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The purpose of the present paper is to determine calcium and magnesium in tobacco using NIR combined with least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM). Five hundred ground and dried tobacco samples from Qujing city, Yunnan province, China, were surveyed by a MATRIX-I spectrometer (Bruker Optics, Bremen, Germany). At the beginning of data processing, outliers of samples were eliminated for stability of the model. The rest 487 samples were divided into several calibration sets and validation sets according to a hybrid modeling strategy. Monte-Carlo cross validation was used to choose the best spectral preprocess method from multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), standard normal variate transformation (SNV), S-G smoothing, 1st derivative, etc., and their combinations. To optimize parameters of LS-SVM model, the multilayer grid search and 10-fold cross validation were applied. The final LS-SVM models with the optimizing parameters were trained by the calibration set and accessed by 287 validation samples picked by Kennard-Stone method. For the quantitative model of calcium in tobacco, Savitzky-Golay FIR smoothing with frame size 21 showed the best performance. The regularization parameter λ of LS-SVM was e16.11, while the bandwidth of the RBF kernel σ2 was e8.42. The determination coefficient for prediction (Rc(2)) was 0.9755 and the determination coefficient for prediction (Rp(2)) was 0.9422, better than the performance of PLS model (Rc(2)=0.9593, Rp(2)=0.9344). For the quantitative analysis of magnesium, SNV made the regression model more precise than other preprocess. The optimized λ was e15.25 and σ2 was e6.32. Rc(2) and Rp(2) were 0.9961 and 0.9301, respectively, better than PLS model (Rc(2)=0.9716, Rp(2)=0.8924). After modeling, the whole progress of NIR scan and data analysis for one sample was within tens of seconds. The overall results show that NIR spectroscopy combined with LS-SVM can be efficiently utilized for rapid and accurate analysis of calcium and magnesium in tobacco.

Samples of coffee were digested by microwave digestion, and inorganic elements amounts of Na, Mg, P, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo and Pb in sample solutions were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). HNO3 + H2O2 was used to achieve the complete decomposition of the organic matrix in a closed-vessel microwave oven. The working parameters of the instrument were optimized. The results showed that the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 3.84% for all the elements, and the recovery was found to be 92.00% -106.52% by adding standard recovery experiment. This method was simple, sensitive and precise and can perform simultaneous multi-elements determination of coffee, which could satisfy the sample examination request and provide scientific rationale for determining inorganic elements of coffee.

For determination of elements in the leaves of Prunus mongolica, the samples were digested by nitric acid-perchloric. The contents of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, Sr, Sn and Pb in the leaves of Prunus mongolica were determined by ICP-AES, at the same time a blank experiment was carried out. The results showed that the recovery rate of the ten elements was between 93% and 110%, and the relative standard deviation was between 0.33% and 2.94%. This method is fast, simple and accurate.

The present paper describes a simple method for the determination of trace elements in sunflower seeds by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS). HNO3 + H2O2 were used to achieve the complete decomposition of the organic matrix in a closed-vessel microwave oven. The contents of 10 trace elements (Al, B, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Si, P and S) in sunflower seeds were determined by ICP-OES while 18 trace elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Sn, Sb, Ti, V and Zn) were determined by ICP-MS. The rice reference material (GBW10045) was used as standard reference materials. The results showed a good agreement between measured and certified values for all analytes. The concentrations of necessary micro elements Ca, K, Mg, P and S were higher. This method was simple, sensitive and precise and can perform simultaneous multi-elements determination of sunflower seeds.

To study the allocation rules of the nutrients in Scutellaria baicalensis in different phenological periods, ICP-OES analytical technique was used to measure the contents of 4 elements (Ca, Mg, P and K) in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruids in different phenological periods (such as dormancy period, leaf expansion period, blooming period, fruit maturation period and yellow period) simultaneously. The results indicated that the allocation of Ca, Mg and K in leaves was higher than in the other organs in the vegetative stage, in order to stimulate photosynthesis and generate abundant carbohydrate; there was a larger proportion of P and K in reproductive organ compared with vegetative ones in reproductive stage, and it was beneficial to multiplication, and in yellow period the percentages of Ca, Mg, and K in roots rose slightly to strengthen cold-resistant ability. This study results can help develop scientific and rational fertilization programmes for the cultivation of Scutellaria baicalensis.

A study was carried out on the contents of mineral elements such as K, Ca, Na, and Mg in seven different orange varieties, namely Pineapple orange, Hamlin, Trovita, Jincheng, 1,232 Tangor, Olinda Valencia and Delta Valencia, by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The results indicated that the content sequence of different nutritional elements was K > Mg > Ca > Na, with a range of 1,233.75-1,866.23, 77.51-167.15, 49.32-125.29 and 1.22-9.26 mg x L(-1) respectively. The range scale of the four elements was largely consistent with the reference value of AIJN (Association of the Industry of Juices and Nectars from Fruits and Vegetables of the European Union). The samples can be clustered into 2 groups by factor analysis, and lower Na content would be the characteristic of the Valencia varieties. All these data would offer important information for orange juice adulteration determination and quality evaluation.

