January 2024, Accepted: 16 January 2024.

Health promotion is the process we employ as health care providers and policy makers to enable people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. Effective health promotion includes several major components, and while policies must be made to promote health, much can be also done by small multidisciplinary teams working with local communities. Importantly such teams are most effective where they include members of the target audience for the health promotion initiative. Consequently where the health of mothers and children is the priority, to engage the target audience effectively, parents and family members including children should contribute as members of the team. Worldwide, education of girls is known to generate multiple health and economic benefits; measures to counter misinformation and use of education programs such as the WHO health promotion model to provide knowledge accompanied by practical health-related skills are of proven value. Effective teams incorporate cultural traits and gender equity into strategies that build resilience and self-regulatory efficacy over social determinants of health. Strategies that help individuals and communities to advance towards the UN sustainable development goals have obvious merit. Health knowledge can be conveyed readily, for example in relation to childhood vaccination, but achieving changes in values, attitudes, and health habits requires effort and innovation by multidisciplinary teams that work synergistically to promote health in an innovative and inclusive manner. The more this is done, the greater the beneficial changes we are likely to achieve.

Background: Gender aspects hold an important role in forming strategies for teenagers to get their acceptance in the neighborhood, especially at the beginning of teenage life development. One of the negative conditions if the development cannot be well developed is violence in dating. Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the direct and indirect effects, as well as the amounts of resources, role of family, knowledge, and self-concept, against the prevention of violence in dating at SMK Wijaya Kusuma in South Jakarta in 2016. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. The population consisted of students in the 9th and 10th grades, and 65 students were selected as respondents. This study used a structure equation model as an analysis method using Smart PLS 2.0 and SPSS 18.0. Results: The hypothesis testing produced findings that all independent variables have an effect on dependent variables: resources by 16.14%, role of family by 11.38%, knowledge by 15.95%, and self-concept by 20,38%. The self-concept variable was the dominant factor in influencing the preventive behavior of violence in dating. Model analysis results can explain 95% of the diversity of this research and the ability to assess the phenomenon, while 5% are described by other components that do not exist in this study. Conclusion: In sum, there was an influence-relationship between resources, the role of family, knowledge, and self-concept in preventing violence in dating. We suggest that schools should provide education about violence prevention strategies so that they are well-informed about violence in dating. Received: 07 December 2023, Reviewed: 12 December 2023, Revised: 06 January 2024, Accepted: 14 January 2024.

Background: The recovery process of people with Schizophrenia in Indonesia is still not optimal. The lack of success in the recovery process is indicated by the relapse rate in people with schizophrenia, which is still high. Aims: This literature review aims to describe the views of ODS, families, and health workers in the ODS recovery process in Indonesia. Methods: A literature search was carried out using Google Scholar and also The databases PubMed and CINAHL with the keywords Schizophrenia OR psychosis AND family OR Caregiver OR relatives OR care OR spouse OR sibling OR parents AND psychiatrist AND mental health nurse AND mental health professionals AND Perspective OR Perceived AND Recovery AND Indonesia with free-full text criteria in English and Indonesian, and publication time has no limitations. Results: Based on a literature review of 13 articles, different views were obtained between survivors, families, and mental health professionals. Conclusion: The results of these findings recommend that mental health policymakers consider the views of survivors, families, and health workers regarding recovery in survivors to produce appropriate strategies to help survivors achieve a state of recovery. Received: 21 November 2023, Revised: 21 December 2023, Accepted: 25 December 2023.

Background: Stunting is still a major public health in developing countries, including Indonesia. There are many predictors that might contribute to stunting, including child factors, mother factors, household factors, and community. This study focuses on children and mother level. Aims: This study aimed to examine the factors associated with severe stunted among children aged 2 to 5 years old. Methods: This study uses primary data in Pontianak City, Indonesia the data has been collected from January to February 2023. Respondents were selected by total sampling method. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate have been done using STATA 17. Results: The analysis data revealed that 75.98% of children were stunted and 24.20 were severe stunted. The factors including low birth weight and birth interval were found significantly associated with severe stunted, other independent variables did not have a correlation for being severe stunted. Conclusion: According to children’s factors and maternal factors, the variables of low birth weight and birth interval were found to correlate with being severe stunted.

