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In the current triad competition between the US, the EU, and China, globalization-relevant infrastructures serve both as the means and ends of conflicts. This paper asks how this historical constellation of geoeconomic competition has changed the infrastructure policy of its centers. Its political-economic perspective discusses infrastructures not just in terms of their strategic instrumentalization, but also of their role in global production and geoeconomic competition. It underlines how infrastructures serve as fixes that counteract internal crisis dynamics and allow for an expansion of productive activity. The paper undertakes an empirical comparison of the triad centers' central infrastructural measures and flagship projects. The results highlight a shared reorientation towards infrastructure policy that is driven by internal crisis dynamics and external competition over contested markets. Yet, it also reveals the varieties of infrastructural approaches as regards political objectives, modes of policy-making, and the role of national businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a critique of perspectives that see the recent global rise of right-wing populism as a direct reaction to the disastrous effects of neoliberalism. By turning attention to the uneven development of capitalism and international competition, in this paper, I present a distinction between 'offensive' and 'defensive' types of right-wing populism that take place in different zones of the world economy. Through a comparative analysis of India and Turkey, this paper discusses the particularities of the rise of 'offensive' populists in emerging powers of the Global South in a period of economic growth. The comparative-historical framework employed in the paper allows us to understand how the world-hegemonic crisis empowered populists by providing opportunities for upward mobility for emerging powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an attempt to examine Eurasian globalization historically, this paper outlines three phases of globalization starting from 200 BCE to 1492 CE as Phase 1 and 1500 CE to 1999 CE as Phase 2 and from 2000 CE Phase 3. By historicizing the concept and the process of globalization, the paper attempts to provide a more global rather than a Europe-centred history of globalization and modernization. The paper builds on the idea of Eurasia and offers a new perspective of Eurasian globalization by pivoting on China's role in both Phase 1 and Phase 3 of globalization. The paper uses historical literature that has been not only critical of the Eurocentric view of the world but also provides a more connected view of global history. Concurring with Steger and James [2019. Globalization matters. Cambridge University Press] that globalization has not outlived its utility, the paper seeks to historicize and globalize the discussion of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper addresses the question of what accounts for South Africa's current deep political and economic crisis. The paper argues that most theories of development do not take into account the important role of what Partha Chatterjee describes as political society. In polities such as South Africa, political society encompasses the vast majority of voters who are marginal to the capitalist economy yet central to democratic politics. Democratically elected leaders provide resources to the electorate on the basis of a 'politics of exception' which benefits groups rather than individuals and is distributed unevenly. As a result, many of the assumptions about political and economic development in the global economy are undermined by local political conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores three moral economies that regulate the production and circulation of things and economic transactions: kosher (a Hebrew term meaning 'fit' or 'proper'), halal (an Arabic word that literally means 'permissible' or 'lawful'), and Hindu vegetarianism. Over the last three decades, these moral economies have been shaped by new forms of globalized religious technoscience, and nowhere is this process more apparent than in biotechnological production. In this paper, technoscience denotes material technology and specialized social expertise that also contributes to knowledge production, globally, and a sense of what it means to be human, which includes the component of faith. Drawing largely on my ongoing fieldwork conducted, since 2005, at Novozymes in Denmark, which is the world's largest producer of enzymes and adheres to kosher, halal, and Hindu vegetarian standards, I explore how these moral economies are conditioned by a particular kind of globalized religious technoscience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to advance our theoretical understanding of diversifying and homogenizing processes in human societies by exploring the sources of and threats to ethnolinguistic or cultural diversity. Invoking concepts such as ethnogenesis, schismogenesis, and structural transformations, it discusses the parallels as well as the divergences between biological and cultural theory. Models in historical linguistics risk importing unwarranted assumptions about diversification from biological models of speciation. A more pertinent theorization of ethnolinguistic diversity might build on anthropological perspectives such as those of Fredrik Barth, Gregory Bateson, and Claude Lévi-Strauss, all of whom recognized that such diversity reflects interaction rather than isolation. The empirical test of these considerations is the ethnography and history of language use among Indigenous peoples in Amazonia and the Andes. The conclusion is that premodern expansions of language families, in tolerating local cultural autonomy, multilingualism, and diglossia, did not threaten ethnolinguistic identities as has modern globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hypermarket is a combined supermarket and department store that carries a large range of products. Since the opening of the first hypermarket in the US in the early 1930s, this concept has spread globally. Nowhere is this trend more visible than in India, now the world's most populous country with a middle class that will expectedly grow to 800 million in 2030. This paper coins the theory of hypermarketization to explain why and how the hypermarket as a globalized form signifies the full integration of liberalization, retail and middle-class consumer culture in emerging markets. The argument that hypermarketization marks the point when successful economies in the Global South mature and then qualify as emerging markets is based on empirical material from fieldwork on vegetarianism and meat in hypermarkets and among middle-class groups in South India, namely participant observation and interviewing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world of work is changing rapidly in myriad ways. The processes of digitization are enabling workers from different parts of the world to compete in a global market over the Internet without moving to different locations. Many employers are opting for hybrid working solutions in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, some commentators have suggested the end of globalization, while others are hoping that a