In the pH 7.2 Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4 buffer solutions and in the presence of PEG-6000, fenvalerate (Fen) antisera was combined with Fen specifically, and aggregated to form immune complex particles that exhibited five resonance scattering peaks at 350, 390, 420, 440 and 480 nm respectively. The peak at 390 nm was the strongest and was chosen for use. Fen concentration (c) in the range of 0.20 to 6.40 microg x mL(-1) was proportional to the resonance scattering intensity at 390 nm. Its regression equation was DeltaIRS 23.05c-1.39, the correlation coefficient was 0.9978, and the detection limit was 0.07 microg x mL(-1). Effects of buffer solution type, pH value, buffer solution volume, fenvalerate antisera concentration, PEG-6000 concentration, incubation temperature and time on the resonance scattering intensity were considered in detail. With pH (5.8-8.0) increasing, the IRS and Ib all decreased. When the pH value was at 7.2, the DeltaIRS was bigger. Three buffer solutions of pH 7.2, including Na2HPO4-citric acid, Na2HPO4-KH2PO4 and Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4, were examined. The pH 7.2 Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4 buffer solution gives the biggest DeltaIRS value. PEG-6000 could enhance the DeltaIRS value. When the concentration of PEG-6000 was 50.0 mg x mL(-1), the DeltaIRS was achieved at max. Fen was a stable chemical. The IRS increased within 20 min,while the DeltaIRS remained constant when incubation time was in the range of 20-40 min. The condition of a pH 7.2 Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4 buffer solution-50.0 mg x mL(-1) PEG-6000-6.67 microg x mL(-1) Fen antisera-30 degrees C-incubation time 20 min was chosen. According to the procedure, the influence of foreign substances on the determination of 1.60 microg x mL(-1) Fen was examined, within a relative error of +/- 5%. Results showed that the following coexistent substances had no impact on the RS assay: 96 microg x mL(-1) ametryne, 96 microg x mL(-1) m-aminotoluene, 48 microg x mL(-1) simetryne, 48 microg x mL(-1) p-aminotoluene,80 microg x mL(-1) BSA, 80 microg x mL(-1) HSA, 80 microg x mL(-1) Fe3+, 80 microg x mL(-1) Mg2+, 160 microg x mL(-1) Ca2+, and 160 microg x mL(-1) glucose. The results indicated that this RSS assay has good selectivity. This immune resonance scattering spectral assay was applied to the determination of Fen in waste water samples with satisfactory results. The recovery was in the range of 92.91%-101.25%, and the relative standard deviation was in the range of 1.71%-4.80%.

Arecanut is a sort of palm that is important economic crop for the farmers in Hainan province of China, wherein there are many kinds of metal elements such as K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn etc. These elements are important nutrition for the growth of arecanut. It is very valuable to study on the content of these metal elements in arecanut leaf in terms of plant nutriology of arecanut. The arecanut leaf in Wangling county, Hainan province of China was sampled by diagonal-field-sampling method. Refering to other plant sample determination by FAAS, the detailed studies are done with different digestion and determination methods. In the present paper the effects of mixed acid of HNO3-HClO4 digestion method on determining the amount of metal elements in the arecanut leaf by FAAS is reported, and another one is incineration digestion method. FAAS method was established for the determination of K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn The samples were incinerated or heated with HNO3-HClO4 (4:1). In the meantime, the optimum parameters of FAAS and effects of different digestion methods on the results were discussed. The recovery rate of standard addition is 98.36%-102.38% in the first method; RSD is 0.42%-2.328% (n=6); The recovery rate of standard addition is 99.22%-103.72% in the second method; RSD is 0.58%-1.283 (n=6). The metal amount determined by the first method is lower than the second method, the ratio is 0.9703-0.9934. The two methods are satisfied, but the latter is better. It is precise enough to common experiment to use flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry with digestion by incineration If the especially precise experiment is required, the digestion methods with mixed acid of HNO3-HClO4 may be introduced. The paper introduced methods dependable for determination of some metal elements in order to study on some nutrient effects of these metal elements in arecanut.