Background: The tertiary education of a pharmacist in South Africa covers a wide range of expertise; however, many of these skills remain untapped more especially at the public health facilities. To meet the National Health Insurance’s goals, the role of a pharmacist is anticipated to change as they will be required to embark on a more integrative role by shifting from product-centered focus to a patient-centered approach. Aim: The aim of this review is to explore the untapped skills of public hospital pharmacists as a way of improving service delivery in preparation for National Health Insurance. Methods: A secondary qualitative technique using desktop approach served as the foundation for this research. The study used thematic content analysis to identify and analyse the roles of hospital pharmacists. Results: The findings of this article indicate that pharmacists can play different roles within the public hospital setting to improve service delivery. The identified roles are: provision of Pharmacists Initiated Therapy, the integration of pharmacists into the wards, the involvement of pharmacists as part of the multidisciplinary healthcare team and the utilisation of specialities such as clinical pharmacists’ services. Conclusion: To improve service delivery and promote the idea of holistic pharmaceutical care, it is crucial that the hospital pharmacist delegate responsibilities and functions related to product supply to pharmacist's assistants as this will give pharmacists more time for patient-focused roles.

The Dayak indigenous people of Central Kalimantan have traditionally used native plants as food and medicine to alleviate ailments, boost stamina, and extend life. One of these is the goosegrass or uru lewu plant (Eleusine indica), which is thought to tighten female organs after birth. However, this has not been empirically confirmed. Phytochemical examinations revealed that this plant boasts three chemicals with anticancer properties and two compounds with antioxidant properties because its bioactive component concentration can be formulated into herbal drinks, such as tea. Three tea formulations were developed and evaluated on 100 consumer panelists to determine their sensory perceptions: F1 (100% uru lewu), F2 (80% uru lewu and 20% black tea), and F3 (60% uru lewu and 40% black tea). The IC50 values for Uru Lewu and black tea in the antioxidant activity test using the DPPH technique were 133.77 mg/kg and 345.01 mg/kg, respectively. This suggests that uru lewu had nearly three times the antioxidant activity of black tea. Uru lewu had moderate antioxidant activity (higher than black tea). Based on the tea's color, aroma, and taste, the F3 tea formulation with 60% uru lewu and 40% black tea was the most chosen formulation by consumers.

Background: Vaccination for COVID-19 has been intensively developed since the end of 2020. Its use must also obtain an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) permit. Some of the vaccines have been used including Sinovac, Astra Zeneca, Moderna, Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, and Sinopharm. In fact, there are many effects that have developed after the COVID-19 vaccination administration like local reactions, systemic reactions, and other reactions. In addition, one of them is urticaria. However, the existing literature has focused poorly on urticaria caused by COVID-19 vaccines. Aims: This research explores the prevalence, pathophysiology, and treatment of urticaria post-COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: This study conducted a systematic review based on the guideline which is Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). We searched Scopus, ProQuest, Ebsco, and Google Scholar databases from 2020 until 2022 for identifying the data regarding urticaria post-COVID-19 vaccination. In a nutshell, 9 studies were included in the systematic review. Results: Only 28% of urticarial rashes incident among all cutaneous adverse reactions after post-COVID-19, it was higher among females and people aged 45-49 years old, and people with allergy histories. The most frequent reaction is urticarial following the COVID-19 vaccine administration. This concerns hypersensitivity reaction related to Immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated, Immunoglobulin G (IgG), and sensitizing excipients in COVID-19 vaccines. Conclusion: This systematic review raises the concern of hypersensitivity reaction that related to IgE-mediated, IgG, and sensitizing excipients in COVID-19 vaccines. Urticaria is the most frequent reaction after the COVID-19 vaccine administration. Attention to medical history and immunology/allergy consultation might be advantageous to assess the risk of allergy and the guidance of the vaccine. Received: 9 May 2023; Revised: 8 June 2023; Accepted: 18 July 2023

Covid-19 spreads sporadically throughout the world at a high mortality rate. This virus caused a health crisis that forced the World Health Organization to declare it a global pandemic and caused various countries to implement massive social restrictions. Until March 2023, there were 160,963 deaths because of Covid-19, making Indonesia the second highest in Asia. Indonesia’s lousy experience managing the Covid-19 pandemic should raise awareness that a crisis can occur at any time. Even though the current situation has improved a lot, preparedness and vigilance should not be neglected. No one can guarantee that a pandemic like Covid-19 will not occur again. Based on this situation, it is essential to look more deeply at the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and how scholars in various disciplines deal with it. To analyze future risks, interdisciplinary research is needed. This is a research approach that can link the main issues of the medical and health disciplines with other disciplines, such as the environment, social welfare, and public policy.

