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AIM: To assess the association of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)gene polymorphisms(rs2010963 and rs3025039)with diabetic retinopathy(DR)in Li nationality type 2 diabetic(T2DM)patients in Hainan.METHODS: Prospective study. A total of 89 patients with T2DM in the Li nationality in Hainan were randomly categorized(between 09/2016 to 10/2019)into three groups, 30 patients in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)group, 33 patients in proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)group, and 26 patients in T2DM without retinopathy(DWR)group as control. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method was used to determine the polymorphism in the VEGF gene. Differences in allele frequencies and genotype frequencies between cases and controls were compared. RESULTS: Compared with the DWR group, the CC genotype of rs2010963 polymorphic site was significantly increased(P0.05). Meanwhile, no significant differences were detected in the frequencies of genotype CC, CT, C, and T in rs3025039 among the three groups(all P>0.05). Plasma levels of serum urea and creatinine were significantly increased in PDR group compared to DWR and NPDR groups in Li nationality group in Hainan(all P

Aflibercept is a recombinant human fusion protein that acts as a soluble decoy receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)family members. VEGF-A, VEGF-B and placental growth factor(PLGF)were included in VEGF family that could inhibit downstream signalling mediated by these ligands. Aflibercept binds to all isoforms of VEGF-A with high affinity, and presented a markedly higher affinity compared with ranibizumab or bevacizumab. Intravitreal injection aflibercept has been approved for the treatment of patients with age-related macular degeneration(ARMD). Numerous studies showed it could improve best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), reduce macular edema and with fewer complications that has been another choice for ARMD patients. However, studies of participation time with large sample are lacking, and relevant studies are limited in China. Contribution in clinical efficacy, advancement in selection and use of medicines, safety and limitations with aflibercept will be here summarized.

AIM: To compare the efficacy and safety of intravitreal conbercept and ranibizumab in the treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion(RVO-ME)in order to provide basis for clinical guidance.METHODS: The Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and CNKI, Wanfang data, and VIP database were comprehensively searched for studies comparing conbercept versus ranibizumab in patients with RVO-ME. Best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), central macular thickness(CMT), intraocular pressure(IOP), mean number of intravitreal injections and adverse events were extracted from the final eligible studies. RevMan 5.3 software was used for relevant index data analysis. Random and fixed effect models were employed to evaluate heterogeneity and the publication bias.RESULTS: A total of 14 randomized controlled trial(RCT)studies, involving 1 350 eyes. There was no significant difference in BCVA improved between the two groups after treatment 2wk, 2mo, 3mo and 6mo, but there was significant difference in BCVA improved after treatment 1wk [WMD=-0.03; 95% CI(-0.05, -0.02); PCI(-0.04, -0.01); P=0.001]. The conbercept treatment group had higher CMT reduction compared with ranibizumab treatment group after 6mo treatment, and there was a significant difference [WMD=-28.77; 95% CI(-54.23, -3.31); P=0.03], and there were no significant difference between two groups in others period of time. There were no significant difference in intraocular pressure(IOP)and adverse events between the two groups [OR=0.95; 95% CI(0.57, 1.57); P=0.84]. However, the use of conbercept had a fewer mean number of injections.CONCLUSION: CMT and BCVA were improved significantly both in the conbercept and ranibizumab groups. Compared with ranibizumab, conbercept group did not have greater improved BCVA, but with a more CMT reduction after 6mo. The advantage of conbercept is fewer injections and maybe it is better for treatment of RVO-ME.

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)drugs have been used to treat various ophthalmic diseases, especially in the treatment of vascular proliferative ophthalmopathy. Anti-VEGF drugs can significantly inhibit the formation of new blood vessels and reduce retinal edema, thereby improving the patient's vision. However, their long-term therapeutic effect and safety require longer-term follow-up and research. This article reviews the application and research progress of anti-VEGF drugs in ophthalmology and provides references for clinical application and further research.

AIM: To investigate the relationship between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio(PLR)and type 2 diabetic retinopathy(DR).METHODS:A total of 200 cases with type 2 diabetes mellitus were involved. All patients were divided into three groups according to the fundus examination: diabetes mellitus(DM, n=100), non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR, n=62)and proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR, n=38). 100 healthy persons were selected as the normal control group(NCG, n=100). The related indicators, such as neutrophil count, lymphocyte count and platelet count were measured. RESULTS: The value of NLR was significantly higher in PDR group patients than in NC group(1.81), DM group(1.76)and NPDR group(1.85)(PPPCONCLUSION: The value of NLR and PLR increased in the PDR group, but it is not independent risk factor for diabetic retinopathy.

Pterygium is one of the common ocular surface diseases, characterized by local subconjunctival fibrovascular proliferation invading the cornea, not only influences facial beauty, but affects visual acuity and causes ocular dyskinesia. Surgical removal is the main treatment option. However, the recurrence rate is high(20%-40%). Many explanations are put forward by scientists, but the mechanism of pterygium still remains unclear. It is of great importance to study the pathogenesis of pterygium so as to prevent its occurrence and development. In this paper, we make a review about the domestic and international studies of the inhibition of apoptosis, matrix metalloproteinase, oxidative stress and immunity in pterygium.

AIM: To observe the therapeutic effects on the retrograde rip of pterygium combined with mitomycin C(MMC)and limbal stem cell autograft transplantation in the treatment of pterygium. METHODS: Pterygium in 89 eyes of 89 cases was ripped retrogradely by tweezers combined with MMC and limbal stem cell autograft transplantation. Postoperatively epithelial healing time of corneal wound and the recurrent rate were observed. All patients were followed up for 1month-12 months.RESULTS: The epithelial cure time of corneal wound was 3-7 days in all cases. The grafts survived very well. Five cases recurred and the recurrent rate was 6%. CONCLUSION: Retrograde rip of pterygium combined with MMC and limbal stem cell autograft transplantation is an effective method and decreases the recurrent rate.

Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is a common eye disease causing irreversible visual impairment in the elderly. The tight junction(TJ)between retinal pigment epithelium cells(RPECs)is an important structural unit of the outer blood retinal barrier(oBRB). The TJ is defective in the pathogenesis of AMD, which in turn promotes the destruction of oBRB and accelerates the occurrence and progression of AMD. In this paper, the roles of TJ and TJ protein in maintaining oBRB function, TJ protein abnormality and oBRB destruction in the pathogenesis of AMD were reviewed, aiming to provide new ideas for the treatment of AMD.

Ferroptosis is a newly identified programmed cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation. In recent years, with the proposal of the concept of ferroptosis as well as the deepening of its mechanism research, great breakthroughs have been made in the exploration of the pathogenesis of ocular diseases related to the function decline of retinal pigment epithelium cells(RPECs), such as age-related macular degeneration(AMD), retinitis pigmentosa(RP)and diabetic retinopathy(DR). This article reviews the basic concept of ferroptosis, the main mechanism of ferroptosis in RPECs and the role of ferroptosis regulation in the development of RPECs-related ocular diseases, hoping to provide references for the study of the pathogenesis of RPECs-related ocular diseases.