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This article analyzes various intellectual practices tied to the use of public and private documents in the practice of history in Argentina over the second half of the nineteenth century. Starting from the "question of limits," this essay analyzes the work of bibliophiles Manuel Ricardo Trelles and Juan Martín Leguizamón, both of whom tried to historically reconstruct the territorial unity of Argentina. it shows how this work lies at the crossroads of antiquarian studies, History, and Natural History. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a call for papers on the topic of digital history and the use of Internet in historical research, to be published in a future issue of the journal.

Objective/Context: This paper aims to analyze the vast, varied and lasting presence of the little-known revolutionary rhetoric exploited by Francisco Franco throughout the dictatorship in Spain. To this end, this rhetoric is connected with the different contexts in which it was used and with the terminology employed in those same years by thinkers or politicians linked above all to the Falange. Methodology: As this article is interested in the public discourse of Franco's regime, it has examined in detail and qualitatively the content of Franco's public speeches. For this purpose, we have resorted to the official compilations made under Franco's regime and, because of their selective and incomplete nature, also to newspaper sources. Thus, more than a history of intellectual or political ideas, this work is linked to their public and pragmatic dimension and delves into the complex practical functioning of ideologies. Originality: With few exceptions, Franco's rhetoric has not been studied in detail, and even less in the revolutionary rhetoric. The originality of this study lies in the fact that it is the first specific and analytical approach, although not quantitative, to Franco's revolutionary rhetoric. For example, it explains its unknown survival until the 1960s and even the 1970s, so that it outlived the so-called defalangization of Francoism. Conclusions: Franco's revolutionary rhetoric was characterized by great flexibility and imprecision. It underwent many changes over the years and coexisted with other central discursive frameworks, such as the Cruzada's. It was a crucial factor in the discursive legitimization of Francoism, especially in its initial years. Compared to the Cruzada, with which it complemented, it stood out for its elasticity and pretended transversality. In addition, it was connected with a legitimacy of exercise, not of origin, which was, in fact, more easily connected with the present and the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This paper studies the first Chilean school newspapers led by women and the role of high school students as mediators of scientific knowledge at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. The analysis is part of the expansion and modernization of the press and publishing industry, as well as the in$uence of positivism and the educational reforms that were implemented in Chile during that period, a context in which the ruling class considered scientific knowledge, both its development and access to it by the population, as a priority. Methodology: The article is based on the studies of historians of science who have understood audiences as active agents in generating new knowledge, problematizing categories such as expert, amateur and layman, and examining the types of relationships they sustained. This theoretical perspective is applied to analyzing the magazines of four women's high schools that took advantage of the valid study plans to access the university in the period and is complemented with other sources, such as prospectuses and relevant administrative documents. Originality: The study makes visible the role of women in science and, specifically, Chilean schoolgirls in this context, which have not been studied from the perspective presented here. Conclusions: Despite the lack of attention given to this population group in terms of scientific contribution, it is shown that high school students were active readers, disseminators and producers of knowledge, managing magazines, generating networks and circulating the knowledge beyond the walls of their educational establishments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text proposes a journey through the methodology and work process followed in the Post Scriptum. A Digital Archive of Ordinary Writings (Early Modern in Spain and Portugal) project, which led to the formation of a digital epistolary corpus—now available online—from funds preserved in judicial archives during the Modern Age in the Iberian Peninsula. Based on a practical case, the paper reflects on the reality of the fieldwork carried out in order to build a digital corpus, as well as on its strengths and weaknesses, which allows a first-hand insight of some changes and challenges of the digital revolution we are immersed in. Methodology: Advances in the field of Digital Humanities are taken as a starting point to examine the multidisciplinarity that characterizes both the corpus formation process and the possibilities for its analysis and study. Originality: The paper describes the complete work process involved in the transformation of primary sources into digital sources in an innovative project in the field of Digital Humanities; it also reflects on problems faced by historians in working with private letters produced by common people (sixteenth-nineteenth centuries), which range from the location of these sources to their selection, digitization, editing, treatment, and subsequent study. Conclusions: In addition to