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The ethos of every postcolonial country was shaped by the way in which it secured its independence, therefore in analyzing the political development of Pakistan from its creation one must consider the related development of India prior to Partition, exploring the nature of colonial rule and it’s far reaching impacts on the political development of Pakistan after independence. While India has seen innumerable kingdoms rise and fall and many waves of invasions, the British encroachment in India from the 18th century onwards, particularly the direct incorporation of India as the jewel of the British Empire in 1857, was unique in that it wrenched the locus of political and economic control away from the Subcontinent to Europe. However, many British residents in India ‘went native’, by adopting local religion and culture. The British loved India, whether residents such as Rudyard Kipling or the ruling elite in Britain (e.g. Queen Victoria had Indian servants and companions). The British cultivated an elite group of administrators from the powerful indigenous landowners and middle-class professionals (the latter of whom were mainly from Hindu castes), which helped the British to consolidate their vested interests to strengthen their rule in India. The amalgamated British army consisted of Indian and British soldiers under the command of British officers. This paper discusses in detail the impacts of British colonial rule in the Subcontinent with special reference to post-independence Pakistan drawing on archival records and other written materials on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research has explored the impact of the bureaucratic elite on constitution making of Pakistan during 1947-56. It elaborates the causes of the emergence of bureaucracy as ruling authority that restrained the constitutional development in Pakistan in the specific period. While assuming the hypothesis that uncontrolled bureaucracy created hurdles in the development of constitution making in Pakistan. This paper explores the constitutional history of Pakistan during the first decade (1947-1956). Historical analysis of constitutional development presented in this paper will help students of politics and history to learn about the dominant role of bureaucracy. Mixed approach method has been adopted to describe and analyze the facts and figures related to the topic for providing the readers thorough information about the set-up and impact of bureaucracy in Pakistan that caused a delay in the formation of the constitution during the period of 1947-56. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current debate on the effectiveness of bureaucracy indicates that the development of an effective bureaucracy is the most important determinant of good governance. Civil servants are required to perform their respective functions in accordance with their distinctive roles defined by the law of the land. They are not supposed to exercise their functions beyond the limits prescribed by the law. Ineffectiveness of the bureaucracy could badly affect the outcome of the policies. In fact the execution of policies depends on the way in which policies are implemented by bureaucracy. Thus, the bureaucracy has a key role in successful implementation of policies. The main objective of present study is to investigate the effectiveness of bureaucracy in developing countries. The post-colonial literature, with the exception of a few works on Civil Service reforms and the role of higher civil servants, generally highlights the working of Pakistan's civil bureaucracy and the process of politicization in more general terms. Thus, this paper deals with the factors required for effectiveness i.e. political neutrality, exercise of powers and political accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]