The contents of trace elements, including copper, zinc, iron, magnesium, calcium, chromium, lead, molybdenum, manganese, and cadmium in Chinese traditional herb S. miltiorrhiza and its relative species such as S. miltiorrhiza f. alba, S. evansiana, S. yunnanensis, S. przewarlskii, S. cavaleriei, S. cavaleriei var. simplicifolia, S. roborowskii, S. omeiana, S. tricuspis, S. brevilabra and S. cynica were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The principal components analysis of SPSS was applied to the study of characteristic elements in S. miltiorrhiza and its relative species. Three principal components which accounted for 79.3% of total variance were extracted from the original data. The first factor accounted for 49.6% of the total variance, which means that iron, manganese, copper, zinc, cadmium and lead are the characteristic elements in S. miltiorrhiza and its relative species. The results of cluster analysis show that the samples could cluster reasonably into two groups. The samples of S. miltiorrhiza from different regions were classified into one group except S. miltiorrhiza from Zhejiang and S. miltiorrhiza f. alba. The other Salvia species were classified into another group except S. cavaleriei. The S. miltiorrhiza and other Salvia species can be distinguished by this method, whose accuracy of classification is 90%. The cluster analysis based on the contents of trace element in S. miltiorrhiza and its relative species provided a quick, accurate and simple method for authentication of herb Salvia miltiorrhiza.

In the present paper, a method of simultaneous determination of trace elements in grapefruit was developed by using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry together with HNO3-HClO4 digestion. The contents of fifteen elements, including B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Zn, Mg, Sr, Mn, Fe, Na, Be, Pb, Bi, Cd and As, were determined in four parts, namely flesh, scarfskin, endodermis and seed collected from Guangdong, Guangxi and Ganzhou, respectively. The relative standard deviations for all these elements in this method were between 0.22% and 5.54%, and the recovery rates were between 87.0% and 115.0%. The measuring method was proved to be simple, rapid, reliable, and highly sensitive. In addition, the determination of these fifteen elements can be carried out at the same time, which can meet the requests of actual sample analysis. The experimental results showed that some beneficial elements to human such as Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu and Na in grapefruit were abundant, while some comparatively harmful elements (Be, Pb, Bi, Cd and As) were not detected. Regional differences and partial differences obviously existed in the concentrations of one or more trace elements in grapefruit. As a whole, the concentrations of most elements in flesh were much lower than in other parts of grapefruit. The concentrations of B, Ba, Ca, Sr and Mn were comparatively higher in the seed capsule than in other parts. Cu, Zn and Mg had the highest concentrations in seed compared to other parts. There was little difference between scarfskin and endodermis. And as for the regional differences, the contents of Mn, Zn and Na in Gannan pomelo in all its parts were higher than those in other regions, and the contents of Ba in Guangdong pomelo in all its parts were higher than those in others, while Guangxi pomelo had the highest Fe content. These differences might resulted from the natural environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, soil types with different pH, the mineral composition or concentration, and so on. Application of fertilizer and prunning might be an important man-made factors which could also result in the differences. The determination of these elements by using ICP-AES has important point for exploiting grapefruit fully in future.

The contents of trace elements of Zn, Mg, Mn, Sr, Fe, Pb, Cu and Se in the corncob collected from Beijing, Shan-dong, Jilin, Yunnan, Xinjiang, Gansu, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Neimeng in China were determined by ICP-AES using microwave digestion. The optimum condition of digesting the corncob was: put 1.5 mL of 68% nitric acid and 0.5 mL of hydrofluoric acid in the pot, then digested the sample with 3 steps under the 400 W power in the microwave oven. This digesting procedure could completely and quickly digest the sample. The relative standard deviations and recovery yield are 0.72%-4.16% and 95.5%-104.5% for Zn, 1.58-3.66% and 98.2%-103.5% for Mg, 0.19%-4.58% and 97.0%-103.2% for Mn, 1.31%-4.90% and 95.7%-104.1% for Sr, 1.40%-4.01% and 95.9%-104.6% for Fe, 1.55%-4.28% and 95.1%-104.5% for Pb, 2.16%-5.00% and 96.4%-103.5% for Cu, and 2.00%-4.99% and 95.1%-101.3% for Se, respectively. The analysis of the trace metals by the method of ICP-AES using the method of microwave digestion proved to be easily operational, rapid, highly sensitive, and accurate. It could be adopted as the method of determining many elements simultaneously.

In this paper, a method of microwave digestion technique for the contents determination of trace elements Ni, Zn, Mn, Cu, Mg, Fe, Ca and Pb in radix ophiopogonis by hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emition spectrometry (HG-ICP-AES) was reported. Its recovery ratio obtained by standard addition method ranged between 97.8% and 102.5%, and its RSD was lower than 4.0%. The results of the determination show that radix ophiopogonis is rich in the inorganic elements such as Fe, and the content of Zn in radix ophiopogonis of Zhejiang is much higher in radix ophiopogonis of Sichun. The result will provide scientific data for the study on the elements in radix ophiopogonis and on their relativity of medicine efficacy.