describing the process of transforming sources into a digital corpus and the possibilities of its analysis, the article evidences different analytical ways. Likewise, it addresses the wealth of archives as essential repositories for recovering private and ordinary epistolary sources while also reflecting on the future of their conservation in the digital environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: In this research we analyze the change in heterosexual masculinities in Argentina and Mexico during the second half of the twentieth century with a special focus on working class men who, while playing the insertive role in sex with maricas, jotas and gays, still considered themselves and were perceived by their peers to be straight. The evidence shows that, although sex between maricas and young heterosexual men occurred frequently, it was not stigmatized by straight peers, nor did it erode the perceived heterosexuality of these young men in any way. Methodology: In order to explore the representation of sexual activities from the point of view of those involved we conducted in-depth interviews and used a wide range of historical evidence, such as autobiographical literature, ethnographies, and judicial records, materials that have not previously been analyzed together. In addition to discussing self-representations, this paper also analyzes the ways in which scholars and activists from the time period perceived sex between men and the associated identitites. Originality: This paper rests on a comparative approach that helps to reconstruct regional historic and social processes in the midterm. This is the first paper that studies the problem from these straight young men's point of view, based on a novel and diverse corpus. Conclusions: In opposition to the prevailing analysis, this paper develops a counter-intuitive hypothesis: given that sex between men did not deprive heterosexual men of their identity and, instead, it constituted a way of reaffirming their masculinity, these sexual activities between men cannot be categorized as homosexual. On the contrary, the very performance of same-sex sexuality served to shape heterosexuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/context: This paper analyses the relations between 19th century travelling naturalists and the indigenous inhabitants of Brazilian Amazonia. The region was a favourite among travellers during the latter half of the 19th century. On their travel books, naturalists reported not only on local Nature, but also on local inhabitants and their contributions to the expeditions, making them valuable sources for understanding the interactions between them and the natives. Originality: The originality of the paper rests in the use of a diverse set of primary sources, in the form of 19th century travel books. The article contributes to the current historiography on Natural History expeditions while aiming specifically at the relations between naturalists and the indigenous inhabitants of the region. Methodology: The analysis relies on primary sources, which consist mainly of the travel books written and published by some of the most well-known 19th century travelling naturalists that visited the Brazilian Amazonia. It is from their personal reports and observations that we aim to understand, on the one hand, how these foreign naturalists interacted with the local indigenous inhabitants and, on the other, how the natives were able contribute to the scientific expeditions led by European naturalists. Conclusions: It is safe to conclude that the indigenous inhabitants of Brazilian Amazonia were a constant presence during 19th century expeditions in the region. The interactions between naturalists and natives, sometimes mediated by a third party, were often essential to the success of these expeditions. The principal contribution of the indigenous inhabitants, as stated by the naturalists themselves, was the aid in the collection of specimens. The natives' expertise on the habits and habitats of animals and plants, paired with their hunting and to navigational skills through the region's complex river system, seem to have been a subject of admiration as well as a source of information and specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/context: This paper inquires about the process of emergence of a working-class community in the port of Buenos Aires, resulting from actions by workers and inhabitants of the workingclass neighborhood at the beginning of the 20th century. Originality: At the crossroads of diverse historiographies (social, cultural and political history), this paper proposes a joint regard at the labor dimension, worker disputes, carnival celebrations and electoral participation, and to use this multiplicity of events and experiences to think about the emergence of a radicalized worker community, with a particular identity gestated in the mobilization during a specific time at the beginning of the 20th century. Methodology: The months from late 1903 to early 1904 were an important juncture in the port district, and based on a diverse set of documents (commercial, neighborhood, trade and left-wing newspapers, news magazines, police reports, photographs, among others), this paper reconstructs the worker experience in three settings converging in the summer months: protest, carnival and legislative polls. At the same time, it ponders the territorial dimension of community configuration and the key places that formed the backdrop to a story of protest, celebration, and elections. Conclusions: This analysis shows us that worker sociabilities around the port consolidated a community based on family, corporate, partisan, neighborhood and worker solidarities, in times of labor, political