The current view is that the hold of the Covid-19 virus is now being altered from pandemic to endemic status with global cooperation. While vaccination remains a central component of the public health interventions required to achieve this, a range of innovative health promotion strategies are also needed in parallel if we are to ensure that the pandemic continues to wane further. Research and personal experience tell us that Covid-19 vaccines offer high protection against severe illness, aid the delivery of health care and save lives. However, WHO communiqués reiterate that vaccine hesitancy is a major threat to global health and that many countries still need to improve vaccination rates. It is also stated that in order to do this innovative strategies are needed to establish greater trust, improve communication and reduce misinformation. Consequently health care providers are being urged to build on lessons learned during the pandemic, find ways to build trust, counter residual vaccine hesitancy and promote other health related behaviors that are inclusive, allay fears and avoid scapegoating. Importantly, the strategies needed to increase willingness to be vaccinated and promote the health-related knowledge and behaviors necessary for the pandemic to continue to wane are now known to be highly country-specific, and regional differences in what approaches are required are also evident within counties. Consequently, as health care providers we need to develop innovative strategies and employ task shifting to the meet the specific needs of the individual populations we serve. This review summarizes ways to approach this challenge based the core principles advocated by WHO for promoting health literacy and changing behaviors; community empowerment, people-centered strategies, innovative education, novel and improved tools, training to respond to local needs, and the use of non-traditional avenues and outlets.

Background: Emotional intelligence and transformational leadership are two important factors for nurses to be able to motivate themselves and build intra relationships in hospitals, and may affect to the nurses’ performance. Aims: The purpose of the study was to determine how emotional intelligence and leadership affecting the nurses’ performance at the General Hospital of the Evangelical Masehi Church, Bolaang Mongondow Monompia, Kotamobagu, Indonesia Methods: This original research employed an analytic observational with a quantitative approach and a cross sectional study design. A set of questionnaires was distributed to the participated nurses to define the respondents’ characteristics, emotional intelligence (10 questions), leadership transformation (12 questions), and the nurses’ performances (8 questions). A total of 48 nurses were selected in August 2022 using a total sampling technique, and their answers were included to the further statistical analysis using PSS software version 15. Results: Not different with other hospitals, at the Regional General Hospital of Kotamobagu the majority of nurses was female, and relatively has worked for more than 5 years. It has been noted that the nurses were measured with sufficient emotional intelligence (43.8%), transformational leadership (54.1%), and performances (58.3%). However, the number of nurses having poor emotional intelligence and performance were relatively high, respectively at 12.4% and 14.6%. It is indicated that the nurses performance were significantly resulted by the two factors: Emotional intelligence (p-value: 0.025) and transformational leadership (p-value: 0.005). Conclusion: This study concludes that the emotional intelligence and transformational leadership are moderating variables to strengthen the nurses’ performance. This study noted that the higher number of nurses highly perform if having good emotional intelligence and good transformational leadership. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to the two strong indicators from this study if a hospital manager plans to improve the nurses’ performance.

There are several different types of article that authors can submit for publication in a journal. The article types are intended to allow for original research, commentaries, and reviews that are relevant to the stated focus and scope of the journal to be presented to the readers in an interesting and informative manner. Some journals have a special interest in less common forms of communication, and so will accept submissions to other categories, such as interesting images, videos, case reports, or descriptions of teaching methods or learning points. Authors should read the instructions and their editorial policies for authors section on each journal’s website to identify the types of article the editorial team will consider, and then prepare their submission to comply with the description given for each type of article and specific instructions on how each should be formatted. This editorial describes three categories of article and their guidelines to be included in the Global Health Management Journal: Editorial, Commentary and Review. To provide more exposure of papers and works presented at international forums, seminars, and conferences, the journal creates specific guidelines to publish the selected papers from the meetings in Global Health Management Journals as a Special Edition.

Background: Professional Nursing Practice Model Training (Model Praktik Keperawatan Profesional; MPKP) is one of the efforts to improve the quality of service in hospitals in nursing services to minimize errors or omissions that can occur. The training carried out is expected to be able to improve the implementation of pillar IV NCDS in hospitals. Aims: This study aimed to determine the effect of MPKP training with the application of pillar IV NCDS at the General Hospital of the Evangelical Masehi Church Bolaang Mongondow Monompia Kotamobagu. Methods: This research is a quantitative research type with a pre-experimental research design one group pre-test post-test design. This research was conducted in August 2022 as many as 52 nurse respondents working at the Monompia GMIBM Hospital Kotamobagu. Results: From the survey, it shows that the intervention will increase the number of nurses implementing the Pillar IV Nursing Care Delivery System (Pillar IV NCDs) including the assessment element (from 76.9% to 90.4%), nursing diagnosis (from 36.5% to 75.0%), planning (from 51.9% to 88.5%), action or measurement (from 84.6% and 92.3%), evaluation (from 46.2% to 90.4%), and nursing care notes (78.8% and 98.1%). There are differences in the implementation of pillar IV NCDS before and after being given MPKP training (p-value:

Background: The quality of health services cannot be separated from the collaboration of all components of human resources, including nurses. Transformational leadership supported by supervision can also improve the prevention and control of infection risk in order to optimize their work performance. Supervision activities carried out by the head of the room might have a positive impact on nurse commitment. Aims: The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of supervision and transformational leadership style on nurse compliance in infection risk prevention and control at GMIBM (Gereja Masehi Injili at Bolaang Mongondow) Monompia General Hospital, Kotamobagu, Indonesia. Methods: This original research used an analytic observational with a quantitative approach and a cross sectional study design. A total of 72 nurses who worked at GMIBM Monompia Kotamobagu General Hospital, Kotamobagu Regency, Indonesia, was selected in August 2022 using a total sampling technique based on the data from the human resources division. Two combined questionnaires were distributed to define the leader supervision (20 questions) and the nurses’ compliance and their transformational leadership styles (18 questions) for prevention and control the infection risks. The results of this study were analyzed using SPSS Software (univariate and bivariate parameters). Results: This study shows that a sufficient supervision frequency (59.7%) among the participated nurses. We identify there were four transformational leadership styles among the nurses at the selected hospital: Ideal influence (33.3%), Inspirational motivation (27.8%), Individual consideration (20.8%) and Intellectual stimulation (18.1%). Moreover, the majority of nurses performed good compliance in the preventing and controlling the infection risks (80.6%). The lack of compliance might be significantly resulted by the leader supervisions (p-value: 0.002). By the bivariate analysis, this study suggested that there is a relationship between transformational leadership style and compliance (p value: 0.001). We also noticed that the leader supervision and transformational leadership style are moderating variables to strengthen the nurse compliance (R Square = 0.336). Conclusion : This present study strongly suggested the hospital manager and head departments to pay attention to the two strong factors (Supervision and transformational leadership style) affecting the nurses compliance in updating and implementing the prevention and risk control programs.

Background: Turnover intention is the tendency of employees to leave the organization or resign voluntarily from their job. Several factors that might influence turnover intention are included job satisfaction, work environment, and compensation. Aims: This study aimed to determine the Path Analysis of the effect of job satisfaction, compensation, and work environment on the turnover intention of nurses at Kotamobagu Regional General Hospitals. Methods: A total of 34 nurses (total sampling method) contributed in this cross-sectional study. The model is presented with a single-directed arrow indicating cause and effect. The regression weights predicted by the model are compared with the correlation matrix from the observed data and then the goodness of fit is calculated. This study uses data analysis that is adapted to the research pattern and the variables studied. A causal model was employed, and to test the proposed hypothesis the SEM analytical technique (Structural Equation Modeling) was operated through the AMOS program. Results: From the statistical analysis, the study shows a significant relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention (p-value = 0.011), and between the compensation and the turnover intention (p-value = 0.026). However, we found that there was no relationship between work environment and turnover intention among the nurses at Kotamobagu Regional General Hospitals (p-value = 0.935). Conclusion: This study concluded that there is a correlation between work satisfaction and compensation on turnover intention (direct factor), but there was no correlation between work environment on turnover intention (mediator). It is suggested a need to arrange regular evaluation in terms of job satisfaction and compensation to prevent turnover among the nurses.