Honeysuckle is a lonicera plant, commonly used traditional precious raw material for medicine in China, and is a commonly used Chinese native medicine and an important material for cold drink. Honeysuckle has the effect of alleviating fever and disintoxicating, and is used mainly to treat the carbuncular swelling, and cure boils, throat rheumatism, erysipelas, painfully hot sun blood dysentery, cold, and various diseases accompanied by fever. The simultaneous determination of multi-metal elements in honeysuckle was studied by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrum (ICP-AES) after carbon pick-up acid dissolvation digestion. The average recovery of the method for Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe, Cr, Ca and Mg in honeysuckle was found to be 83.8%-115.6%, while RSD (n = 10) is 1.1%-4.9% for the multi-elements in honeysuckle. The method was applied to the analysis of some practical samples and the results obtained were satisfactory. Fe and Mn are rather rich in honeysuckle. It is of important significance to assess the value of the food cooked with medicinal herbs by the determination of multi-trace elements.

The prediction performance of near infrared (NIR) spectra with different optical path-length for trace metal (potassium, calcium, magnesium, zincum, and iron) determination was investigated. NIR transmission spectra of Chinese rice wine were collected in rectangular quartz cuvette with different optical path lengths (1, 2, 5 and 10 mm) using Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectrometer in the wavelength range of 800-2 500 nm with air as the reference. The reference data for potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and iron were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Calibration models were developed by partial least squares (PLS) regression. The PLS models of NIR spectra group with 5 mm path length gave the best calibration result. The determination coefficients (r2) for potassium, calcium, magnesium, zincum, and iron were 0.93, 0.85, 0.93, 0.72, and 0.66, respectively, and the root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) for the five elements were 26.5, 35.6, 4.63, 0.26, and 0.64 mg x L-(-1), respectively, whereas the models established by NIR spectra group of 10 mm path-length was the worst. And the r2 values for potassium, calcium, magnesium, zincum, and iron were 0.61, 0.65, 0.63, 0.09, and 0.25, respectively. The results indicated that the optical path length has an influence on the NIR analysis results for trace metal determination in Chinese rice wine, and that the appropriate path length for the NIR analysis should be determined by comparison analysis.

A study was carried out on the contents of nutritional elements such as K, Fe, Zn, Ca, Cu, Mg and Mn in three different red pear varieties, namely Meirensu, Hongsucui and Mantianhongs, by flame atomic absorption. The results indicated that the linear relationships for different elements within the limits of working curves are good, and the range of recovery is 98%-104%, hence showing that the results asre satisfactory. There are abundant nutritional elements in fruits of the three different red pear varieties, meaning that they all have a relatively high nutritive value. In fruits of the three red pear varieties, the content sequence of different nutritional elements was found to be K>Fe>Zn>Ca>Cu>Mg>Mn. In fruits of the three different red pear varieties, the content sequence of K, Zn, Mg and Mn was Meirensu> Hongsucui>Mantianhong; the content sequence of Fe and Cu was Hongsucui>Mantianhong>Meirensu; and the content sequence of Ca was Mantianhong>Hongsucui> Meirensu; and the total content sequence of seven nutritional elements was Hongsucui>Meirensu>Mantianhong.

Ten trace elements and macro elements in Jin He Nao Xue Kang capsules, such as Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed that there are comparatively rich macro element Mg, and profitable elements such as trace elements Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni etc in Jin He Nao Xue Kang capsules. The contents of poisonous elements (Cd and Pb) are comparatively low. The content sequence of metal elements is as follow: Fe>Mg>Zn>Mn>Cu>Ni>Cr>Pb>Co>Cd. It provided useful data for discussing the relationship between trace elements and macro elements in Tibetan traditional medicine, and the cure for vascular and cerebral vascular disease.

In the study of Mongolian medicine the authors found that the Mongolian medicine contains large amount trace elements, and is particularly rich in human-body-needed trace elements, but heavy metals are very little. A method for the determination of Ca, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, Mn and Pb in Mongolian medicine gardi-13(1#, 2#, 3#) by ICP-AES with microwave digestion was studied. The recoveries of standard addition are in the range of 97.5%-105.5%. The relative standard deviation is < or = 2.90, and the detection limit is smaller than < or = 0.009 microg x L(-1). The results show that 1#, 2# and 3# are some different, and the smell and function have some relation with trace elements. The authors can control the accuracy of preparation dosage and guarantee the quality of products by determining the trace elements.

Chinese traditional herbal drugs for relieving away heat and toxic were treated with cineration, and the residues were dissolved by HNO3. Eleven trace elements including, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper, iron, zinc, cadmium, lead, cobalt, nickel and chromium in twenty sample solutions were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The results obtained show that the contents of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese and copper are abundant, and the addition standard recoveries (n=5) were 90%-110%.

Contents of elements related to reducing blood sugar (ERBS) in several kinds of green tea of Wuyuan county, their tea infusion extracted by warm water and boiling water and tea polysaccharide (TP) were determined by ICP-MS, after the samples were digested with acids by microwave method. The relation between the amount of ERBS and tea quality and the relation between the content of ERBS in TP and the total content in tea were discussed. The results showed that the amounts of ERBS in tea and TP are different in various samples. The amount of ERBS in TP extracted from coarse tea was higher than that from fresh tea. The percentage of certain ERBS in TP accounting for the ERBS in tea ranged from 0.03% to 9.57%. As to the total ERBS in TP extracted from Mt. Zhang super grade tea and grade 5 tea, the percentages were 1.11% and 2.10% respectively. As to Mt. Gu old tea, it was 0.85%. The results could provide data for selecting tea material used to extracting tea polysaccharide and for studying the mechanism of reducing blood sugar.