and festive mobilization, and of radicalized confrontation with the State and with corporations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/context: this paper is the result of a doctoral research that sought to analyze the trajectories of black and white railroad workers in the interior of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, in the cities of Rio Claro, São Carlos, and Araraquara between 1930 and 1970. The research focused on a reading of how railroad companies in the 20th century, in addition to interconnecting regions and bringing workers of different races closer together, influenced their ascension and mobility in the economic, political, social, and cultural fields in relation to other workers of the period. It aimed to analyze the trajectories and memories of these workers, to understand how black and white workers related to each other considering race and class issues. Methodology: based on the methodological concepts of memory and oral history, approximately 75 former Companhia Paulista railway workers were interviewed. Direct and indirect documentary sources such as books, articles, period newspapers, and other printed materials were also used in the research. Originality: the article advances the analyses presented in terms of possible intersections impregnated by oral history under the criterion of ethnicity and their position occupied in the world of work. Conclusions: the idea of a railway family was adapted to the myth of racial democracy, in its double meaning: although internal conflicts may exist, recognition as railway workers opened the way for all of the workers in the environment outside of work. The ambiguity between color and class coexisted in the trajectory of the interviewees as a relationship of implication, not of causality. The reduction of distances by means of informal cohabitation had an emotional background that was present even in those relationships that would be more characteristically impersonal. The fetish of equality among railroad workers functioned as a mediator in class relations, which contributed to the fact that conflictive situations frequently did not result in factual conflicts, but in conciliations within the railroad company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the presence of students from the National University among the readers of the National Library during the first half of the 1870s. Although some contemporary observers considered the library to be inoperative, the institution was an active agent in the circulation of books in Bogotá: a space of student sociability and a place of university knowledge. Methodology: First, the paper examines the institutional relationship between the library and the university. Then, it characterizes the students and their readings at the library. Finally, it analyzes the recorded readings in relation to the programs of courses taught at the National University, the academic performance of students, the presentation of public speeches, and library attendance by students from regions other than Bogotá and its surroundings. Originality: In a scenario of educational reforms promoted by liberal governments during the 1870s, the National Library was described as “anachronistic” and “useless” by the agents themselves of the nineteenth century. These critical judgments have become a commonplace in historiography. The analysis of new documents, especially library reader records—an unpublished source—, enriches the field of reading appropriation and offers empirical elements that vindicate the institution’s centrality at a time of political and ideological struggles. Conclusions: The article demonstrates that young students at the National University used books from the public repository in academic spaces of professional training, which calls into question the idea of its inoperative character as well as the reasons that originated this liberal criticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the emergence and consolidation of the bookstores in Colombia. Focusing on the first half of the 19th Century, the elements that originated the fairly specialized profession of the booksellers as well as the commercial circulation of books during this period are explored here. This paper argues that the relationship between bookstores and international trade networks was a key element for their organization, always in alignment with changes in the national book market and the local radio of readers. Thus, the paper provides a characterization of the nineteenth-century booksellers, highlighting the commercial role of the catalogues, their shift toward the editorial environment and its connections to the political power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: in recent decades, religion has established itself as one of the most potent instruments to activate political aspirations. The classical paradigms of secularization failed in their predictions, and religion has neither been confined to the private sphere nor has it disappeared from public space. This article looks at how faith is made visible in a particular way and claims its seat in the public discourse. Methodology: the article engages with its objective starting from the analysis of primary sources--ecclesiastic documents, press reports, and references from Spanish Public Administration--and the methods developed around the study of social movements and the cultural history of the political milieu. Originality: the paper focuses on Pope John Paul II's trip to Spain in October and November of 1982. A few days before his arrival, the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (psoe) had won the general elections by a vast absolute majority. For the first time after