Background: The achievement parameter for maternal health services program is the access of pregnant health services, as indicated by measuring the coverage of antenatal care services. In Indonesia, examination of pregnant women according to antenatal standards is regulated by Ministry of Health Indonesia Number 21 of 2021, where pregnancy checks must fulfill the standard 10 T criteria. Aims: This study aimed to identify the Standard Operating Procedures of antenatal care in Gamping I Public Health Center, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and determine its relation with pregnant women’s satisfaction during pregnancy examination. Methods: Of 70 TM III pregnant women, who routinely visit for antenatal care service at the Public Health Center Gamping I, a total of 40 pregnant women were selected using consecutive sampling with 10% margin of error. A set of questionnaires was distributed to the respondents to asses: (1) The implementation of the antenatal care service standard (20 questions, and weighted using a dichotomy scale) and (2) The pregnant women satisfaction (22 questions, and weighted using the Likert scale. The data obtained from respondents were then tabulated and processed using Microsoft Office Excel 2010 and then analyzed using the SPSS Statistics 16.0 program (Pearson Product Moment formula with an error rate of 5%). Results: There are 10 pregnancy tests (10T) received by the pregnant women at the health center including the measurement of Height, Weight, Blood pressure, upper arm circumference, Uterine fundus height, Presentation & Fetal heart rate, Provision of 90 Fe Tablets, Laboratory examinations, Case handling, TT Immunization Screening, and Counseling & mental health assessment. According to the findings of the research conducted by the researchers, antenatal examinations were not carried out in a comprehensive and thorough manner in instances. This article provides the women satisfaction to the antennal care on different dimensions of satisfaction including Physical Proof, Reliability, Responsiveness, Guarantee, and Empathy. Even though the analysis shows that the respondents was satisfied with the antennal care services; however, the relation is not statistically significant (p-value of 0.652). Conclusion : One's satisfaction is very difficult to measure and someone's satisfaction is different from the satisfaction of someone else. According to the findings of the study, every time a midwife performed an antenatal checkup, she had never provided complete 10T-based antenatal care. In addition, this research has been carried out through direct observation of prenatal care, where pregnant women and midwives' perceptions of antenatal care examinations do not differ.

Poltekkes Kemenkes Palangka Raya in collaboration with Indonesian Scholars’ Alliance and Global Health Management Journal (GHMJ) successfully held the first international seminar on November 9, 2020. The seminar which took place online in the midst of the raging Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic raised the theme “The New Normal: Creating A Pleasant Virtual Communication”. Five speaker from four countries namely Prof Andrew J. Macnab (Canada), Sr. Merceditas O. Ang, SPC (Philippines), Eva Berthy Tallutondok, M.Sc. (Taiwan), Dr. Yeyentimalla (Poltekkes Kemenkes Palangka Raya, Indonesia), and Prof. Sri Suryawati (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia) synergizes to convey ideas on how to create fun virtual communication actors. During the pandemic, we do not communicate face-to face, but instead switch to communication using technological devices and chating application. Adequate understanding is needed to be able to communicate with other people virtually where messages are conveyed well and at the same time happy. The journey to the seminar in about four months presents a variety of emotions with negative and positive valences. For example, how to create a seminar participant and photo essays registration website with an inexperienced committee and communication is done virtually. In many ways we argued loudly. This level of difficulty is quite high. Virtual communication is different from face-to-face. We have to be more selective with words because intonation and gesture are absent in communication via WhatsApp and Facebook Messenger. We optimize virtual communication right before we teach it to seminar attendees! This is so much fun! Pandemic may isolate our body, not our ideas. The international seminar was held on Monday, November 9, 2020, to coincide with the 19th anniversary of the founding of the Poltekkes Kemenkes Palangka Raya. In accordance with the health protocol during the COVID-19 pandemic, the online committee from home and from their respective workspaces does not gather in one room. Seminar participants attended the Zoom room after previously registering through the website. At the end of the registration period, 32 photo essays obtained. The details are 16 photo essays from the Department of Nursing, 9 photo essays from the Department of Midwifery, and 7 photo essays from the Department of Nutrition. On November 9, 2020, after the seminar was over, 9 photo essays winners from 9 categories were announced, and been published at the Global Health Management Journal as 2022’s Special Edition, following the standard guidelines for Photo Essays.

In mid-2020, COVID-19 cases in Central Kalimantan showed relatively high, approximately 10.5% of children suffered from COVID -19. Many institutions have been implementing health education on the positive healthy behaviour standard for COVID-19 prevention, including regular hand washing, mask-wearing, and social distancing. The purpose of this article is to give clear and actionable guidance for children living in river-basin residences. Central Kalimantan geographically has a number of rivers known as a watershed area (DAS). This photo essay records health promotion given during Covid-19 outbreak in Riverbank of Kahayan River, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. In this study area, children use small boat made by wood to mobile or visit their friends to play. Before the Covid-19 Outbreak, using face mask in not compulsory and parents will just freely give permission to their children to play outside. It is shown that it is challenging to encourage children to protect themselves from the COVID-19 infection in the area of DAS. Moreover, the existence of this abundant water source is a potential natural asset for positive hygiene behaviour. Thus, it is worth noting that hand washing with soap and water is recommended. A cultural approach can also be an alternative for health campaigns. This paper shows how we use one of traditional musical instruments of Central Kalimantan, called Japen, and the lute is used as an instrument for making audio-visuals. This instrument is made from a sack. It includes education and has a key message of moral wisdom with the social value of the Dayak people in Borneo. Maintaining children's health during the Covid 19 pandemic with creative educational campaigns, using various modes such as posters, multimedia, and storytelling is beneficial for positive health behaviours.