Five kinds of antineoplastic traditional Chinese medicines including fufangtianxian capsule, xiaoaiping tablet, zhiling capsule, shenlian capsule and shenlinglan capsule were digested with HNO3-HCl mixed acid. The fifteen trace elements including calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, manganese, cobalt, nickel, chromium, silver, copper, strontium, cadmium and lead in the above-mentioned drugs were determined by atomic adsorption spectrometry. The effects of the kinds of mixed acid, the ratio of HNO3 to HCl in the mixed acid, the volume of digesting solution and the digesting time were also investigated in detail. The results obtained show that the concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, Co and Ni in the five kinds of antineoplastic Chinese traditional medicines are higher than those of other elements.

The determination of elements in Euonymus alatus by ICP-AES was carried out in the present paper. The Euonymus alatus samples were digested by microwave digestion technique. The optimized conditions of microwave digestion procedure obtained by orthogonal array design were as follows: the volume ratio of HNO3-HCl is 2 : 1; the ratio of liquid/solid is 100 : 1; the sample particle size is 100-140 mesh. ICP-AES method was applied to the determination of ten trace elements in the sample, and was compared with AAS. The results showed that the method was rapid and simple with the relative standard deviations between 0.5%-6.2%, and the recovery between 85.5% and 105.6%.

In the present paper, microwave digestion technique was used to determine Ca, Zn, Cu, Mg and Fe in rat liver by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The effect of microwave digestion condition on the analysis results was examined and the best analysis condition of FAAS was selected. Compared to traditional wet methods, the experimental result showed that the method is rapid, sample digestion is complete, the blank value is low, and the measurement result is satisfactory. Applied to the determination of trace elements in rat liver, the method proved to be selective with satisfactory recovery of 96%-103% andrelative standard deviation of 1.0%-2.6%.

Seven kinds of Chinese traditional medicines, including laoniankechuan tablet, fufangbanxia tablet, weitongning tablet, quanshen tablet, shengshijiangtang capsule, xiasangju particle, and American yangshen tablet, were digested with HNO3-HClO4 mixed acid. The fourteen trace elements, including calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, potassium, sodium, manganese, copper, chromium, cobalt, strontium, nickel, cadmium and lead in the drugs were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The effects of the type of mixed acid, the ratio of HNO3 to HClO4 in mixed acid, the volume of digesting solution, and the digesting time were also investigated in detail. The results obtained show that the concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, K and Na in seven kinds of Chinese traditional medicines are higher than those of other elements. Moreover, shengshijiangtang capsule for the treatment of diabetes contains plenty of Mn, and weitongning tablet for the treatment of stomach disease contains plenty of Sr, Mn and Cu.

In this article, an ICP-OES method of simultaneous determination germanium and some major ash forming elements especially for Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Ti in lignites is described. An ICP-OES instrument equipped with a dual-view plasma torch and a simultaneous detector was used. This technology allows the simultaneous determination of trace elements and major components in the axial view along with in the radial view. The moderate operation condition of the instrument and analytical wavelength lack of interference from elements in the sample matrix was selected, the spectral background was automaticly eliminated. The obtained coal ashes were dissolved in mixtures of nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid and perchloric acid after coal samples were cinerated. The analytical results were in good agreement with those provided by national standard methods. The detection limit of the instrument is ranged between 0.00039-0.10 microg. x mL(-1), the precision of the method is in the range of 0.79%-2.84%, the average recovery of samples is 92.38%, the proposed method is well suitable for the determination germanium and some major ash forming elements in lignites.

The samples of Pueraria lobata ohwi were digested by HNO3 + HClO4. Copper, zinc, iron, calcium and magnesium in pueraria lobata ohwi from Da Bieshan were successfully determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). The results showed that there are rich grand elements, such as Ca and Mg, and profitable elements, such as trace elements Cu, Zn and Fe, in Pueraria lobata ohwi. The content sequence of metal elements is as follows: Copper: leaves > flowers > rattans > roots; Zinc: leaves > flowers > rattans > roots; Iron: roots > rattans > leaves > flowers; Calcium: leaves > roots > flowers > rattans; Magnesium: flowers > roots > leaves > rattans. The results provided useful data for discussing the relationship between the metal elements in Pueraria lobata and hypertension diseases. ohwi and the cure for cerebrovascular diseases.

