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The development and validation of any scale measuring reciprocation anxiety induced from gift reciprocation contexts are yet to be addressed for intimate relationships. To this end, the present study aimed to develop and validate the gift reciprocation anxiety scale (GRAS) using modern psychometric methods for Bangladeshi youths and adults engaged in informal romantic and formal marital relationships. A total of 763 Bangladeshi youths of different public universities and adults in different professions with the ages ranged from 17 to 36 years were the study participants recruited through convenient sampling technique. Firstly, items were generated, and the content validity coefficients were determined through appropriate procedure to finalize the 7-item GRAS for administering on a large sample ( n  = 763). Next, the adequacy of the data for factor analysis was checked and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was done, extracting a single factor structure which was confirmed through the same factor retention using parallel analysis (PA). Model fit indices of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) validated the unifactorial solution of GRAS. In addition, the item response theory (IRT) analyses confirmed that the items of the GRAS had high discriminative power, satisfactory threshold parameters, and covered a wide range of the latent trait. Mean inter-item correlations, corrected item-total correlations, and internal consistency reliabilities of the newly developed GRAS fall within the suggested limits. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) revealed that the GRAS can invariably be applied across gender, age, and marital status. A moderately positive association of GRAS with reciprocity anxiety, depression, and anxiety indicated the convergent validity of the scale. Altogether, GRAS has been found to be a psychometrically sound tool to objectively measure gift reciprocation anxiety in close relationships, implicating gift reciprocation less as an obligation and more as signs of trust, commitment, security, and care for ensuring better intimate relationships., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2025 The Authors.)

The numerical analysis examines the attributes of magnetohydrodynamic natural convection in a closed cavity including a circular hollow. Because mono and hybrid nanofluids have many applications in thermal engineering and manufacturing, hybrid nanofluids are utilized as the substance within the entire domain. The investigation centers on a closed, trapezoidal-shaped hollow with a heated surface ring. The inclined vertical walls are treated as cold exteriors, while the others are insulated. Another factor is taking a magnetic field horizontally to the cavity. The entire cavity contains a hybrid nanofluid, an amalgamation of SiO 2 and Ag nanoparticles with water. The associated governing equations are simulated via the finite element method. Exploiting streamlines, isotherms, and line graphs, the results are physically explained for a range of values of Rayleigh number (10 3  ≤  Ra ≤ 10 6 ), nanoparticle volume fraction (0 ≤  ϕ  ≤ 0.1), and Hartmann number (0 ≤  Ha ≤ 100). The RSM is used to display 2 D effects of significant factors on response function. A best-fitted correlation is built up to examine the rate of sensitivity. It is found that incorporating hybrid nanoparticles and intensifying the Rayleigh number directs to the thermal actuation of hybrid nanofluid. In the event of a growing magnetic impact, reverse behaviors should be noted. The water's ability to transmit heat increases to 11.29 % when the D effects of significant factors on response function. A best-fitted correlation is built up to examine the rate of sensitivity. It is found that incorporating hybrid nanoparticles and intensifying the Rayleigh number directs to the thermal actuation of hybrid nanofluid. In the event of a growing magnetic impact, reverse behaviors should be noted. The water's ability to transmit heat increases to 11.29 % when the Ag-SiO 2 -H shows inverse behavior. Lastly, the study's findings might guide designing a successful natural convective mechanical device. 2 O hybrid nanofluid is used. The imposition of a magnetic field ( Ha  = 25), the rate of heat transmission lessens to 2.4 %. The Ra has positive sensitivity whereas Ha shows inverse behavior. Lastly, the study's findings might guide designing a successful natural convective mechanical device., Competing Interests: On behalf of all authors, I declared that we have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Rapid advancements in the field of 3D printing in the last several decades have made it possible to produce complex and unique parts with remarkable precision and accuracy. Investigating the use of 3D printing to create various high-performance materials is a relatively new field that is expanding exponentially worldwide. Automobile, biomedical, construction, aerospace, electronics, and metal and alloy industries are among the most prolific users of 3D printing technology. Modern 3D printing technologies, such as polymer matrices that use fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) to enhance the mechanical qualities of printed components greatly, have been useful to several industries. High stiffness and tensile strength lightweight components are developed from these materials. Fiber-reinforced composites have a wide range of applications, such as military vehicles, fighter aircraft, underwater structures, shelters, and warfare equipment. Fabricating FRCs using fused deposition modeling (FDM) is also advantageous over other 3D printing methods due to its low cost and ease of operation. The impact of different continuous fiber and matrix polymer selections on FRC performance is covered in this review paper. We will also evaluate the important parameters influencing FRC characteristics and review the most recent equipment and methods for fabricating FRCs. Furthermore, the challenges associated with 3D printing fiber-reinforced composites are covered. The constraints of present technology have also been used to identify future research areas., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