“As the spearhead of national development, sometimes teenagers are required to be perfect. What people don’t even know is that sometimes we teenagers also have stories to tell. Share a laugh and be cheerful, that’s what we are. In the end, life is not about being perfect but how we want to learn and grow together. It’s okay, you are not alone, we are always there for you“. Those are words I thought of when I saw teenagers. They grow rapidly, and I thought family plays important roles during the transition time from childhood to adulthood. This photo essay highlights eight (8) family functions in preventing teenagers facing problems during their transition growth, including early marriage, premarital sex, and drug abuse. Instead, by applying the cares and educations to the adolescents, the family can support and prepare their children to be more productive for better future. “Love your family, love your teenager, and love the future of your nation” .

The story begins at the Galilee Foundation Drug Rehabilitation Center in Palangka Raya City in July 2018. We are a team that provides professional assistance to drug survivors at the Panti (in Indonesia, rehabilitation homes for drugs users are termed Panti). One of the four-drug survivors enrolled in our study was Jeremy, 19 years old. We were helping Jeremy to reconnect with his family. This activity was a part of the social reintegration activity of the drug rehabilitation program.

At the Toddler Posyandu or Posyandu Balita, the health workers and mothers and toddlers are possible to meet, and they may communicate together to monitor toddlers growth and development. This photo essay records our health service communication in monitoring toddler growth and development in the New Normal at Posyandu Hidup Baru Desa Kaong, Kecamatan Upau, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The activities include counseling, height and weight checking for toddles, and immunization. The visits cannot be done virtually, since we must directly provide examination of nutritional status, immunization, counseling and others monitoring to the mothers and toddlers following the standard protocols, and not all mothers of toddlers have the measuring devices. Since the checking and monitoring have been done during the Covid 19 pandemic, posyandu must apply health protocols when communicating and providing health service to the mothers and toddlers. Thus, all participants presented at the posyandu will not get infected with covid 19, and the toddler growth and development can be monitored regularly.

Summary: • Patients with diabetes are vulnerable to infection and poor healing after injury. • Wound care using the steps and techniques described can achieve healing over time. • Post healing care instructions are an important part of successful treatment • Photos of the wound healing process are a good way to document the effects of treatment and provide a record for the health care team. Such photos can also be used to encourage patients with new wounds to work hard to obey care instructions

This perspectives explain the extraordinary gap in cases and deaths between Indonesia and Taiwan. The paper will answer the question: Why does Taiwan have just 7 deaths while Indonesia reported 14,348 deaths in the first week of November 2020? What strategy did Taiwan’s government employ to combat COVID-19? What lesson can be learned from Taiwan to combat Covid-19? The aim of this article is to identify lessons on effective communications strategy used by Taiwan’s government that can affect government, health professionals, and population together to combat COVID-19.

This photo essay records a 5-hour health education session for the families of drug users in order to help them in establishing safe family conversations among the family members. After the discussion was over, the rundown included hospitality and dinner together. While enjoying the foods, the Panti residents joined the sharing session, and expressed their feelings missing their family and home. The residents want to connect hearts with their families. In the future, it is necessary to build a sustainable relationship for the success of the drug eradication program in our beloved country, Indonesia. Since the activity was held during the COVID-19 pandemic, the team also showed concern by providing masks to each participant.

Not required.

