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The pollen sum includes all terrestrial pollen except Cyperaceae, aquatics, spores, and pteridophytes. Percentage pollen diagram for Huzenbacher See: selected pollen taxa, exaggeration 10 ×. LPAZ 7 is dominated by I Corylus i and I Abies i , while I Tilia i and I Taxus i decline. [Extracted from the article]

In the middle of the second millennium, a coppiced forest land use phase most probably attributable to the middle Bronze age interrupts the I Fagus i dominance shortly by the increase of I Corylus i and I Betula i (LPAZ 11). The pollen sum comprises 1000 counts per sample and includes all terrestrial pollen types except Cyperaceae, spores of mosses and pteridophytes. Percentage pollen diagram, selected pollen taxa, exaggeration 10 ×. Table II. [Extracted from the article]

The coniferous belt became dominated by I Pinus peuce i , I Picea abies i , I Pinus sylvestris i and some I Abies alba. i The human impact was not very intensive, most probably due to the partial abandonment of the high-mountain pasture in recent times. At lower altitudes were distributed I Pinus peuce i , I Abies alba i , some I Betula i and stands of I Alnus i in wetter places and along mountain brooks I . i The presence of deciduous tree pollen ( I Quercus i , I Tilia, Carpinus i , I Corylus i ) can be explained by aerial upslope transport from the mixed oak forests. Four local pollen assemblage zones (LPAZs), which correspond to successive stages of vegetation history (LV-1 to LV-4), can be recognized: I LPAZ LV-1, 490-425 cm (~6200-5940 cal. bp) i The lowermost section of the pollen record, as confirmed also by the find of subfossil stomata, reveals that stands of I Pinus i (most likely I Pinus mugo i ) and I Juniperus i occupied the slopes in the surroundings of the lake. [Extracted from the article]

The pollen sum (whenever possible up to 500 pollen grains) includes all terrestrial pollen types, excluded are the local wetland and aquatic elements (including I Alnus i , I Salix i , I Urtica i , Cyperaceae), spores of mosses and pteridophytes. In the upper most pollen spectra clear peaks of Cerealia pollen indicate local cultivation and processing of cereal crops. The actual soil moisture regime of the region is Udic (soil moisture is sufficient throughout the year to meet plant requirements [USDA [11]: 97]). [Extracted from the article]

Percentage pollen diagram for selected pollen types and charcoal concentration observed in core X039B (dots indicate minor abundances, exaggeration curves are × 10). The pollen profile was obtained from the floodplain of Ammer River Valley, west of Tübingen in south-western Germany. LPAZ-AM3-2 ( I Pinus i I Corylus i I Quercus-Ulmus-Tilia i ), 8.7-8.1 ka (340-295 cm) is characterised by a rapid decrease of I Pinus i and by a large proportion (40%) of the pioneer taxon I C. avellana i (45%). [Extracted from the article]

Percentage pollen diagram Gnadensee (ARG 2013): selected pollen taxa, exaggeration 10 × Contrary to the other pollen records in the area, where I Fagus i dominates over I Quercus i (Rösch [5]; Rösch et al. [7]; Rösch & Wick [8]), at Gnadensee, I Quercus i is clearly more important than I Fagus i throughout the Mid and Late Holocene. Recently, several pollen profiles have been studied in this area (Rösch et al. [6]); the closest pollen profiles come from: Mainau, 9.5 km to the east, Mindelsee, 6.5 km to the northwest, and Hornstaad, 4.5 km to the west. Bodensee-Untersee, the smaller part of Lake Constance, covers an area of 62 km SP 2 sp between Konstanz and Stein am Rhein and is divided into several basins by peninsulas and the Island Reichenau. [Extracted from the article]

I Fagus i declines strongly in LPAZ 7a (800-600 bc), when I Betula i , I Corylus i , NAP and human indicators increase. LPAZ 7c (200 bc-ad 100) is characterised by dominance of I Betula i , whereas LPAZ 7d (ad 100-200) has dominance of I Quercus i and I Fagus i . In LPAZ 7b (600-200 bc) first I Corylus i , later I Betula i decrease, as well as NAP and human indicators, and I Quercus i , later I Fagus i increase. [Extracted from the article]

Highlights from the article: The pollen sum (100%) comprises all terrestrial pollen types except Cyperaceae, spores of mosses and pteridophytes. The vegetation of the peat bog consisted mainly of Poaceae, I Artemisia, Achillea i , I Cirsium i , Cichorioideae, Apiaceae, I Rumex i and Cyperaceae species. The herbaceous vegetation of the peat bog was enriched with various representatives from Cyperaceae, while I Artemisia i , Cichorioideae, I Rumex i , Apiaceae, I Galium i , I Cirsium i species and ferns decreased.

The article focuses on the western Rhodopes Mountains, Bulgaria, where peat bog Beliya Kanton is found. It states that the peat bog found in the area has rectangular shape with 380 m long and 250 m wide. It mentions that changes in the forest composition of the area began around 6800 BC, wherein Pinus forests and groups of Betula have dominated the herb vegetation. It adds that the vegetation development in the area is observed with further enlargement of Pinus/Picea forests.

The article provides information on peat-bog Begbunar. It states that the peat-bog can be found in the Osogovo mountains located at the border between south-western Bulgaria and the north-eastern former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. It notes that the peat-bog was made close to a freshwater spring in the mountains.