General Franco's death, a nominally left-wing party took over the government's control. In that context, the Papal visit had great political relevance: significant media and political opposition against that new government came together around John Paul II. Conclusions: through the trips of the Vatican State's head, the Catholic Church mobilizes Catholics in the streets, which transforms the crowds turning out to accompany the Pope into actual marches in which religious recognition mixes with political demands. The trip analyzed in this article, whose logic echoed in multiple spaces during the Papacy of John Paul II, shows us an institution of a marked transnational character capable of acting as an authentic political agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: this paper reviews the strategies and practices through which the Catholic Church and the Medellin Cine-Club (Movie Club) drove specific ways of viewing and judging movies in the mid-20th century in this city. Methodology: with this aim, we draw upon the critique of printed documentary sources such as newspapers, magazines, books, statistical yearbooks, and legislation, complemented with the review of relevant bibliography. Originality: the documentary review allowed suggesting that, as opposed to the traditional vision, the role of the Church cannot be reduced to its intervention in official film censorship and moral censorship it performed through the classification of films. This institution was also particularly active in publishing bulletins and books, creating film fora, and organizing conferences. The Cine-Club, on the other hand, was an entity set up to screen movies not exhibited in commercial theaters because of censorship or lack of mass audience appeal. It made the Church and the city's most conservative sectors hostile and made it challenging to find members and host regular exhibitions. The meeting between those two social actors evidences a historiographically unexplored dispute within the bounds of movie exhibition. Conclusions: the Catholic Church was interested in exercising its capacity for moral control, but did not limit its activities to the latter, given it also sought to form the faithful in the technical and artistic aspects of the sphere seeking to build a Catholic spectator, understood as a spectator who would watch and judge a movie as a work of art without forgetting Christian morals. At the same time, the Cine-Club was attempting to educate cinephiles, in whom the love for movies implied an independent esthetic judgment supported in a relative split between quality and morality. Both positions came into conflict, which led to the close of the secular institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This text sets out a succinct overview of the sweep of the history of emotions and sentiments, from the decisive steps taken by Peter N. Stearns and Carol Z. Stearns in the 1980s up to some of the essential contributions made to the field by numerous academics from Latin America in subsequent moments. The fundamental goal of this exercise is to provide context for the contributions of the articles included in the current issue of Historia Crítica. Methodology: I will point out the main methods and approaches of numerous papers about the history of emotions and sentiments produced in North America and Europe. At the same time, I will inquire about the attention this field has received in Latin American historiography and present the articles of the dossier. Originality: The text condenses and compares a substantial set of historical viewpoints about emotions and sentiments, the pathways it opens to widening historical explanations and invites exploring them from Latinamerican historiography. Conclusions: The articles collected in this issue suggest the importance of continuing to move forward in the study of the history of emotions and sentiments in Latin America, given the authors of these texts prove that the weight of regimes and the signification of emotional experiences matter in the spectrum of causalities, in the decisions, and the agency of individuals and groups, in the formation of political loyalties, in power contests, in revolutions, and wars, in the representations of order and the manners in which to subvert it, but also in the elucidation of the deepest creases of the lives, feelings, and words of the societies of the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This article has two objectives. On the one hand, it seeks to show the history of the Gay Liberation Movement of Colombia (MLHC, for its acronym in Spanish), one of the first political experiences of the LGBT movement in Colombia. On the other hand, the article seeks to explain the various international activism networks that established a constant flow of information between gay liberation movements throughout the Western Hemisphere. Originality: The analysis comprises the period between 1976 and 1989, outlining the chronology from the beginnings of the sexual diversity movement in Colombia to its first cycle of protests. Methodology: The research is based on sources that are not usually contemplated by historiography, which include the organization's internal documents and its various editorial projects. Conclusions: The paper concludes that, although strongly influenced by the new left, the MLHC represented a heterogeneous political experience with its own sectoral discussions. In addition, it unveils a complex relationship with gay liberation organizations both in the Americas and in Europe, and proposes an interconnected vision of the sexual diversity movement in the West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This article explains how the Sierra de La Macarena Biological