This photo essay pictures my journey as temporary head of the family in creating good and conducive conditions for all family members during Covid-19 outbreak. Family emotional communication is important in building resilience and strength in dealing with how we live in one roof when one or two of the family members diagnosed with Covid-19. We suffered anxiety and depression during the home isolation. For that, I have to implement peaceful communication, with correct information and ensure that these conditions are things that must be lived together, so that openness is needed for all families about what they feel, what they think, what they want, and what is needed because a disease pandemic situation that affects people's psychology widely and massive, starting from the way of thinking in understanding information about health and illness, changes in emotions (fear, worry, anxiety) and social behavior (avoidance, stigmatization, healthy behavior). We also optimise the chatting application to communicate, and share our updates with the other loving family members and friends. The current condition has changed, after all family members are declared healthy and with a new order in society, we are jointly committed to sticking to health protocols at home, for example always wearing masks and face shields, always washing hands diligently, maintaining distance. all done with sincerity and joy, because it is a must so that all family members can stay healthy. All my family activities inside the house and outside the house, still pay attention to and apply health protocols. The past experience is a valuable experience for us as a family, so that we always pay attention to personal health, family and the environment around them. The family always maintains interpersonal communication, is mutually responsible for maintaining personal and family hygiene with a healthy lifestyle, and is open in communicating all problems that exist in the family. Through the ability to communicate emotions, families are expected to strengthen each other so that they can survive the covid-19 pandemic together.

Improving digital communication skills is a necessity in the era of information technology, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, and after the pandemic has passed, this need remains. We have to adjust or we fall behind. In digital communication we must strengthen the skills of stringing words, that's the only effective way to share ideas and feelings. Humans are emotional creatures. We always feel first than we think about our feelings. The alignment of impulses in the brain reaches the limbic system first, we feel. Then the impulses are processed in the cerebri cortex, we become able to think about our feelings. It's important to be able to do emotional animation consciously. Emotional animation is an attempt to bring to life positively valued emotions such as pleasure, relief, compassion, empathy, gratitude, etc., and controlling negatively valued emotions such as anger, sadness, hate, disgust, etc. We need to improve communication skills to level four, which are safe and comfortable sharing feelings. The comfort of speaking to share feelings is the result of being created, not happening unconsciously. It’s important to be aware when speaking. The most visible technique that can be trained is confirmation. Confirmation is effective for careful linking with partners. This editorial provides examples communication through chatting application Whatsapp. What about the availability of emoticons and stickers in the WhatsApp platform? Can’t it be used to replace intonation and body language? It can indeed be used in the right situations so as to strengthen the words. However, overuse of emoticons and stickers makes messages less personal. We also become less than optimal in the way we are present and respond to the presence of others. Finally, the way we communicate is rooted in character, but character formation takes a long time. Being aware to do emotional animation in every conversation is a simple short-term solution in fixing communication problems. In digital communication, making optimal the ability to string words is the right choice.

There are many reasons to write a paper. Your reason ‘why’ will be personal and uniquely yours. You may well have had an innovative idea or collected novel research data, discovered new information of importance, or found a better way to do something; it maybe you are in a profession where it is an expectation that you ‘publish’ as part of your career path. Whatever the reason, knowledge transfer through peer reviewed publication is an integral part of academic activity and the advancement of science, so many of us find ourselves faced with the task of writing a paper and submitting it for publication. This editorial provides the general formula that most scientific papers follow, and the sections that make up an article. The anatomy of a successful scientific paper includes Title, Abstract, Keywords, Introduction, Materials/Methods, Results, Discussion and Conclusion. Each journal also has its own requirements for formatting and content that define its style, so it is essential to read the journal’s ‘Guidelines for Authors’ to get detailed instructions on all aspects of how to set out your paper; these are available online; for example for the Global Health Management Journal, go to: https://publications.inschool.id/index.php/ghmj. Writing a paper is never easy, but it can be straightforward if you follow the established guidelines; remember Asher’s six words for framing your manuscript, and, include the elements required in each section of the paper. Writing a paper is best not done alone. Gather ideas, thoughts and encouragement from your co-authors and supervisor/colleagues; have someone not connected with the work you have done read what you have written to make sure it is easy to understand (and interesting). We all learn from reading papers other authors have written in good journals, and from the feedback we receive through reviewer’s comments/suggestions on what we have written. When your paper is published, remember to pause and celebrate your success, as being published is an achievement, and only happens after a lot of hard work. Then, once you are an author, keep writing! Also, act as a mentor to the friend or colleague who asks you, “How do I write up and publish my scientific research?”

Type 2 diabetes is one of the major public health problems in both developing and developed countries in the Asia Pacific region. It cannot be denied that the psychological impact of diabetes mellitus has been felt by sufferers since the doctor's diagnosis. Patients begin to experience psychological disorders including stress on themselves related to treatment and medication that must be undertaken. This photo essay pictures our effort in providng a progressive muscle relaxation to the diabetic patients as a therapy to reduce tension and anxiety. This technique focuses on the contraction and relaxation of the muscles of the body. the instructor demonstrate the steps of progressive muscle relaxation therapy to the participants. The results of this study indicate that after being given progressive muscle relaxation therapy, there was a decrease in the number of diabetics who experienced stress, where before the intervention, there were 25 people with moderate stress (92.6%) and 2 people with severe stress (7,4%), while after the intervention decreased to 9 people (33.3%) had no stress, and 18 people (66.7%) had moderate stress.