fairer society will emerge. This paper departs from such rigid assessments of the future of work and instead attempts to understand the multi-dimensional transformations in the world of work through the lens of the global gig economy. It argues that the gig economy is the latest manifestation of capitalism's drive to accumulate which in turn produces uneven geographical developments. It concludes by outlining some strategies to build better work futures in a globalized world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is commonly assumed that far-right populist and nationalist movements and parties emerge within, and in reaction to, liberal international orders. This paper challenges that assumption. It shows that, while the rise of the far-right in interwar Europe and in recent decades in the Global North occurred during periods characterized by globalization, it was a globalization that was essentially anti-liberal in nature. During both periods, globalization was shaped, not by a liberal, competitive ethos, but by conservative and counter-revolutionary values and ideologies, and by policies which worked to 'dis-embed' local economies, promote concentration and monopoly, and widen inequality. Far-right politics emerged, therefore, in reaction, not to liberalism, but to established conservative parties which appeared either unable or unwilling to suppress pressures from 'below' and as, therefore, too weak or corrupt to ensure the continuation of conservative policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the emergence of neoliberalism, the power of multinational corporations has dramatically grown. Given the limits of 'self-regulation' (e.g. Corporate Social Responsibility), this paper examines the attempt to develop a regime of 'public governance' rooted in law-based regulation. The focus is on a referendum voted in 2020 that aimed at regulating Swiss-based multinational corporations. This case is interesting for two reasons. First, Switzerland hosts among the biggest multinational corporations in the world; changing regulations in Switzerland thus implies modifying the rules of globalization as a whole. Second, while corporations are often accused of directly influencing the political agenda through lobby or corruption, in this case citizens were endowed with the power to change the rules for these corporations. While the proposal was finally rejected, the referendum campaign allows reflection on the interplay between globalization and national democratic politics and on the possibilities and difficulties of developing alternative forms of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese Communist Party has unleashed a campaign of repression against Turkic minorities residing in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR). This campaign does not stop at China's borders. This study introduces the Transnational Repression of Uyghurs Dataset, which contains 7108 cases of Uyghurs being targeted in 44 states from 1997 to 2021, the largest public dataset on transnational repression published to date. Unlike other regimes, the Chinese state has been indiscriminate in its persecution, often pursuing apolitical diaspora members on account of their ethnicity rather than political activism. China's transnational repression of Uyghurs has expanded rapidly in recent years as domestic repression has increased in XUAR. We documented 238 incidents from 1997 to 2014, and an additional 6870 events since 2014. The paper argues that globalization is producing a new trend of transnational minority persecution, offering new insights for our understanding of twenty-first century genocides and minority persecution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transnational entrepreneurship has its origins in studies on IT entrepreneurs in the US, and on the role of contextual influences that enable the emergence of vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystems. In this paper, we look at the role of institutional actors and their transnational connections on transnational entrepreneurship. Based on interviews with institutional actors in two IT hubs of the Californian Silicon Valley and the Maltese Silicon Valletta, we reveal how the transnational connectedness of entrepreneurial ecosystems emerges from the transnational connections of these institutional actors. We further map the connectedness between industry-specific entrepreneurial ecosystems, and we conceptualize these as intra- and cross-categorical transnational connections. This illustrates the mechanism of IT, industry-specific entrepreneurial ecosystems, differing from the logic of other industries, such as finance. This industry-specific perspective of entrepreneurial ecosystems reveals how they are transnationally connected and how transnational entrepreneurship 'from below', and its associated mobility contribute to the overall global economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a multi-sited physical and virtual ethnography of Chinese migrant women's entrepreneurship in Taiwan, this paper illuminates the role of digital migrant entrepreneurship in the making of globalisation. In the digital age of gendered migrant entrepreneurship, it challenges the long-lasting dichotomy between 'bottom-up' and 'top-down' globalisation and contributes to the theoretical debate about migrant transnational entrepreneurship, elucidating how capitalism and globalisation can take multiple forms. Drawing on Chinese women's migratory biographies and the commercial geographies of the objects they trade between China and Taiwan, it shows how our global economic system is simultaneously forged by supply-chain capitalism and migrants' digitalised petit capitalistic practices. Chinese migrant workers firstly manufacture goods whilst working for multinational companies in China, then, after marriage-migration, they commercialise the products in Taiwan via WeChat. Findings illustrate the link between ICTs, migrant entrepreneurship, gendered social networks, and border transgressions in shaping a mutable globalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term 'global health' has become the dominant way to describe worldwide interventions on health since the 2000s. Despite significant discussions about the meaning of the term, there is still a lack of understanding about how it came to dominate global thinking and the implications of such a shift. This article traces the emergence and diffusion of 'global health' as a concept. It focuses particularly on the role of US experts and universities in shaping the 'global'. It uses a combination of interviews, literature review and archives to trace its apparition in expert discourses and diffusion in universities. It shows that the definition of 'global health' came out of and contributed to American dominance in globalization. In addition to bringing a fresh perspective on the origins of global health, the paper contributes to the globalization debates by showing the co-constitution of scientific and political fields in globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns a series of controversies that have surrounded the concepts of 'development', 'globalization' and 'imperialism' – controversies as to whether or how these concepts can serve as descriptors of capitalist development. The paper provides an