ICP-AES was used for the direct determination of nine life elements (Ca, Mg, K, Al, P, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) in brick tea. The RSDs of the method were between 2.11% and 8.68%, and the analytical results of the tea reference samples were consistent with the certified values. The method was simple and accuracy. The analytical results of brick tea were compared with those of the ordinary leaf tea (green tea, scent tea and oolong tea). The Al, Fe, Mn, Ca and Mg contents of brick tea were about 5.78, 3.26, 2.19, 2.11 and 1.64 times higher than those of the ordinary leaf tea respectively. The P, K, Zn and Cu contents of brick tea were 48.70%, 85.68%, 78.19% and 98.78% times lower than those of the ordinary leaf tea respectively.

23 elements in 11 kinds of beverages were determined by FAAS and ICP-MS. The effects of nitric acid and coexist elements on FAAS determination were studied and the experimental conditions were optimized. The results show that these beverages contain abundant inorganic elements like K, Na, Ca and Mg, which are important for human being. The content of trace elements As, Pb, Cu, Zn and Fe are under the tolerance limit of GB standard.

Eight kinds of microelements (Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe, Na, Co, Mg and K) in Dongjiang river sand were detected and analysed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry(FAAS). The method is simple and rapid with good precision and accuracy, and eliminates the interference effectively. The regression equation and the correlation coefficient were calculated. Correlation coefficients were 0.994-1.000. The samples were digested with HNO3-HF-H2O2. The results showed that Dongjiang river sand contained abundant microelements. The content order is Na>K>Fe>Mg>Mn>Zn>Co>Cu with Na being the highest and Cu the lowest. This paper provides useful evidence for studying the health care effect of Dongjiang river sand on human body.

According to mathematic statistics, data for laser microemission spectroscopic analysis were selected, which were collected with the use of CCD (charge-coupled device) in arg on atmosphere at reduced pressure. By selection, the effects of some factors, such as the difference of bore ablated on the sample surface by the laser, the distribution nonuniformity of element in the sample, and the fluctuation of output energy of the laser, etc. were reduced. The method that improves analytic precision of laser microemission spectroscopic analysis was studied. And quantitative analysis of Cu, Zn and Mg in aluminum alloy standard samples was performed, using the Cu (I) line at 324.7 nm, the Zn (I) line at 334.5 nm, and the Mg (I) line at 383.8 nm. The results show that the RSDs of relative intensity of the spectral lines of Cu, Zn, Mg are 1.80%, 4.35% and 6.29% respectively, and the RSDs of quantitative analysis of them are 10.1%, 6.98% and 8.17% respectively. The relative errors of the average of analysis of them are -3.76%, 3.62% and -1.62% respectively.

The concentrations of Al, Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn in the human hair of dependence drug addicts and healthy contrast were determined by ICP-AES. The RSD of the method was 1.3%-4.9%, and recovery was 89%-129%. Correlation of the trace elements was analyzed by SPSS software. The contents of Zn and Ca in the hair of dependence drug addicts were lower, while those of Pb, Fe and Mg were higher than healthy contrasts. The result provided a foundation for improving immune function of dependence drug addicts and enhancing the effect of giving up taking addictive drugs.

Some elements such as K, Na, Ca, Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Mg, Mn and Cr in corn beard were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The results show that the corn beard is rich in micro elements which human body needs. Our study provides new scientific foundation for further study and general application of corn beard.

A FAAS method was established for the determination of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Pb, Cr, Cd, Ag and Au in Cynomorium songaricum after digestion with HNO3-HClO4 (phi 4:1) at 90-95 degrees C and at normal pressure. In this paper, the parameters in FAAS were studied. The analytical results of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, Ni and Ag were 13,572.0, 14,260.0, 358.3, 168.3, 238.5, 19.4, 5.9, 3.4, 2.6, 1.3 and 0.4 microg x g(-1) respectively and Co, Cr, Cd and Au were not found in the samples. The results showed that the recovery of standard addition was 97.8%-104.5%, and the relative standard deviation (n = 9) was 0.2%-5.0%. The method is fast, simple and convenient. The results were satisfactory.

Fourteen trace elements in soybean and its products were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The effects of cinefaction temperature, cinefaction time, and the concentration of HNO3 as a digestion solution were investigated in detail. The effect of the concentration of SrCl2 on the determination of Ca and Mg was also studied. The results obtained show that the soybean and its products contain higher amounts of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn than other elements.

In this paper, orthogonal test was applied to determination of trace elements in wild vegetables just as Mn, Se, Cu, Fe, Mg and Zn by ICP-AES. It could provide many informations for us by less experimental times, and could choice the best experimental conditions by square-error analysis. It would be helpful for improving experimental accuracy. The method was simple, rapid, and possessed of highly sensitivity, good accuracy and determination of many elements at the same time, in addition little environment pollution. The recoveries of the method were in the range of 97.2%-103.3%, and relative standard deviations were less than 2.15%. The experimental results proved wild vegetables were valuable and nutritious food, they had rich trace elements.

