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Sulfate reduction with ammonium oxidation (SRAO) in laboratory ANAMMOX reactors was considered as an autotrophic process mediated by ANAMMOX bacteria (AnAOB), in which ammonium, as an electron donor, was oxidized by the electron acceptor sulfate. This process was developed based on the transformations of nitrogenous and sulfurous compounds observed in natural environments. Reported results vary widely for conversion mole ratios (ammonium/sulfate) as do intermediate and final products of the sulfate reduction. Thus, hypotheses surrounding biological conversion pathways of ammonium and sulfate in ANAMMOX consortia are implausible. In this study, continuous reactor experiments and batch tests were conducted under micro-aerobic (-100 mVORP0 mV, 0.5 mg·L

A continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CFSTR) was used to inoculate mixed sludge (with an ANAMMOX sludge to sewage concentrate sludge ratio of 1:1) to study the simultaneous conversion of NH

Fe

The phenomenon of simultaneous transformation of ammonium and sulfate under the conditions of inoculating ANAMMOX culture has gotten the attention of researchers. However, there are some problems and doubts reported in the related literature. In this study, the characteristics of ammonium and sulfate synchronous transformation were investigated in a CFSTR via inoculation with ANAMMOX culture. Under the condition of oxygen removal and non-filling, in the unfilled sealed fermentation tank, the average conversion of NH

The ammonium oxidation by potential electron acceptors(NO

Automatic aeration and recirculation of effluent were used to start CANON process with up flow sludge bed reactor, and the start-up and operation characteristics of the process were studied. The results showed that the CANON process could be started quickly and stably by the method of reoxygenation reflux under the conditions of sludge volume fraction 25%, NH