overview and critique of the dominant discourse on these concepts from a critical development studies perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that contemporary child and youth experiences of globalization call for retheorizing global justice around a new concept of empowered inclusion. The first part of the paper examines three case studies in globalization – child labour movements, child and youth migration, and young people's organization around climate change – and shows how, in each case, young people, through their struggles against injustice, are simultaneously disempowered and empowered by their deep global interdependency. The second part proposes new theoretical advances in global justice that better respond to child and youth experiences through a childist concept of the empowered inclusion of both children and other marginalized groups. And the third part advances some preliminary suggestions about how a more child-responsive conception of global power and justice might be operationalized in practice across global policies, institutions, and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey, situated in the periphery of Europe, is governed by anti-labour policies of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) Governments in the last 15 years. Embarking on a historical materialist perspective that draws concepts from Gramsci, this paper questions whether labour can come up with an alternative and form a united front vis-a-vis globalization and European Union membership. It then examines impediments behind the lack of a united front and a viable alternative. The analyses rely on empirical data generated through interviews conducted with trade unionists and representatives from civil society for struggles against patriarchy, environmental degradation, and human rights violations at two critical junctures in 2010 and 2017. This paper argues that labour and struggles within civil society contest neoliberal restructuring with two rival class strategies, namely Ha-vet (Turkish abbreviations for No to Capitalist Europe - Yes to Social Europe) and neomerchantilism, none of which stands as a viable alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soon after independence, Kazakhstan established the state-sponsored student mobility programme ‘Bolashak’, which has since provided almost 12,000 young people with full scholarships for their studies abroad. Bolashak is considered here as a multidimensional tool, promoting development and channelling authoritarian rule at the same time. Through a series of qualitative interviews with alumni of the programme, this paper investigates the authoritarian and paternalistic features in Bolashak-related policies and discourses, looking at how they contribute to the three ‘pillars’ of authoritarian stability: repression, co-optation and legitimation. The findings of this paper question the assumption that globalization is bringing only challenges to autocracies. Kazakhstan is an example of how contemporary authoritarian regimes may open up to the world in order to seek development as well as political stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the trajectory of MERCOSUR from a critical historical perspective. This interpretation presents an alternative to more Eurocentric approaches to regionalism, which tends to view MERCOSUR as a failed integration process due to the inability of governments to build supranational institutions in the image of the European Union. In contrast, I analyse MERCOSUR as a field of contestation between visions of autonomy or dependence. Consensus between national actors with different visions, material capacities and institutions varied over time with direct effects on the correlation of political forces. However, the results of this dispute remain strongly tied to the international division of labour. To demonstrate this idea, this article moves through three stages of MERCOSUR, identifying the changes in terms of consensus and dissent between national governments around the regional institutional framework and its external realignment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Places of worship in the Christian tradition are often considered to retain fixed and static identities. However, circuits of globalization and global mobilities are increasingly present within such sites and drawn upon to construct new forms of place and geographies filtered through the individual church’s channels of mobilities. Following on from the new mobilities paradigm and relational approaches to ‘place’, this paper explores how the global and the local become implicated in places of worship. Using participant-observation and diary-interview methods based in Baptist churches in Bristol, UK, and framing the findings through Urry’s framework (Mobilities, Cambridge: Polity, 2007), the research examines the multiple interdependent mobilities of imaginary travel, communication, virtual travel, and corporeal travel. Whilst global mobilities were present within the sites, locality and local mobilities also featured prominently. The combination of interdependent mobilities, produced unique place identities in each of church that engaged with the global yet retained local circuits and community identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ebola crisis of 2013-2015 highlighted the relationship between cultural heritage, neoliberal globalization and public health. It also raised the problem of cultural compatibility between organizations within the global ‘epidemic space’, which intruded on the pre-existing ‘heritage space’. In this paper, we discuss the differences and disjunctures between ‘heritage’ as it was explicitly and implicitly defined by two organizations positioned very differently in the global epidemic space - UNESCO, and the University of Makeni, Sierra Leone’s first private university. A thematic analysis of documents produced by these institutions reveals that they both placed the themes of human dignity and cultural heritage at the forefront of their responses. It also reveals that they dealt with those themes in sharply disjunctive ways, indicating the limits of cultural compatibility within the global ‘epidemic space’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this brief commentary we provide some parallel points to complement Steve Keen's paper in the recent Globalization's special forum on 'Economics and Climate Emergency'. Keen's critique of climate and economy Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) is wide-ranging, but there is still scope to bring to the fore the general issues that help to make sense of the critique. Accordingly, we set out six key inadequacies of IAMs and argue towards the need for a different approach that is more realistic regarding the limits to growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last 50 years have witnessed a set of changes in the scale of humankind's ecological imagination toward 'thinking globally'. Developments in earth and planetary sciences have elaborated a creation story that dethroned humans from a position of claimed supremacy to a status on a par with other systemic forces that have shaped the planet. So marked is the human imprint that it has earned its own name in the annals of geology, environmental history, and geopolitics: the anthropocene. The