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This paper examines whether the use of blood pressure medication has an influence on social inequalities in blood pressure levels. In Norway, cardiovascular disease has for decades been associated with high mortality and social inequalities. High blood pressure is an important risk factor in this aspect, and prescription drugs have been established as a standard treatment of hypertension. We have seen population blood pressure levels fall, blood pressure inequality levels remaining stabile, and medication use increase. The paper uses panel data from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study linked with registry data on education and income. Results from fixed effects regression analyses indicate that blood pressure medication overall has a levelling effect. The traditional social gradient is mainly found among non-users of medication. With blood pressure medication being plausibly at a late stage of its diffusion, these findings give some support to the hierarchical diffusion model, while they also imply the need for equal access to sufficient blood pressure treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS), this paper seeks to understand the characteristics of adolescent girls who are circumcised in Kenya. The paper discusses the determinants of female circumcision in two Nairobi informal settlements. It is based on detailed information collected from young persons aged 12-24 targeting major transition events such as first sex, childbirth, marriage, and circumcision. Out of 4058 adolescents and young people interviewed 2010 were adolescent girls and young women. Out of the total number of interviewees, the 527 girls and young women on whom this paper is based are from ethnic communities that practice circumcision. We used the life-table technique to estimate the median age at circumcision and logistic regression to analyse the relationship between female circumcision and adolescent sexuality, controlling for other characteristics. The type of stay within the demographic surveillance area (DSA), religion, ethnicity, residential location and mother's education were associated with being circumcised. Current school attendance was not associated with being circumcised but if one had never attended school then they were more likely to be circumcised. For policy making, it is imperative to explore the nature of social networks within which circumcision decisions are taken and enforced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws upon literature from economics, and the human capital and equity fields in order to present a theoretical framework for a new multidimensional measure of poverty for Australia. Poverty is about having low living standards; but its measurement has traditionally focused only on an individual's income or on other dimensions of living standards that are not appropriate for contemporary Australian society, such as calorie intake. There are two additional capabilities individuals require for adequate living standards: health and education. Each of these is required for basic functioning within modern society, but have traditionally been ignored by measures of poverty. This paper argues that health is a basic capability people need for a fulfilling life, allowing individuals to participate in activities essential in modern society, and that education can also be seen in this light. As such it is vital that health and education be included in measures of poverty. In order to move Australian poverty measurement forward and build upon the work of the past, poverty measurement must move its focus away from only looking at low income, and take a holistic focus on the living standards of individuals by incorporating assessments of health and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the intersection of gender and class concerning welfare clients with medically unexplained symptoms. The study is conducted in Denmark using qualitative interviews with welfare officers and clients. The paper's focus is on how issues of gender and class intersect in the negotiation of illness among welfare officers and clients. The particular client group in question consists of individuals that are defined by their lack of a bio-medical diagnosis. Their 'lack' of identity accentuates how gender and class become central in the categorisation practices, constructing the ill person as either bio-medically sick or as a person who may be suffering but only from diffuse psychological problems. The paper shows that it is predominantly poorly educated women without a bio-medical diagnosis that welfare officers describe as suffering from psychological problems despite the fact that the women themselves focus on physical ailments in their illness stories. Men and better-educated women are described by the welfare officers as tired and exhausted or truly stressed after a long working life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores which measures of health accurately reflect the functional capabilities of individuals -- that is, in what measures of health do those classified as having poorer health actually have poorer functional outcomes. Using the 2003 Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers, cross-tabulations, chi-squared analysis, and logistic regression models were used to identify the relationship between functional outcomes (core activity limitations and employment and education participation) and various measures of health and disability (composite disability measure, health utility scores and general health assessment). Both the composite disability measure and the health utility score accurately capture individual functional capacity -- with both measures being related to employment participation, employment and education restrictions, and core activity imitations. The health utility scores can also be divided into a categorical measure and still reflect this functional capacity. The general health assessment measure is also related to functional capacity and can potentially be used in the place of both the composite disability measure and the health utility score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia is rapidly becoming home to an increasing number of Polynesians. While the Maori/Pacific Islander 'economic migrant' may appear fit and healthy, statistically the incidence of diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease is extremely high. When this profile is coupled with family reunion migration of older relatives who are living longer, it represents an escalation of current and future outlay for Australian health services. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 67 Polynesian migrants in regard to their perceptions of health and illness, and their experience of health services in Sydney and the Hunter region of New South Wales. Three key respondents, all Polynesian nurses practising in Australia, were also interviewed. The findings indicate a concentration of disadvantage concerning educational achievement, skill levels and health literacy that reinforce the process whereby social disadvantage impacts on health outcomes. This study also reveals a nexus of issues around cultural behaviours and poverty that contribute to the incidence of obesity-related illness and limit compliance with recommended preventative measures and treatments. This paper includes a discussion of the socio-political context of health delivery to Maori and Pacific Islander migrants and how the contraction of services under neoliberal 'belt tightening' undermines potential capacity to treat culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) populations effectively. As Australian scholarship has traditionally concentrated on Melanesia, there is very little research on Polynesians who are one of our burgeoning migrant groups. This study therefore makes a timely contribution to redressing the lack of literature on Polynesian health, cultural practices and socio-economic positioning in this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the association between educational attainment, relative to that of an intimate partner, and all-cause mortality for men and women in different-sex relationships. Research suggests some health benefits for partnered adults that arise from economic benefits and improved access to health-promoting tools. One way these benefits could be gained is through the pairing of the highly educated. While high individual educational attainment lowers mortality risk, less is known about the risks of mortality associated with one's education, relative to their partner's education. Using National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality Files (NHIS-LMF) for the years 1999–2014 with prospective mortality follow-up through December 2015 (N = 347,994), we document the association between relative educational attainment and mortality for men and women with different-sex partners in the United States. Fully adjusted Cox proportional hazard models revealed a higher risk of all-cause mortality for men and women who have more education than their partner, relative to those having the same education as their partner. For women only, having less education than their male partner was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality. A better understanding of relative status within different-sex partnerships provides insights into partnered adult's mortality risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]