We know that heat shock can activate the functional components in soybeans, but we don't know the type, level, and duration of heat shock for maximum activation. To address this, the present study investigated the changes in functional components like polyphenols, antioxidants, and isoflavones in soybeans at various temperature levels and durations with their respective functionality or health benefits. For this, treated seed samples were extracted with 70 % ethanol. Heat shock at 60 °C for 2 h increased polyphenol content (60.67 % of control) and antioxidant activity for both ABTS (41.14 % of control) and DPPH (217.72 % of control). This also increased the beneficial aglycone form of isoflavones that includes daidzein (8.36-fold of control), glycitein (3.85-fold of control) and genistein (20.50-fold of control) but decreased the harmful β-glucoside form (3.65-fold) including daiazin (1.84-fold of control); glycitin (1.45-fold of control) and genistin (23.88-fold of control) over untreated dry seed. This may happen because of the conversion of conjugated β-glucoside isoflavones to their aglycone forms that have various health benefits. Maximum inhibition of NO production in RAW 264.7 cells was achieved by samples elicited for 2 h with 300 μg/mL concentration. This sample also confirmed the maximum anti-obesity activity treated against 3-T-3L1 cells. This study summarized that heat shock at 60 °C for 2 h increased polyphenols, antioxidants, and aglycon isoflavone in soybeans resulting in increased anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity activity., Competing Interests: The authors declare having no potential conflicts of interest relevant to this study to disclose., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Senna tora (L.) Roxb. is an ethno-medicinal herb used by rural and tribal people of the Satpura region of Madhya Pradesh in India and the Phatthalung Province of Thailand for treating rheumatism, bronchitis, ringworm, itches, leprosy, dyspepsia, liver disorders and heart disorders. It is also used in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine. This study was conducted to investigate the potential of Senna tora (L.) Roxb. as a source of drug candidates against oxidants, inflammation, and bacterial infection. Preliminary phytochemical screening (PPS) and GC-MS were performed to identify the phytochemicals in the ethyl acetate extract of Senna tora (L.) Roxb. leaves (EAESTL). The in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)- and H 2 O 2 -scavenging tests; the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was determined by bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation and red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis inhibition; and the antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar-well diffusion methods. Cytotoxicity was estimated by Artemia salina larvae lethality, while acute toxicity was evaluated by oral delivery of the extract to mice. In silico antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities were predicted by the Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) program. The pharmacokinetics related to ADME and toxicity tests were determined by the admetSAR2 and ADMETlab2 web servers, and drug-able properties were assessed by the SwissADME server. GC-MS detected fifty-nine phytochemicals that support the types of compounds (phenols, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, alkaloids, glycosides and reducing sugar) identified by phytochemical screening. EAESTL exhibited dose-dependent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities without any adverse effects or fluctuations in body weight. The PASS program predicted that the identified phytochemicals have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. Among 51 phytochemicals, 16 showed good ADME, and 8 fulfilled drug-able properties without toxicity. Altogether, four phytochemicals, viz., benzyl alcohol, 3-(hydroxy-phenyl-methyl)-2,3-dimethyl-octan-4-one, phenylethyl alcohol and 2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo [3.1.1] heptane-3-ol, showed good pharmacokinetics and drug-able properties without toxicity, along with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. The obtained results suggest that Senna tora (L.) Roxb. leaves contain bioactive phytochemicals that have the potential to fight against oxidants, inflammation, and bacterial infection as potential drug candidates., Competing Interests: None., (© 2023 The Authors.)

In this paper, the distribution of thermodynamic variables in the protoplanets formed by gravitational instability in the mass range 0.3 - 10 M J ( 1 M J = 1 Jupiter mass = 1.8986 × 10 30 gm) is investigated in their initial state by solving the structure equations via the Adomian decomposition method. Concerning the heat transfer in the protoplanets, the mode of convection is taken into account. The outcomes indicate that there is a reasonably good agreement between the Adomian semi-analytical solution containing only first 8 terms and the numerical results., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2021 The Author(s).)