scientific refutation of human exceptionalism has not elicited either instant humility or greater self-awareness in the uses of expert knowledge to combat global problems such as climate change. This paper looks at sites of struggle between a persistent human imperialism, expressed through the continued commodification of nature, and more humble ways of knowing and guiding humanity's planetary future from standpoints in ethics, politics and law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper explores some features of the development paths taken by Brazil and China (two member countries of the BRICS grouping) in the current context of the crisis of neoliberal globalization and transformation of the political and economic world order. The authors use Polanyi’s ‘double movement’ thesis to argue that newly emerging rural development (RD) dynamics in China and Brazil are part of a protective ‘countermovement’, driven by actors and institutions responding to the contradictions of the concentration and internationalization of agrifood systems. However, thedirectionand scope of these countermovements are still open; their transformative potential should be viewed in Gramsci’s terms as a struggle for hegemony the outcome of which depends on the concrete ‘balance of social forces’. First, the paper characterizes the impacts of China’s rise on Brazil’s development, which subsequently found its economy under threat of reprimarization and deindustrialization. The paper then sketches some stylized facts of production and consumption within the Brazil–China soy–meat complex, a key element of the current global food regime, with a focus on corporate control of the soy–meat value chain, and its negative consequences. Finally, the paper identifies the key roles that actors and institutions linked to peasants and family farmers are playing in the RD dynamics of each country. Although China and Brazil represent two very different realities, the comparison shows that critical rural and agrifood issues are indeed moving onto the centre stage of the contemporary ‘double movement’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper makes three arguments. First, it provides an embryonic blueprint for 'reglobalization' by crystallizing the insights of the special issue. We can and should build a better globalization that addresses enduring inequality, based on a radical analysis cognizant of the partiality, fragility and incompleteness of the existing global governance architecture, and which seeks to expand, upgrade and democratize the multilateral order. Second, following a post-financial crisis interregnum replete with morbid symptoms, the Covid-19 shock potentially represents the dénouement of a long period of neoliberal decay, after which different approaches to globalization will be necessary. Finally, only a reformed G20 can provide the crucial coordinating function that any process of progressive reglobalization requires, with three necessary reforms: its proper institutionalization with a permanent Secretariat; a widening of its remit to cover all aspects of contemporary globalization; and a concomitant narrowing of its focus to discharge aggressively that specific coordinating function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical Development Studies has long engaged with the study of globalization. However, the ways in which it does so and how these interact and fuse with, or diverge from, others working in the broad field of globalization studies remain avenues to explore. In this Introductory essay, we describe how critical development studies emerged and highlight some of its contributions before presenting an overview of the six papers which comprise this Special Issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to different media and analysts, globalization could be in a phase of 'slowbalization', de-globalization or even secular stagnation. After surveying academic proposals for defining, classifying and measuring globalization, by means of the Elcano Global Presence Index, this paper explores to what extent globalization has stagnated and/or whether it has changed its nature. Our results show that globalization has slowed down, but not retrenched. However, economic globalization has lost traction (something that probably explains the general perception on de-globalization) while soft projection has become the main driver of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term hybridity is losing its critical potential in the study of globalization, both because no one is not hybrid anymore and because awareness of hybridity might encourage violence. Whereas hybridity initially appeared as either cosmopolitanism or post-coloniality, it has however turned into a subversive celebration of unavailing indoctrination of any orthodoxy or canon. It is also the evidence of sited subjectivity or agency, whose unique genealogy cannot be entirely subsumed by simulating the sanctioned orthodox. This paper instead advocates the emergence of post-hybridity, which is different from hybridity in its assumption of multilayeredness, memory, reconnection, and, most importantly, non-synthetic and yet cyclical historiography. It uses the example of Hong Kong, where both dialectical and cyclical modes of existence are central, to clarify post-hybridity. The paper is primarily a pedagogical reminder of, and a remedy to, the problem of the term hybridity for the teachers and students of International Relations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Resource-dependent regions have long been integrated into global markets. But while integration with global markets has been a long process, it is one which has undergone continual change and been subject to numerous phases. This is evident in the case of northern British Columbia, a resource-dependent region known for its exports of lumber, fish, metals, coal, oil, and gas. Currently, the region is experiencing a new phase of globalization as the importance of Asia, and China in particular, grows. This new push for global integration in a geographical area which has long been shaped by global economic forces invites analysis. I argue that it is useful to distinguish between two distinct meanings of ‘globalizing’. The first is ‘globalizing’ as an adjective, as a descriptor of increasing global economic integration and measured by trade and numerous phases. The second is as a verb, with agents actively ‘globalizing’ the region through a distinct set of actions and policies. The paper demonstrates how the two meanings of ‘globalizing’ lead to quite different interpretations of the same historical periods. The paper therefore contributes to our conceptual understanding of the multiple meanings of globalization and demonstrates more precisely how one resource-dependent region is globalizing. Las regiones dependientes de los recursos han estado integradas por largo tiempo en los mercados globales. Pero mientras la integración con los mercados globales ha resultado en un largo proceso, la misma ha padecido un cambio continuo y ha estado sujeta a numerosas fases. Esto es evidente en el caso de Columbia británica del norte, una región dependiente de sus recursos, conocida por sus exportaciones de madera, pescado, metales, carbón, petróleo y gas. Actualmente, la región está experimentando una nueva fase de globalización, mientras que la importancia de Asia y China en particular, crece. Este nuevo impulso a la integración global en un área geográfica la cual ha sido forjada desde hace mucho tiempo por fuerzas económicas globales, invita al análisis. Sostengo que es útil distinguir ente dos significados de ‘globalizar’. El primero es ‘ globalizado’, un adjetivo, como descriptor de una integración económica global en aumento y cuantificada por el comercio y varias fases. El segundo es un verbo con agentes que ‘globalizan’ activamente la región a través de una serie distinta de acciones y políticas. El artículo demuestra cómo los dos significados de ‘globalizar’ conducen a interpretaciones muy diferentes de los mismos periodos históricos. Por lo tanto, el artículo contribuye a nuestro entendimiento conceptual de los múltiples significados de la globalización y demuestra más precisamente cómo una región dependiente de sus recursos se está globalizando. 