Diabetes Mellitus management requires 4 pillars, namely medical nutrition therapy, medicine, exercise and health education. One of the steps that nurses can take is to provide proper health education to patients in order to increase patient independence so that diabetes management is optimal. In Palangka Raya City, people with diabetes who come and seek treatment at the puskesmas increased quite sharply in the last 6 years, this is shown by increase in people with diabetes in the period 2006-2020. In 2020 happens a significant increase in the number of 7,615 cases of people with diabetes mellitus, this shows that health promotion has not been able to reduce the number of people with diabetes mellitus in the city of Palangka Raya. This happens because sufferers often ignore or are not aware of the dangers of DM for their lives. This photo essay captures our efforts in controlling and monitoring the healths of the DM patients including the examination of blood sugar, blood pressure and body weight. We highlight the important role of health educators in providing health services for the entire community in order to improve the health status of the community.

All of us are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic that caused disruptions in education, healthcare, economy, and travels. Likewise, it is impacting the way we live, study, work, think, and interact. This perspectives provide how the education sector is affacted by the outbreak, and how the online learning has catapulted into the forefront due to the restriction of face-to-face classes. Communication is very important and vital during this pandemic. We need to communicate clearly, positively, and effectively. In the digital platform of teaching and learning, the teacher needs to be creative and innovative in communicating, to get the interest and attention of the students, thus, make the learning process more engaging and interactive. In this paper, the author writes the challenges for conducting online learning in the new normal that involving the three vital elements: Technology, Quality, and Sustainability.

Background: Hypertension is one of the most global killer diseases that causes death. The World Health Organization estimated around 1.5 billion people in the world will be diagnosed with hypertension every year. The increasing incidences of hypertension in the world may be affected by several predictors including age, sex-linked, heredity, smoking habit, obesity, and salt consumption. This study has objective to examine those predictors to hypertension grade. Methods: This research was used observational analytic method with cross-sectional study. This study involved 136 respondents who came to Kalijaga Permai Public Health Center, Cirebon City. The variables were measured by microtoise, sphygmomanometer, stethoscope, scales, and questionnaires. Spearman correlation test and logistic regression test was analyzed for this study. Results: 59.9% of respondents were in hypertension grade 1 and 54% of respondents were in high risk age. The bivariate results revealed that age, sex-linked, heredity, and salt consumption were statistically correlated with hypertension grade (p=0.001). However, smoking habit and obesity were not statistically correlated. Multivariate analysis found that those who add extra salt were 3.3 times more likely to have hypertension grade 2 and those in high risk age were 3.1 more likely to have hypertension grade 2 as well. Compared with female and those who have negative heredity, male and positive heredity were 2.7 times more likely to have hypertension grade 2. Conclusion: Salt consumption, age, sex-linked, heredity was significantly correlated with hypertension grade. Salt consumption was a risk factors which has the highest impact. Public health center should educate people about the recommendation of daily salt intake to prevent the excessive intake that may affect hypertension. Keywords: hypertension, smoking habit, obesity, salt consumption, age, gender, heredity Received: 26 April 2019 Reviewed: 27 May 2019 Revised: 17 June 2019 Accepted: 12 July 2019 DOI: 10.35898/ghmj-33586

Background: Recently, there has been considerable interest in increasing the dietary fiber content in food products because of inadequate dietary fiber consumption when considering the daily recommended intake. To increase dietary fiber intake, dietary fiber fortified foods are recommended. This study aimed to develop a high fiber snack bar (HFSB) using a combination of Jerusalem artichoke powder (JAP) and low-fat desiccated coconut (LFDC) as sources of dietary fiber. Methods: The changes in physicochemical and microbiological properties, and sensory acceptability were measured during storage at 35 oC and 45 oC for 12 weeks. Therefore, the shelf-life of the products was calculated by Q10 test. Results: The HFSB had a higher L* value (lightness) than control (C) due to the addition of LFDC. Total dietary fiber of the HFSB was approximately 3.7 times higher than that of the C formula. The L*, a*, and b* values of both C and HFSB were statistically significant different (p

Perspectives: *) Behavioral responses towards Covid-19 measures: who comply, who do not and reasons of incompliance *) Has the government convey the right messages to the public?