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Background: Body Mass Index (BMI) gives information about the relative weight for a given height based upon age and sex. The objective of this study was to assess BMI among medical students and to determine the related risk factors including diet and lifestyle. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Community Medicine, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan from March 15, 2015 to May 15, 2015. A sample of 100 subjects was selected by consecutive technique. Study instrument was a questionnaire. The demographic variables were gender, age groups, dietary habits and stress effect on diet whereas research variable was BMI. Frequencies and percentages were calculated. Data were analyzed by descriptive analysis plan. Results: Out of 100 subjects, 69(69%) were in normal range, 22(22%) were overweight and 3(3%) obese and 6(6%) were underweight. Males were 50(50%) and females 50(50%). Sixty four(64%) males were normal, 32(32%) were overweight, 4(4%) were obese and none was underweight. Seventy four (74%) of female respondents were normal, 12(12%) were overweight, 2(2%) were obese and 12(12%) were underweight. In the age group 18-20 years, 20(20%) were normal, 4(4%) were overweight and 1(1%) was obese and 3(3%) were underweight. Among the respondents that had no serving per day of fatty food, 44(44%) were normal, 7(7%) were overweight, 3(3%) were obese and 3(3%) were underweight. Among respondents whose diet was not affected during stress 2(2%) were underweight, 12(12%) were normal, none were obese and 5(5%) were overweight. Conclusion: Female students 21-23 years, having no serving of fatty food per day & whose diet decreased during strees showed better BMI. This study reflects the general trend of weight gain especially in male students.

Background: Asthma is a chronic allergic respiratory disease. The frequency and severity of asthma is rising in the developing countries. Severe asthma causes great morbidity and mortality affecting the quality of life of patients and their families. The objective of this study was to find the risk factors of asthma and their frequency and distribution in adults in District Dera Ismail Khan. Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Community Medicine, Gomal Medical College, D. I. Khan, Pakistan from March 16, 2015 to August 15, 2015. A sample of 200 subjects was selected by consecutive non probability technique. Results: Among 200 patients 123(61%) were males and 67 (39%) were females. Total number of asthmatics in age group of 20-29 years were 94 ( 47%), 30-39years were 40(20%), 40-49 years were 20(10%), 50-59 years were 23(11%), 60-69 years were 11(6%), 70-80 years were 12(6%)asthmatic. Further regarding residence 114(57%) were from urban areas and 86(43%) were from rural areas. Conclusions: As it is clear from our results that asthma is mainly found in the age group of 20-29 years. Most of our respondents are students. Males are more vulnerable to get asthma than female. So health care planners should focus on adult asthma patients generally and this vulnerable group especially.

Background: Accommodative convergence to accommodation (AC/A) ratio expresses the quantitative relationship between the convergence and accommodation. Purpose of this study was to assess and compare the effect of red and green filters on high and low AC/A ratio in emmetropes. Materials & Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in The University of Faisalabad. Total one hundred (100) emmetropic females from 18 to 25 years of age (20 having low AC/A ratio and 80 with high AC/A ratio) were included in the study through purposive sampling technique after obtaining informed verbal and written consent. Data was collected using self-designed examination based proforma. AC/A ratio was measured with heterophoric method initially without any filters, and then with red and green filters. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22. Paired t-test was applied to assess the effect of red and green filters on the base line and then independent t-test was applied to compare the effect of red and green filters. Results: Total 100 emmetropic females revealed that red and green filters have decreased high AC/A ratio and improved low AC/A ratio (p <0.001). Moreover, it was observed that red filters have improved low AC/A ratio (p- 0.023) and decreased high AC/A ratio more effectively as compared to the green filters (p <0.05). Conclusion: This study concluded that the red and green filters improved AC/A ratio and thus, can aid in preventing binocular visual anomalies effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Body Mass Index (BMI) gives information about the relative weight for a given height based upon age and sex. The objective of this study was to assess BMI among medical students and to determine the related risk factors including diet and lifestyle. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Community Medicine, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan from March 15, 2015 to May 15, 2015. A sample of 100 subjects was selected by consecutive technique. Study instrument was a questionnaire. The demographic variables were gender, age groups, dietary habits and stress effect on diet whereas research variable was BMI. Frequencies and percentages were calculated. Data were analyzed by descriptive analysis plan. Results: Out of 100 subjects, 69(69%) were in normal range, 22(22%) were overweight and 3(3%) obese and 6(6%) were underweight. Males were 50(50%) and females 50(50%). Sixty four(64%) males were normal, 32(32%) were overweight, 4(4%) were obese and none was underweight. Seventy four (74%) of female respondents were normal, 12(12%) were overweight, 2(2%) were obese and 12(12%) were underweight. In the age group 18-20 years, 20(20%) were normal, 4(4%) were overweight and 1(1%) was obese and 3(3%) were underweight. Among the respondents that had no serving per day of fatty food, 44(44%) were normal, 7(7%) were overweight, 3(3%) were obese and 3(3%) were underweight. Among respondents whose diet was not affected during stress 2(2%) were underweight, 12(12%) were normal, none were obese and 5(5%) were overweight. Conclusion: Female students 21-23 years, having no serving of fatty food per day & whose diet decreased during strees showed better BMI. This study reflects the general trend of weight gain especially in male students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Asthma is a chronic allergic respiratory disease. The frequency and severity of asthma is rising in the developing countries. Severe asthma causes great morbidity and mortality affecting the quality of life of patients and their families. The objective of this study was to find the risk factors of asthma and their frequency and distribution in adults in District Dera Ismail Khan. Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Community Medicine, Gomal Medical College, D. I. Khan, Pakistan from March 16, 2015 to August 15, 2015. A sample of 200 subjects was selected by consecutive non probability technique. Results: Among 200 patients 123(61%) were males and 67 (39%) were females. Total number of asthmatics in age group of 20-29 years were 94 ( 47%), 30-39years were 40(20%), 40-49 years were 20(10%), 50-59 years were 23(11%), 60-69 years were 11(6%), 70-80 years were 12(6%)asthmatic. Further regarding residence 114(57%) were from urban areas and 86(43%) were from rural areas. Conclusions: As it is clear from our results that asthma is mainly found in the age group of 20-29 years. Most of our respondents are students. Males are more vulnerable to get asthma than female. So health care planners should focus on adult asthma patients generally and this vulnerable group especially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Echinococosis (which is often referred as hydatid disease) is an infection caused by larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus complex, E multiocularis or E vogeli. When it lodges in the brain, a solitary cyst (hydatid cyst) develops. Hydatid cyst of the brain is a slow growing mass that does not invade the brain. Surgical removal of the intact and unruptured cyst is advised in all cases for preventing local recurrence that may require further surgery and long term treatment with parasiticidal agents. We report a five years old male child who presented with headache, difficulty in walking with ataxic gait and unable to maintain posture and tremors in hand. MRI showed a giant hydatid cyst which was removed by a neuro surgeon and patient was successfully discharged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital lobar emphysema is a rare form of congenital malformation of the lungs characterized by over distension of a lobe of lung due to partial obstruction of the bronchus. The case that we are reporting is a 7 months baby admitted in the pediatric department with symptoms and signs of bronchiolitis/ bronchopneumonia. Chest x-ray showed partial consolidation of right upper and lower lobes and lobar emphysema of the left upper lobe. Computerized tomography of thorax showed emphysema of the left upper lobe. The baby was treated conservatively and discharged home safely followed by regular follow up visits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]