资源依赖的地区早已被融入全球市场。但是，这种融入是一个长期的过程，而且经历着持续的变迁，并且取决于各个时段。就北不列颠哥伦比亚的案例而言，这一点是明显的。该地区是一个资源依附地区，以出口木材、鱼类、金属、煤炭、油气等知名。目前，由于亚洲，尤其是中国的重要性增长，该地区正在经历着一个新的全球化阶段。有必要对此种长期以来受到全球经济力量塑造的地区走向全球整合（一体化）的新努力加以分析。我认为，区分两种不同意义的“正在进行的全球化”是有益的。第一种是作为一个形容词，以及作为一个日益增加的全球经济整合、并由贸易和各个时段来衡量的描述性的术语“正在进行的全球化”。第二中是作为一个动词的，具有能动者，通过一系列明确的行动和政策而积极促使本地区“正处在全球化中”。本文证明这两种不同意义的“正在进行的全球化”如何导致了关于同一个历史时段的不同解读。因此，本文有助于对全球化多重意义的概念性理解，以及更加精确地证明一个资源依赖地区到底是如何进行全球化的。 اندمجت المناطق ذات الاعتماد على الموارد منذ وقت طويل في الأسواق العالمية. وإذا كان هذا الاندماج في الأسواق العالمية يمثل عمليةً طويلة، فقد مرت هذه العملية بتغييرات مستمرة ومراحل عديدة. ويظهر هذا الأمر بوضوح في حالة كولومبيا البريطانية الشمالية، وهي منطقة تعتمد على الموارد، وتشتهر بصادراتها من الأخشاب والسماك والمعادن والفحم والنفط والغاز. وتشهد المنطقة حالياً مرحلةً جديدةً من العولمة مع تنامي أهمية آسيا، والصين على وجه الخصوص. وهذا الاندفاع الجديد نحو الاندماج العالمي، في منطقة ظلَّت منذ زمن بعيد تتشكل بفعل قوى اقتصادية عالمية، هو أمر يستدعي التحليل. وترى الدراسة الحالية أنه من المفيد التمييز بين معنيين متمايزين لمصطلح "العولمة"، وأولهما هو معنى "العولمي" كنعت ي 오랜 동안 자원 의존적 지역들이 지구적 시장으로 통합되었다. 그러나 지구적 시장과의 통합이 오랜 과정있었지만, 지속적인 변화를 경험하고 여러 단계에 종속되는 통합이다. 그것은 목재, 어류, 금속, 석탄, 석유와 가스 수출로 알려진 자원 의존적인 지역인 북부 브리티시 콜럼비아 사례에서 명백하다. 현재 그 지역은 아시아 특히 중국의 중요성이 커지면서 세계화의 새로운 단계를 경험하고 있다. 지구적인 경제적인 힘에 의해서 오랫동안 영향을 받은 지역에서 지구적 통합을 요구하는 새로운 압력은 분석을 요한다. 나는 ‘세계화(globalizing)’의 두 가지 서로 다른 의미를 구분하는 것이 유용하다고 주장한다. 첫째는 점증하는 지구적 경제통합을 기술하는 것으로 무역과 다양한 단계에 의해서 측정되는 형용사로서의 세계화의 의미이다. 둘째는 독특한 행위와 정책을 통해서 지역을 적극적으로 ‘세계화’하는 행위자와 함께 동사로서의 의미이다. 이 글은 세계화의 두 가지 의미가 동일한 역사적 시기에 대한 아주 다른 해석을 낳는다는 것을 보여준다. 그러므로 이 글은 세계화의 다양한 의미에 대한 개념적 이해에 기여하고 자원 의존적인 지역이 어떻게 세계화되는가를 좀 더 정확하게 보여준다. Зависимые от ресурсов регионы уже давно интегрировались в глобальные рынки. В то же время интеграция с мировыми рынками была долгим процессом, который претерпевал непрерывные изменения и прошел многочисленным фазы. Это очевидно в случае Северной Британской Колумбии, зависящего от ресурсов региона, известного своим экспортом древесины, рыбы, металла, угля, нефти и газа. В настоящее время регион испытывает новую фазу глобализации, когда важность Азии и Китая, в частности, растет. Этот новый толчок для глобальной интеграции в географической зоне, который долго формировался глобальными экономическими силами, призывает к анализу. Я считаю, что полезно различа&# [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Development, in an age of globalizations, has indeed become a global project. However, this project remains contested and contestable. While much attention has been given to this contestation at a macro-policy level, the dynamics of such contestations on the ground remain less studied. Noting that development projects, policies and programs are themselves products of power relations and social struggles, this paper focuses on the dynamics of these relations and struggles in relation to the dissemination of the global development project in Malawi. Drawing from the experiences and fractious journey from 2000 to 2006 of the broad-based civil society network involved in Malawi's ongoing PRSP process, the paper shows how local actors draw creatively on globalized discourses of participation and representation to contest and confound the objectives of the elites, thereby complicating the channels through which the global development project is promulgated. El desarrollo en la era de la globalizacion, se ha convertido en un proyecto global. Sin embargo, este proyecto sigue siendo controvertido y cuestionable. Mientras que se le ha dado mucha importancia a esta controversia a nivel macro-politico, la dinamica de estos cuestionamientos es menos estudiada a nivel local. Dado que los proyectos, programas y politicas de desarrollo son a su vez el producto de las relaciones de poder y de las luchas sociales, este articulo se centra en la dinamica de estas relaciones y de estas luchas en la diseminacion del proyecto global de desarrollo en Malawi. Con base en la experiencia y las dificultades que surgieron entre el 2000 al 2006, entre el proceso PRSP de Malawi y la amplia red de la sociedad civil involucrada en el, el articulo demuestra como, de manera creativa, los actores locales, basandose en el discurso globalizado de la participacion y representacion, protestan y confunden los objetivos de las elites, complicando los canales a traves de los cuales se divulga el proyecto de desarrollo global. 在全球化时代，发展问题已然成为一个全球性项目。然而，对这一项目仍然存有争议。不过争议主要集中在宏观政策层面上，对争议在草根层面上的动力学研究不足。本文注意到发展项目、政策和方案本身是权力关系和社会斗争的产物，着重研究涉及马拉维全球发展项目传播过程中这些关系和斗争之间的动态关系。从基础广泛的市民社会网络从2000年到2006年的经验和反抗历程来看（该网络参与了马拉维正在进行的减贫战略文件进程），本文表明了当地行为者是如何创造性地利用参与权和代表权等全球性话语，来竞争和挫败精英的目标，从而使得全球发展项目的传播路径复杂化。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary versions of globalization assume that market deregulation is the precursor to democratic development and the growth of livable cities. This paper examines the specific case of Viet Nam to describe how the creation and construction of cities in the developing world may be laying the foundations for future social inequality. Using a futures-oriented method, the paper reviews the development of urban poverty in North America during a period of rapid urban transition as a heuristic device for understanding some of the potentially unobservable, yet festering problems with the trajectory of development in Viet Nam. The paper uses the examples of new urban social institutions, residential and economic segregation, and the creation of 'new towns' to highlight the importance of new forms of local governance, as well the declining relevance of national authorities. The paper ends with a brief discussion of four 'ideological cages' that are likely to become increasingly constrictive to urban analysts as Vietnamese cities develop. Las versiones contemporaneas de la globalizacion asumen que la desregulacion del mercado es el precursor al desarrollo democratico y al crecimiento de ciudades habitables. Este articulo examina el caso especifico de Viet Nam para describir como la creacion y construccion de ciudades en el mundo subdesarrollado pueden haber puesto las bases para las desigualdades sociales futuras. Mediante un metodo orientado a futuros, el articulo revisa el desarrollo de la pobreza urbana en Norteamerica durante un periodo de rapida transicion urbana, como un componente heuristico para entender algunos de los problemas potencialmente inobservables, no