Reserve, which marked the beginning of the new state responsibility of caring for nature in Colombia, was conceived and then created by law in 1948. Additionally, this paper reconstructs the first decade of its existence. Methodology: This research is based on archival documents, historic publications and secondary sources, which allow us to understand the ideas about nature that guided such history and the concrete processes that characterized it. Originality: This article studies the process of State formation from a territorial and environmental perspective, bringing together political and environmental history, and pointing at new avenues of inquiry in both fields. Conclusions: The beginnings of a new state responsibility of caring for nature depended on previous developments of the state itself, particularly on the efforts to deal with tropical diseases. Therefore, an area of state activity devoted to insure the well-being of the population served as the basis for the inceptive development of another. This issue was, however, not entirely national. Global scientific networks, including medical doctors, entomologists and geologists, together with an innovative technology, aviation, also played a crucial role. The research station that was conceived along with the reserve to support long-term research was partly impaired by La Violencia of the 1950s. Instead, scientists carried out several expeditions that contributed to turn La Macarena into national patrimony, at least in the minds of some Colombians. Given that aspirations well exceeded the achievements, the definitive emergence of this area of state performance had to wait a few years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: The objective of this article is to aid historians who are interested in recovering the climate history of the current Colombian territory, in their explanations and research about climate and weather factors. Methodology: In order to face the lack of quantitative records, this paper shows some alternatives such as looking for signs from indirect sources, the contrast of sources, series-making, and detection of teleconnections. Originality: It shows the potential of documentary sources, it synthesizes methodological problems and it exemplifies a few ways to solve them based on a research about the Cundiboyacense Plateau in the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. Conclusions: The research agenda includes the exploration of new archives, climate history on a regional scale, the study of perceptions about weather even using quantitative records, and the exploration of the relationship climate-society during political struggle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze the situation of the Portuguese daily press during the last years of the authoritarian regime of the Estado Novo, deposed in 1974, by identifying the opportunities and constraints placed upon the press industry. To this end, we will explore external forces (or macro-environmental elements) that influenced the production and reception of newspapers. We will focus specifically on political, economic, and technological forces. With this, we hope to contribute to a deeper understanding of the Portuguese news-paper industry in a time in which large economic and financial groups purchased many newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about how the office of the Bishop was managed and the Diocese of Montevideo created (1878) during the administration of coronel Lorenzo Latorre, considering how the government, the Church in Uruguay, and the Holy See in Rome contributed to its success. It analyzes the difficulties of installing the Ecclesiastical Council and the Conciliar Seminary, as disposed by the Papal Bull at the beginning of the 19th century. The paper shows how the sustained right of Patronage of the State conditioned the institutional development of the Montevideo Diocese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the various actions taken by the authorities of the state of Zacatecas (Mexico) during the First Federal Republic (1824-1835), in order to find solutions to problems related to the exercise of patronage and related topics. It shows that these proposals were useful to defend and drive federalism, and to advance a project to create a secular and liberal State and society. The paper concludes that the attempt to apply this was ambiguous, as it became part of the "pitfalls" that prevented the first federalism from consolidating by contributing to the division of local and national political groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies certain forms of violence which occurred during the conquest of Antioquia between 1540 and 1550. As this province was a border area, both because of the aboriginal resistance and because of the confrontation between the governorates of Cartagena and Popayan, war and punishment against indigenous peoples was gruesome, even for the context of the Conquest. The aim of the paper is not to study the uniqueness of Antioquia, but to show that the border war was an imperial problem and that it relaxed morals allowing a punitive system foreign to civilized confrontation but valid in peripheral areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the distribution of specialized subjects devoted to health care in the Argentine territory according to the First National Census (1869). We present statistical estimations and visual resources that contribute to illustrate the logic of the absolute and relative presence of graduates and empirical practitioners. By articulating census data with input from specialized bibliography, the paper provide evidence for certain variables associated with the presence of the State, the