The contents of potassium, magnesium, sodium, manganese, ferrum and zinc were determined by flame spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry respectively. The dataset was clustered by fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis. It is shown that the results of the FCM clustering analysis are more accurate than those of the hierarchical cluster analysis, and it is with positive meaning to apply FCM clustering analysis to estimating the producing area of tobaccos.

The contents of calcium and magnesium in urines were simultaneously determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The optimized working conditions were ascertained. For the determination of calcium, the used wavelength was 422.8 nm, and the current of HCL(Hollow Cathode Lamp) was 3 mA; for the determination of magnesium, the used wavelength was 285.2 nm, and the current of HCL (Hollow Cathode Lamp) was 4 mA. The height of burner and the air-acetylene ratio were 8 mm and 6:1, respectively, for the determination of both calcium and magnesium. In order to remove the disturbance of phosphate, sulphate and silicate on the determination of calcium, a releasing reagent can be used. Lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) was tested as a better releasing reagent than strontium chloride (SrCl2). The disturbance of urinary substrate could be avoided after the urines were diluted to 1:100 with distilled water. The concentrations of Ca and Mg in 15 urines were determined under the optimized conditions. The obtained results were consistent with the archived data. The recovery was 96%-104%, the relative standard deviation for a sample was 1.8% with P < 0.05.

Sample digestion by microwave is of some merits: simple, rapid, saving agents, nonpollution and being easy digested. HNO3-HClO4 (5:1) was used as a microwave digestion agent. A direct method is reported for the determination of Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu, Na, K, Ba, Al, Pb and Cr in Hypericum perforatum L. in Xinjiang by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES). The selection of digestion conditions of the technique is described. The recoveries for these elements were 93.2%-103.0%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the twelve samples were 0.4%-2.9%. According to standard sample GBW07602 bush twigs and leaves, the authors checked the method for accuracy and precision. The results were found to be basically consistent with the reference values. It was proved that the method features satisfactory precision and accuracy. The method was applied to the determination of plant materials with good agreement.

In this paper, the contents of elements Se, Zn, Mn, Cu, Mg, Fe, Al and Be in the plantago, originating from different places and produced with various methods, were determined by ICP-AES technique. Its recovery ratio obtained by standard addition method ranged between 80.4% and 119.7%, and its RSD was lower than 6%. The results of the determination show that the seeds in plantago are rich in the inorganic elements such as Mg, Fe, Al and Zn essential to human health.

The optimum conditions, such as the ratio of fuel gas to combustion-supporting gas, burnerheight, lamp current and band pass, for the determination of trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, cobalt and potassium in flowers were studied by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The experimental results showed that Beer's law was obeyed in the range of 0-50 microg x mL(-1) for Ca, 0-80 microg x mL(-1) for Mg, 0-4 microg x mL(-1) for Co, and 0-120 microg x mL(-1) for K. The correlation coefficients were in the range of 0.9975-0.9995 under the seleced conditions. Applied to the determination in rose & Chinese rose the method proved to be simple, rapid and selective with satisfactory recovery of 97%-104% and relative standard devition of 1.2%-2.3%.

In this paper, we used flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine the contents of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in 7 species of algae. The results showed that there were relatively rich Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in the algae. The useful data were provided for algae as resource to be utilized.

In this paper, several trace elements in the forest frog samples were investigated by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). During the experiment 5.00 mL HNO3 and 0.50 mL HClO4 were added to the sample, which then remained 24 hours before being heated to 120 degrees C and solved. This method can not only meet the requirement of ICP-AES, but also has many merits, such as simplicity, rapidity, precision and economy. The range of relative error was 0.17%-10.0% and the range of precision was 0.43%-9.96% for these elements.

The content of seven inorganic elements in Taponin tablet recipe, including calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper, zinc and cadmium were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed that there were comparatively rich inorganic metal elements. Content of the seven metal elements is that iron > calcium > magnesium > zincr > copper > manganese > cadmium, the content of iron was higher significantly than other inorganic elements in Taponin tablet recipe. It provided useful data for discussing the relationship between the content of inorganic elements in Chinese traditional medicines recipe and the quality control of the recipe, for studying the relationship between the trace element in Chinese traditional medicines recipe and cure for the heart and brain blood vessel disease.

The 9 kinds of Chinese traditional medicines which are used to cure diabetes including Xiaokewan, Yuquanwan, Kelening, Jiangtangshu, Jiangtang I-V are digested with HNO3-HClO4 (4:1) mixed acid. The 12 trace elements of copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, iron, calcium, magnesium, cadmium and lead in the solution are determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Its recovery ratio by standard addition is 97%-105%, and RSD is lower than 5%. This method has good accurate. The results obtained show that except Cd and Pb all other ten trace elements contents in the drug are high. The results of this paper provide useful data for studying the relation between the contents of these trace elements and the medical effect.