obstante supurantes, con la trayectoria del desarrollo en Viet Nam. El articulo usa los ejemplos de nuevas instituciones sociales, la segregacion economica y la creacion de 'nuevas ciudades', para destacar la importancia de nuevas formas de gobierno local, como tambien la trascendencia decadente de las autoridades nacionales. El articulo termina con una breve discusion de cuatro 'jaulas ideologicas' que muy probablemente estan por llegar a ser progresivamente constrictivas a los analistas urbanos, a medida que se desarrollan las ciudades vietnamitas. [image omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the broad scope of literature on globalization, this paper provides a synoptic reading of some of the globalization literatures, organized as ‘discourses’. The analysis of the discourses on globalization is confined to three overlapping discourses, namely, regional, ideological and economic discourses. Specific references and examples of local uptake of globalization will be drawn from Singapore and the wider Asia pacific region, as Beck (2002) has reminded us that we cannot even think about globalization or discuss it effectively without the reference to specific locations and places. Hence the subtitle of this paper, ‘A View from the East’, is deliberate to signal the often forgotten fact that Singapore, as well as the wider Asia Pacific region, is ‘part of the “global” sphere that the West has dispersed itself into’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization's time is made possible through the elision or devaluation of other times and the attempt to control and foreclose the future through the technological acceleration of its own temporality. But global time remains haunted by traces of the non-global and the untimely. My paper will examine both the temporal framework capitalist globalization imposes on the world and the times outside that framework that, by their untimeliness, disturb globalization's time. I will focus my discussion on Don DeLillo'sCosmopolis, a novel that not only provides us with a description of capitalist globalization's temporal regime but also tracks the disruptive emergence of the untimely. The untimely emerges as persistent anachronistic matter and the body in pain: both remain resistant to global capitalism's desire to annul time itself. My paper, therefore, attempts to make a case for heterotemporality against capitalist globalization's isochrony, which seeks to put an end to time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Globalizations is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Globalizations is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Globalizations is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Globalizations is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyses how the fates of different peripheral localities (Emsland, Gütersloh, and Lippe in Germany) were linked to the outside world in the course of the seventeenth to twentieth centuries. In the first centuries, these localities' translocal relations with the world economy were dominated by relations with the Netherlands. Later the German context became more important for these translocal relations and development. But this paper shows that there are underlying continuities in local developments from the era before the rise of the nation states through to the current era of relative de-nationalisation and globalisation. This paper shows that local development very much depends on the local ability to 'link up' with development corridors, sometimes through seasonal labour migration, but also through trade and other relations. Long-term development trajectories also show how local autonomy can obstruct development. Regional development policies and private sector behaviour are also crucial. All these cases show that translocal development is regionally based and embedded in social and political contexts and decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the findings of a long-term incorporated comparison of forestry capitalism's globalization process. Primary data was collected by participant observation in pulp investment areas in Brazil between 2004 and 2011 and semi-structured interviews with key industry personnel, particularly in Finland. It is argued that the key cyclic change in industrial forestry from innovation-capitalization to material-territorial accumulation explains why and how the industry has globalized to the south via industrial tree plantations. The interlinked northern (Finnish) and southern (Brazilian) cases reveal that industry trajectories are influenced by who controls the supply chains of commodities. The findings are relevant for theorizing about the globalization of natural resource exploitation sectors. Changes in agrarian political economies and agency of state, business, and social movement actors--that is, socio-ecological relations and landscapes--help to explain how and why national and global capitalism and its developmental-environmental impacts are transformed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between wisdom and knowledge under globalization and the potential in Thailand to balance old knowledge traditions, Buddhist and rural, with new Thai and imported knowledge. It investigates the Theravadan Buddhist approach to the cultivation of wisdom and, in parallel, the engagement of the Kingdom of Thailand in its bringing of modern knowledge and capitalist economic practices into Thailand, and its efforts to find balance between the old and the new. Consideration of the findings has facilitated the development of a theoretical understanding of how old and new knowledge regimes co-exist in Thailand. The findings suggest that there has been a shift in understanding of panjaathaangloog (worldly wisdom) and the various types of knowledge that supports it, from being strongly shaped by the religious framework of Buddhism to becoming a secular framework supported by a secular Thai education system and an unmediated influx of imported knowledge. The challenge for Thai people is how to negotiate such a shift. The pressing concern is that these newer understandings are, as yet, 'unsettled' as reliable signposts to enlightenment and to becoming a wise person, and the knowledge of the old pathway is in danger of being forgotten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses the theory of author Nederveen Pieterse on his work regarding globalization studies. He mentions that it not surprising that Pieterse tackles globalization studies on his work, however, he says that he was surprised by the failure to convince of the paper of Pieterse. He explores the argument of Pieterse on crossborder economic interaction, which he considers to illustrate the uneveness of globalization studies.