differential socio-economic development of the regions, and the rural-urban splits in the long first half of the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the development of an idea: American continental unity as an object of study in Latin American intellectual history of the twentieth century. To achieve this, the article is organized in three stages: the idealist, which starts with José Enrique Rodó; the confrontation between Pan-Americanism and Americanism, which rises from the opposition against imperialism and the revindication of mixed heritages (mestizaje); and the confrontation between policies to implement development and revindicate continental unity driven by the Cuban Revolution. The paper emphasizes that gray area that emerges today, marked by an open questioning of national unity as a paradigm; in other words, the paper sets forth a question regarding the political and intellectual relevance of a topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the distribution of cinema in the city of Rosario (Argentina) during the interwar period, focusing on the construction of cultural discourses, practices and relations. The paper explores representations, made by various agents, of cinema and the strategies of social and cultural discipline set regarding the films and the audience. Censorship and the disciplinary mechanisms are studied in light of their forms of production and reproduction in the urban social space, trying to (r)establish its sociological historicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/context: In this article I will examine the concept and the ideal of "experience", i.e. knowledge acquired from lived situations, and its effects on the functioning of the Spanish Empire during the seventeenth century. The analysis will focus on the experience of Spanish imperial officers --those men who held government offices, such as corregidores or gobernadores-- and how they developed empirical knowledge and practices that were decisive for government and the functioning of the monarchy. Originality: Officers' experiences have received very little attention, especially from a political perspective. Moreover, this study emphasizes not only the physical movements of officers throughout the empire, but also the way their knowledge circulated. Furthermore, it highlights the fact that this movement was not unidirectional, nor exclusively from Europe to America. There was broad intraregional movement, as well as from America to Europe. Methodology: The article will make a brief analysis of how experience was valued by political treatise writers. Then, it will show how imperial officers gained various forms of experience and focus on tracing the circulation of such experience: i.e. how it was put into practice in other regions of the empire. Finally, from an analysis of the informaciones de méritos y servicios (or "reports on merits and services", a well-known but understudied document) this paper will take stock of how officers' experiences were accumulated, codified and disseminated. Conclusions: Officers' experience circulated profusely throughout the empire and helped to build a common knowledge on how to govern the very varied and scattered spaces and subjects of the Spanish king. The study of the practice and transmission of experience shows how the Hispanic Monarchy was structured. Beyond the political and legal institutions, it was the very experience of government (and the circulation of such experience) that interwove the global empire, giving it cohesion and vitality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/context: The article analyzes the organizational process and execution of the IX Mar del Plata International Film Festival of 1968. It outlines the objectives that General Juan Carlos Onganía's dictatorship pursued with this festival, which had, until 1968, been organized by private entities. The tensions that arose between the government alliance and cinematographic groups is also discussed. Originality: Until now, historiography has emphasized the strong cultural repression of the Onganía dictatorship. Without denying this perspective, the analysis of this selective opening experience at the film festival brings to the fore new perspectives on how dictatorships used cultural and media policies as an internal consensus building strategy and as a tactic to legitimize the government internationally. Conversely, the cultural arena is seen as a territory for political disputes within the framework of authoritarian governments. Methodology: The research was conducted mainly from the analysis of multiple printed publications of the time. Conclusions: This paper proposes understanding this cultural experience as a process aimed at improving the image of the government abroad through cinematography. However, this attempt by the dictatorship failed because, from the moment that the strategy was launched, the festival became politicized and it was transformed into a terrain of disputes between different factions within the government as well as between the government and the world of cinema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a series of reflections on the phenomenon of smuggling, based on the specific cases of two American colonies, New France and New Granada, during the 17th and 18th centuries. The purpose is to highlight the characteristics common to illicit trade both these colonies despite their notorious differences. Specifically, the paper focuses on five different traits that typified smuggling in both New France and New Granada and which make it possible to explain its continued existence there throughout the colonial period: first, the socioeconomic needs underlying the rise and continuation of