This article introduced a method for the determination of total quantity of rare earths, Ca, Mg, Mn and Fe in rare-earths-magnesium with ICP-AES. The total quantity of rare-earths was calculated by the quantum of cerium, the measurement channel of cerium was fixed by the method of Offset Profile Add Lines, by changing the entrance slit angle, based on the fixed channels of the ICP-AES. The sample was melted with HNO3, HF, HClO4 and HCl, the difficulty of melting sample was properly settled. The method of internal standard was used in the determination, cobalt elected for the internal standard, and the same concentration cobalt liquor was added in the sample liquor. This article made the measurement parameters test, for example the quantum of pump, the height of observation, etc, and examined the liner range, accuracy, background equal concentration, detection limits and precision. The results showed that the method was simpler than chemical analytic method in operating, and could simultaneously determined many kinds of elements. It was compared with chemical method, the results were satisfactory.

In this paper, combustion characterization of pyrotechnic composition is investigated using a remote sensing Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The emission spectra have been recorded between 4,700 and 740 cm-1 with a spectral resolution of 4 cm-1. The combustion temperature can be determined remotely from spectral line intensity distribution of the fine structure of the emission fundamental band of gaseous products such as HF. The relationship between combustion temperature and combustion time has been given. Results show that there is a violent mutative temperature field with bigger temperature gradient near combustion surface. It reveals that the method of temperature measurement using remote sensing FTIR for flame temperature of unstable, violent and short time combustion on real time is a rapid, accurate and sensitive technique without interference the flame temperature field. Potential prospects of temperature measurement, gas product concentration measurement and combustion mechanism are also revealed.

Major, minor and trace elemental contents in northeast China soybeans were determined by using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Three different sample digestion methods including two wet digestions, HNO3-HClO4 and HNO3-H2SO4 and a dry ash method were compared. Owing to the high oil content in soybeans, long time is needed and access acid should be added with mixed acid digestion methods, which may result in higher sample blank. Therefore, the dry ask method would be more proper for the pre-treatment of soybean samples. Potassium and phosphorus are major elements in soybeans, so the effect of potassium and phosphorus on the other elements was investigated. Results showed that the potassium and phosphorus did not affect the determination of other trace elements. There are not significant differences in trace elemental contents for the eleven northeast China soybeans.

The study of micro elements is more and more extensively, and people can gain some informations by the level of micro elements in tissue. This paper tempts to dissolve hair or nail in 2 mol.L-1 NaOH and determinate nine micro elements including calcium, zinc, iron, manganese, nickel, cadmium, copper, lead and bismuth in them by base-digestion with FAAS and GFAAS. It shows that the measured value of these elements is coincident with reference articles reported, except bismuth. The elements' percent recoveries are 90.0%-110.8%. The result also shows that the level of zinc and copper in hair are higher than in nail, and the level of bismuth, cadmium and iron in hair are lower than in nail, but the level of micro elements in hair and in nail are not correlative.

The content of five metal elements in Suxiao Jiuxin pill, such as calcium, magnesium, iron, copper and zinc were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The ratio of Ca/Mg and Cu/Zn in Suxiao Jiuxin pill had been studied. The results showed that calcium, magnesium, iron, copper and zinc elements in Suxiao Jiuxin pill have comparatively rich. Contents of elements are that calcium is more than iron, iron is more than magnesium, magnesium is more than zinc, zinc is more than copper. It has provided useful data for probing into the relationship between calcium, magnesium, iron, copper and zinc in Suxiao Jiuxin pill and treating coronary heart disease.

In order to study the relation between the contents of Zn, Cu, Mg and Mn in hair of 45 patients with cerebral infarction and 20 health people were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The results showed that the contents of Zn, Cu and Mg in the patients' hair (79.785 +/- 25.514, 8.241 +/- 1.405 and 24.831 +/- 9.986 respectively) were lower than that of the health people (168.031 +/- 29.467, 18.612 +/- 2.051 and 93.006 +/- 47.548 respectively) (p < 0.01), but the content of Mn of the patients (3.652 +/- 1.001) was higher than that of health people (1.751 +/- 0.597) (p < 0.01). These indicated that there must be some relation between the contents of Zn, Cu, Mg and Mn and the cerebral infarction. The lack of Zn, Cu and Mg as also as high level content of Mn subscribed to the formation of cerebral vascular deformation and sclerosis.

Genetic algorithm (GA) is used in automatic qualitative analysis by a sequential inductively coupled plasma spectrometer (ICP-AES) and a computer program is developed in this paper. No any standard samples are needed, and spectroscopic interferences can be eliminated. All elements and their concentration ranges of an unknown sample can be reported. The replication rate Pr, crossover rate Pc, and mutation rate of the genetic algorithm were adjusted to be 0.6, 0.4 and 0 respectively. The analytical results of GA are in good agreement with the reference values. It indicates that, combined with the intensity information, the GA can be applied to spectroscopic qualitative analysis and expected to become an effective method in qualitative analysis in ICP-AES after further work.