Globalization has implied the transfer of industrial work to countries of the Global South, where labour rights are seldom effectively protected by legal frameworks. New forms of governance that go beyond state-centred legal regulation are presented as an alternative to fill in ‘governance gaps’. This paper analyses ‘new governance’ from the perspective of Cambodian garment workers and labour movements’ struggles. Drawing on the literature on governance and private regulation and research data from Cambodia, it argues that a technocratic approach makes governance initiatives ignore the economic conflict between labour and capital but also the possible political conflict between labour and government. By ignoring trade union rights, power-blind initiatives might end up weakening both the labour movement and democratic accountability, instead of complementing state’s regulatory roles. This might serve the overlapping interests of the powerful actors both in Cambodia and internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of progress lost appeal because it became associated with the concept of linear process towards maximalist ends that in practice caused much harm. Nevertheless, social justice as an aim of political and social agency on a global scale cannot be approached without any idea of progress in the sense of bringing diversities together towards joint action. The concepts of social justice and progress are intertwined. In order to find a common ground for religious and secular motivated projects of social justice, the paper discusses the concepts of progress in the perspective of a traditional adversary of linear progress modernism: the papacy. Focusing on social teaching contributions by the last two popes’—Benedict XVI (Spe Salvi) and Francis (Laudato Si’)—the finding is that despite variations both popes argue that a transcendent perspective on progress can empower improvements towards more social justice by encouraging and simultaneously limiting human agency. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper considers the relationship between Seoul's growing status as a world city and the practices of urban destruction and development which are being used to construct it as a world city in the age of neoliberal globalisation. The urbicide approach is often used to explain the reasons for urban destruction and the cultural and social implications of urban restructuring. The paper questions the novelty and substantive nature of the South Korean government's soft-power ‘global Korea’ rhetoric of Seoul as a world city of cultural diversity. The paper uses the South Korean case to show how urbicide as a western concept can be developed within non-western urban processes, and identifies conceptual limits and how these limits might be overcome. Este artículo considera la relación entre el estado creciente de Seúl como una ciudad mundial y las prácticas de destrucción y desarrollo urbano que se han utilizado para construir a Seúl como una ciudad mundial en la era de la globalización neoliberal. El enfoque de urbicidio se usa frecuentemente para explicar las razones por la destrucción urbana y las implicaciones culturales y sociales de la reestructuración urbana. El artículo cuestiona la novedad y naturaleza substantiva del poder blando del gobierno de Corea del Sur, sobre la retórica de ‘Corea global’ de Seúl como una ciudad mundial de diversidad cultural. El artículo usa el caso de Corea del Sur para mostrar cómo el ubicidio como un concepto de occidente puede desarrollarse dentro de procesos urbanos no occidentales, e identifica límites conceptuales y cómo esos límites pueden sobreponerse. 本文考察首尔作为世界都市日益增长的地位同在新自由主义的全球化时代为把首尔建设为世界都市而带来的都市破坏、开发之行为之间的关系。都市自我毁灭方式 (urbicide approach）一词 经常被用来解释都市大破坏的原因，以及都市重组的社会和文化影响。本文质疑南韩政府把首尔打造为具有文化多样性的世界城市“全球的首尔”这一软实力之奇思异想及其实质。本文运用南韩的案例以图说明，作为一个西方概念的都市自我毁灭如何能够在（南韩这样的）非西方的都市化进程中再现，并试图探讨概念上的局限，以及如何克服这些局限。 تتناول هذه الدراسة العلاقة بين المكانة المتنامية لمدينة سول باعتبارها مدينة عالمية وممارسات التدمير والتنمية في المناطق الحضرية، والتي تُستخدم لإعادة تشكيل سول باعتبارها مدينة عالمية في عصر العولمة النيوليبرالية. وكثيراً ما يُستخدم منهج العنف ضد المدينة لتوضيح أسباب التدمير في المناطق الحضرية وما تنطوي عليه عملية إعادة تشكيل المناطق الحضرية من آثار ثقافية واجتماعية. وتثير الدراسة الحالية تساؤلات حول مدى جدة وموضوعية ما تردده حكومة كوريا الجنوبية من مقولات عن مدينة سول باعتبارها مدينة عالمية تتسم بالتنوع الثقافي، وذلك من منطلق فكرة "كوريا العالمية" ذات القوة الناعمة. وتستخدم الدراسة حالة كوريا الجنوبية لكي تبين كيف يمكن تطوير مفهوم العنف ضد المدينة، كمفهوم 이 글은 점증하는 세계 도시로서의 서울의 지위와 신자유주의 세계화 시대에 서울을 세계 도시로서 만들기 위하여 사용되는 도시 파괴와 개발 행위와의 관계를 다룬다. 도시살해(urbicide) 접근은 도시 파괴의 이유와 도시 재개발의 문화적 사회적 함의를 설명하기 위해 자주 사용되었다. 이 글은 서울을 문화적 다양성이 있는 세계도시라는 한국 정부의 소프트 파워 ‘글로벌 코리아’ 수사의 새로움과 실질적인 성격에 의문을 제기한다. 이 글은 서구적인 개념인 도시살해가 비서구 사회의 도시 과정에서 발달할 수 있는지를 보여주기 위하여 그리고 개념적 한계를 찾아내고 그 한계가 어떻게 극복될 수 있는지를 보여주기 위해 한국 사례를 이용한다 В работе рассматривается взаимосвязь между растущим статусом Сеула как города мира и методами городского уничтожения и развития, которые используются для построения Сеула как мирового города в эпоху неолиберальной глобализации. “Urbicide” подход часто используется, чтобы объяснить причины городского разрушения, культурные и социальные последствия городской реструктуризации. Статья подвергает сомнению новизну и независимую природу “мягкой силы” “Глобальной Кореи”, исповедуемой южнокорейским правительством, как и Сеула как города мирового культурного многообразия. Статья использует южнокорейский случай, чтобы показать, что “urbicide” как западная конц&#x43 [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the impact of innovative financial instruments on the relationship between states and financial markets. Using the example of Brazil in the period after 2000, this paper argues that growth in credits default swaps and inflation-linked bond markets have had a tangible impact on this relationship. Growth in these markets has afforded the Brazilian state more autonomy and lessened the normative power of financial markets. This paper shows that developments in global financial markets do not always result in a diminution of state power. Este articulo examina el impacto de los instrumentos financieros innovadores en la relacion entre los estados y los mercados financieros. Tomando el ejemplo del Brasil en el periodo despues del 2000, este articulo sostiene que el crecimiento en los swaps en el incumplimiento crediticio y el mercado de bonos estructurados vinculados a la inflacion, han tenido un impacto tangible en esta relacion. La habilidad de pasar el riesgo de impago a mercados financieros mas amplios, ha significado que mas instituciones esten dispuestas a prestarle al Brasil y como consecuencia, la relacion del pais con la comunidad financiera ha cambiado. El crecimiento en estos mercados ha provisto al estado brasileno de mas autonomia y reducido el poder normativo de los mercados financieros. Este articulo indica que los desarrollos en los mercados financieros globales, no siempre resultan en una disminucion del poder estatal. [image omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are we observing the emergence of a global civil society or a counter-hegemonic movement able to challenge the forces of neoliberal globalization? Is 'Another World' really possible and in the making, as World Social Forum (WSF) participants have suggested? Who could lead the movement toward a more just, democratic, and ecological world order? A growing number of scholars and activists are grappling with these questions. However, these questions mask other important aspects of transborder activism and political moments of resistance. Examining various cases of transborder activism in the Americas, this paper highlights the value and limits of a range of studies on contemporary forces promoting sociopolitical change, especially in the field of international political economy (IPE). The paper draws from field research and incorporates insights from activists' own situated knowledge to highlights the unexpected developments and political imaginaries that may emerge in the public realm during events like counter-summits or the World Social Forum (WSF) processes, for instance. ¿Estamos observando la emergencia de una sociedad civil global o un movimiento contra-hegemonico capaz de retar las fuerzas de la globalizacion neoliberal? Y es posible, como sugirieron los participantes del Foro Social Mundial (FSM), ¿“Otro Mundo” en formacion? ¿Quien podria liderar el movimiento hacia un orden mundial democratico y ecologico? Un numero creciente de academicos y activistas estan enfrentandose a estas preguntas. Sin embargo, estas preguntas enmascaran otros aspectos de activismo transfronterizo y los momentos politicos de resistencia. Examinando varios casos de activismo transfronterizo en las Americas, este articulo subraya el valor y los limites de un rango de estudios sobre fuerzas contemporaneas que promueven el cambio sociopolitico, especialmente en el campo de la Economia Politica Internacional. El articulo extrae de la investigacion de campo e incorpora el propio entendimiento profundo de los activistas para destacar los desarrollos inesperados e imaginarios politicos que puedan emerger en el ambito publico, como por ejemplo, durante los eventos, como en las cumbres opuestas o en los procesos del Foro Social Mundial (FSM) [image omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years masculinity studies writers, in particular R. W. Connell, have focused on the relationship between globalization and 'hegemonic' forms of masculinity. This paper provides an assessment of this scholarship and argues that whilst Connell and others have usefully identified the gendered nature of globalization, masculinity scholars have also provided a somewhat limiting account of the global hegemonic role of a monolithic top-down 'transnational business masculinity'. By contrast, we suggest a demassification of this notion of hegemonic masculinity. Such a demassification enables the opening up of a dialogue between masculinity studies and feminist and other critical globalization scholars, allowing for a more nuanced analysis that can attend to both the unevenness of globalization in different settings and more detailed awareness of interactions between global and local/cultural/state imperatives. Our aim here is to move away from conceptualizations of globalization and hegemonic masculinity that are exceptionally top-down towards an analysis of the contested and shifting nature of gender identity at the global as well as the local level, to highlight the ways in which different hegemonic masculinities are negotiated, and even resisted. We argue that by understanding 'transnational business masculinity' as a discursive ideal that legitimates the workings of global capitalism, there is scope for a greater level of engagement between critical globalization scholarship and gender studies. This might also open the door to an account of globalization that entails more detailed reference to women and femininities. En anos recientes, los escritores sobre Los Estudios de la Masculinidad, y en particular R.W. Connell, se han enfocado en la relacion entre la globalizacion y las formas 'hegemonicas' de la masculinidad. Este articulo proporciona una evaluacion de esta beca y sostiene que mientras Connell y otros han identificado de manera util la naturaleza del genero de la globalizacion, los academicos sobre la masculinidad tambien suministraron un reporte de cierta manera limitado, sobre el rol hegemonico global monolitico del mas alto al mas bajo, de 'una masculinidad en los negocios transnacionales'. Por el contrario, nosotros sugerimos una desmasificacion de esta nocion de masculinidad hegemonica. Tal desmasificacion hace posible la apertura de un dialogo entre Los Estudios de la Masculinidad y de Feministas y otros academicos criticos de la globalizacion, permitiendo un analisis mas matizado que puede acudir tanto a la disparidad de la globalizacion en diferentes escenarios como a una mayor conciencia detallada sobre las interacciones entre los imperativos locales/culturales/estatales. Nuestra meta es separarnos de las conceptualizaciones de la globalizacion y de la masculinidad hegemonica que son excepcionalmente jerarquicas hacia un analisis de los controvertidos y trasladar la naturaleza de la identidad del genero tanto a nivel global como al local, para resaltar las formas como las masculinidades hegemonicas diferentes han negociado, e incluso resistido. Sostenemos que al entender 'la masculinidad en los negocios transnacionales' como un ideal discursivo que legitimiza el funcionamiento del capitalismo global, existe un proposito para un nivel mayor de participacion entre la investigacion critica de la globalizacion y los estudios del genero. Esto tambien puede abrir la puerta a un informe de globalizacion que conlleve una referencia mas detallada de mujeres y feminidades. [image omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the methods adopted by Wal-Mart to cater to local cultures in China. This analysis draws on glocalization, a concept that refers to the interaction of the global and the local, or the incorporation of local elements into global products and/or services. This paper is important for two reasons. First, glocalization, in and of itself, has the capacity to enhance scholarly understanding of globalization with reference to global agency and cultural differentiation. Second, not only is China a nation where Wal-Mart had to glocalize the most; China is also the fastest growing market in the world. So, this analysis can bring fresh insights into today's reality of globalization processes. One of the consequences of Wal-Mart's strategy of glocalization is that it contributes to its status of 'cathedral of consumption' even more. A cathedral of consumption refers to an incomparable magnitude of global success (achieved by a major corporation) that gives birth to a consumer religion and a display of abundance and excess. Este articulo examina los metodos adoptados por Wal-Mart para satisfacer a las culturas locales en China. Este analisis se basa en la glocalizacion, un concepto que se refiere a la interaccion entre lo global y lo local, o a la incorporacion de elementos locales dentro de los productos o servicios globales. Este articulo es importante por dos razones. Primero, la glocalizacion en si, tiene la capacidad de mejorar la nocion academica de la globalizacion, con referencia a la agencia global y a la diferenciacion cultural. Segundo, China no solo es una nacion donde Wal-Mart tuvo que glocalizarse en mayor grado; sino que ademas es el mercado de mayor crecimiento en el mundo. Asi, este analisis puede traer un conocimiento fresco a la realidad actual de los procesos de globalizacion. Una de las consecuencias de la estrategia de glocalizacion de Wal-Mart es que contribuye mas aun a su estado de “catedral de consumo”. Una catedral de consumo se refiere a una magnitud incomparable de exito global (lograda por una corporacion mayor) que da vida a una religion de consumidor y a un despliegue de abundancia y exceso. [image omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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