smuggling; secondly, the measures taken by the authorities to repress this illegal activity; thirdly, the role of merchants and their relative independence with respect to authority; fourthly, the topic of profitability and subsequent enrichment, marked by corruption and the influence social networks in official affairs; fifth and finally, the presence of indigenous groups, their co-existence with authorities in the conquered territories, and their relationship to trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the possible local history boundaries within the paradigm of global history. Based on the questioning to the existing equation between local and global, by means of an analogy between micro and macro levels, the current research attempts to rebuild the methodological implications of the so-called "Spatial turn". Likewise, it analyzes the contradictions of the metaphorical analysis of space. Particularly, this research will focus on the rejection to the endogenous explanations of global history. This, in turn, contributes to the highlighting of the analytical boundaries of the circulation paradigm on which this is, likewise, based on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the military expeditions deployed In the Darien between 1784 and 1790, with the goal of pre-senting the reduction model designed and implemented in this province. The article also alms to expose the com-mercial underpinnings of the expeditions that may have had social effects upon the region, its indigenous inhabit-ants, and the Neogranadine Vlceroyship. This is done to support the argument that the Viceroy's offensive in the Darien combined persuasive and violent methods driven by the English and that resulted In the mobilization of large amounts of resources, important diplomatic actions, and the transportation of people from various places on the Atlantic. The paper also supports the argument that, despite their apparent magnitude, the expeditions were not effective due to the power of the Indigenous peoples In negotiating with colonial authorities and evad-ing them, as well as to the weak presence of local colonization agents that could protect the new foundations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze the transformation process of the Colombian Army between 1960 and 1965, which was driven by the political decisions of the rulers, the intervention of the Armed Forces, and by factual gambles made by the military to eliminate the first revolutionary guerillas. Through this, we expect to argue two hypotheses: first that the relationship between the Army and the civilian government was ambiguous during a period of institutional transition; and, second, that political subordination and military autonomy were breached by the intromission of military players in the political scene, and by rulers in the military scene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O presente artigo examina as causas pelas quais a assembleia anfictiónica, convocada por Simón Bolívar para unir as novas repúblicas americanas, nào pode ter sessào no México após sua transferência do Panamá em 1826. Definem-se as posiçôes dos ministros plenipotenciários apelando a fontes primárias e a documentos da época, incluida urna minuta inédita da reuniào dos ministros dos Estados Unidos e da Grâ-Colômbia. Este último docu-mento, cuja importância é contextualizada neste artigo, permite conhecer a controvérsia que dividiu os hispano-americanos em torno da possibilidade de instalar a assembleia sem esperar a ratificaçào dos tratados do Istmo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we will analyze the ways in which the corporal discourse became part of the Salesian educational community in what is known as the Military Government of Comodoro Rivadavia, between 1944 and 1955. Starting in the mid-1930s, the Salesian congregation fostered, with the aid of the Administración de Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF: Treasury Petroleum Fields), technical education for youngsters that would later become part of the state owned oil company. We will show that, by opening a Technical School in 1937, the Church expected to bring the Christian Doctrine closer to the world of labor, and with this, to a specific form of masculinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the disputes that took place in rural towns during the Buenos Aires Campaign for the control of military commands. We seek to identify the opportunities that arose during the revolutionary process to transform the local government in a context of deep contradictions between the will of the upper government to control the campaign, and the aspirations of self-government of the towns. Through this, we identify some of the components of the political cultures that were a product of a singular combination and selective appropriation of colonial traditions and revolutionary discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the various concepts of patronage that were held in Chile after the formation of the Junta Gubernativa of 1810 and the relation with the Holy See in the context of the exercise of republican patronage. The concepts patronage, papal concessions, or sovereign attributions inherited from the Spanish Monarchy were complemented by the Holy See's own concept of Papal Reserve which, starting in 1830, was imposed in Episcopal appointments. In this context, the author analyzes the way Chilean governments executed republican patronage, recognized as a sovereign attribute in the Constitution of 1833. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to show that, despite it being a relevant topic, patronage has not been sufficiently studied by Colombian historians. With this objective in mind, it studies the discussions generated by the republican patronage in Colombia in the 19th century in three different scenarios. The first focuses on the period circa 1824, when the Republic inherited the right of patronage the Spanish Crown had held for three centuries. The second discusses the difficulties present in the application of patronage to specific cases. The third refers to discussions of patronage when it had already disappeared and had been replaced by the separation of power, in 1853. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the material shortages faced by the Peruvian judicial power in the early years of the Republic and seeks to understand how these deficiencies affected the administration of justice. We argue that the goal of the authorities to create an independent, professional, and nationwide judicial power immediately after independence was unattainable, directly affecting the reputation of judges and formalizing a series of irregular practices surrounding the courts. Said practices did not disappear as the country gained greater political and economic stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to reflect upon the sensitivity invoked by child issues, specifically regarding abuse, from the standpoint of the construction of the Argentinean National State, focusing particularly on the mediation role that neighborhood communities took on in the central and southern regions of the Buenos Aires province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes various viewpoints of different aspects of the War of the Triple Alliance (1864-1870) divulged in newspapers specially created by the Government of Paraguay during the conflict, specifically between 1867 and 1869. By studying the contents of the trench newspapers regarding the main issues at hand, or their silence regarding said issues, we seek to identify the arguments used by the Government to explain their actions, attempting to determine what the role of the press was ultimately during this period of total crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies attempts to political integration made in Northeastern Antioquia by political leaders in the first half of the 19th century. It argues that the attempt to extend centralization networks led by political leaders In order to Implement greater social, political, and administrative control was hindered by mayors and other local officials, as well as by those interested In preserving certain liberties In order to protect individual interests. These conflicts, when framed within the institutional structure, show simultaneously the expansion of the State and the persistence of the factors which limited its local establishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the ritual mechanisms deployed in Chile on the occasion of the ratification of the constitutional texts which came to be in the period between 1812 and 1833. By studying these political ceremonies, which are clearly continuations of the royal oaths of the colonial regime, the efforts of the Chilean leading class to socialize the republican ideals among the population become evident, making it possible to symbolically replace the King for the Constitution as the source of legitimacy of the new political system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies some aspects of the diet of three hospitals of the New Granada in the late 18th century. To do this, we analyze accounting records found in the General National Hall of Records which recorded the purchase of foodstuffs in three San Juan de Dios hospitals located in Santafé de Bogotá, Cartagena, and Portobelo (Panama). The ingredients and recipes recorded describe a specific moment in the history of the diet in the hospital, determined by the religious and tributary model of the monastic and conventual world. The foods eaten then were influenced by the economic, cultural, religious, and hygienic circumstances surrounding them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the historical process by which demographic growth was constructed as the "population question" in mid-twentieth-century Colombia. In other words, it addresses the mechanisms by which it was understood as a scientific, political and economic problem concerning the medical community, specifically the Colombian Association of Medical Schools (Ascofame). The paper demonstrates how this Association drew on notions such as demography, the idea of development as a path to well-being, and a broad definition of health to legitimize its authority and intervention in society. In its discussion of the historical construction of the "population issue", the article questions the use of quantitative methods as a tool to legitimize public and social action, and it reveals the subjective nature of quantitative description in demographic studies. Finally, it introduces the problem of the legitimate intervention of the medical practice not only in regards to its role in demonstrating the existence of the "population problem", but also in its ability to influence reproductive behavior in the quest for social transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the reality of slave resistance, particularly rebellion, through a study of the oppressors' fear and the dominant discourse, focusing on the effects of the rumor of a slave conspiracy in 1693. The article also explores the conditions that could have helped slaves, runaway slaves and even free-blacks to struggle against colonial oppression. Ultimately, it attempts to demonstrate how the events surrounding the conspiracy are proof that the colonial society recognized the capability of blacks to resist and transgress the established order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]