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The removal of CS2 by a wire-in-tube pulsed corona reactor was experimentally investigated. The effects of O2 and H2 in Ar gas on the removal of CS2 were examined. It was shown that the removal of CS2 increased with the increase of input pulse voltage. The decomposition of CS2 was improved in the presence of O2 in gas stream and the maximal removal was over 97%. The main gaseous products of CS2 decomposition with the addition of O2 in Ar gas were CO, CO2 COS and SO2, while, with the presence of H2 in Ar gas, the main products of CS2 decomposition were H2S and CH4. It was found that with the co-existence of sorbent Ca(OH)2 in the reactor, the gaseous products of CS2 decomposition (SO2 and H2S) were not detected, showing that the products were absorbed by the sorbent Ca(OH)2. It was also found that the removal of CS2 decreased when there was water vapor in gas stream.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) polluted sites caused by abandoned coking plants have attracted great attentions. This study investigated the feasibility of using methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MCD) solution to enhance ex situ soil washing for extracting PAHs. Treatment with elevated temperature (50 degrees C) in combination with ultrasonication (35 kHz, 30 min) at 100 g x L(-1) was effective. It was found that 96.7% +/- 2.4% of 3-ring PAH, 89.7% +/- 3.2% of 4-ring PAH, 76.3% +/- 2.2% of 5 (+6)-ring PAH and 91.3% +/- 3.1% of total PAHs were removed from soil after five successive washing cycles. The desorption kinetics of PAHs from contaminated soil was determined before and after successive washings. The 400 h Tenax extraction of PAHs from soil was decreasing gradually with increasing washing times. Furthermore, the F(r), F(sl), k(r), k(sl) and k(vl) were significantly lower than those of CK (P < 0.01). Therefore, considering the removal efficiency and potential environmental risk after soil )ashing, successive washing three times was selected as a reasonable parameter. These results have practical implications for site risk assessment and cleanup strategies.

The decolorization and organic matter reduction of bamboo wastewater using Fenton oxidation was studied. Considering the cost and the removal efficiency, the optimal conditions were t = 30 degrees C, pH = 3.5, p(H2O2) = 1 665 mg x L(-1), c(Fe2+)/c(H2O2) = 0.072 and reaction time 3 h, with an initial COD and color concentration of wastewater of 430 mg x L(-1) and 1 500 times, under these conditions, the removal efficiency of COD and color could achieve 87.5% and 94.4%, respectively. It was found that the color reduction was higher than that of organics, and less affected by operation factors. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the chromophoric groups and auxochromic groups were greatly removed after Fenton treatment. The intermediates were mainly ester derivatives, and the by-products included 1-iodo-tridecane and 1,1'-oxybisoctane.

A biotrickling filter (BTF) was designed for treating mixed waste gases, which contained hydrogen sulfide (H2S), tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dichloromethane (DCM) at the start-up and steady states. The removal efficiency of H2S and DCM could maintain about 99% and 60%, respectively, and the removal efficiency of DCM was reduced from 90% to 37% with the shortening empty bed retention time (EBRT) form 50 to 20 seconds when the inlet concentrations were 200, 100, 100 mg x m(-3) of H2S, THF, DCM, respectively. In the theoretical study, the biodegradation efficiency of contaminants was H2S > THF > DCM by analyzing the Michaelis-Menten Dynamic model.

Scenario analysis was used to study the environmental burden in a coastal city of Zhejiang province under different patterns of economic development. The aim of this research is to propose advices on decision making by illustrating how to make emissions reduced by transforming the pattern of economic development in a developed coastal area, which had acquired the level of 70 000 yuan GDP per cap. At first, 18 heavy pollution industries were screened out, by referencing total emissions of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia-nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxide. Then, a model of scenario analysis and the back-up calculation program were designed to study the sustainable development of the heavy pollution industries. With 2008 and 2015 as the reference year and the target year respectively, emissions of four pollutants mentioned above in the 18 heavy pollution industries in the city were analyzed under six scenarios. The total emissions of 4 pollutants should be reduced to an expectant degree, which is set as the constraint prerequisite of the scenario analysis. At last, some suggestions for decision-making are put forward, which include maintaining a moderate increase rate of GDP around 7%, strengthening the adjustment of economic structure, controlling the increasing rate of industrial added value of the industries with heavy pollution, optimizing the structure of industries with heavy pollution, decreasing the intensity of waste emission by implementing cleaner production to reduce emission produce at the source, and strengthening regulations on the operation of waste treatment plants to further promote the efficiency of waste treatment. Only by implementing such measures mentioned above, can the total emissions of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia-nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxide of the 18 industries with heavy pollution in the city be reduced by a 10%, 10%, 5%, and 15% respectively based on the reference year.

Mine tailings in Xiangsi Valley, Tongling, China, is a typical skarn-type tailing with high contents of carbonates. This study designed dynamic leaching experiments to investigate the efficiency of this tailing under the acid mine drainage treatment. During 80 d trial period, the physical and chemical properties of influents were fixed and the effluents were monitored. After the trial, the speciation of Fe, Cu and Zn in solid was analyzed. The results showed that during the trial period, pH value maintained above 7.5. Moreover, the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Fe ions in effluents kept below 0.1, 0.4 and 1 mg x L(-1), respectively. In addition, the permeability coefficient of experimental column kept decreasing during the experimental period (from 0.23 cm x s(-1) to 0.10 cm x s(-1)). Five-step sequential extraction method was employed to study the distribution of elements at different depths. The results showed that Cu2+, Zn2+ were removed mainly through sorption and precipitation. This study indicates that Tongling skarn mine tailings have strong acid neutralization as well as heavy metal binding capacities. Therefore, the authors suggest that this mine tailing, which used to be waste, has a potential in AMD control and treatment.

Input-output model and low carbon programming model on building ceramic industry were established. Carbon dioxide emissions of key steps and carbon footprint of products were calculated and predicted using the input-output model. While products planning was optimized using the low carbon programming model. The results showed that CO2 emission in the enterprise reached 182 543.9 t a year and CO2 emission per unit product was 10% more than advanced level in the world. 80% of the total CO2 was emitted during the processes of firing and drying. As a result, we should focus on these two steps in order to reduce carbon dioxide emission of building ceramic industry. Carbon footprint of blank tile, polished tile, and glazed tile were 150.2 t, 168.0 t, 159.6 t respectively. Optimized by the low carbon model, The ceramic enterprise could reduce carbon dioxide emission by 5.4% while not sacrificing any profit, and also could obtain profit 5.6% higher than before while unrise the carbon dioxide emission.

The study is aimed to evaluate the impact of impurities like food waste, paper, textile and especially soil on the pyrolysis of waste plastics. For this purpose, emissions, gas and liquid products from pyrolysis of waste plastics and impurities were studied, as well as the transfer of element N, Cl, S from the substrates to the pyrolysis products. It was found that the presence of food waste would reduce the heat value of pyrolysis oil to 27 MJ/kg and increase the moisture in the liquid products, therefore the food residue should be removed from waste plastics; and the soil, enhance the waste plastics' pyrolysis by improving the quality of gas and oil products. The presence of food residue, textile and paper leaded to higher gas emissions.

Mesoporous activated carbons with high surface area were prepared from three waste polymers, i. e., tire rubber, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethyleneterephtalate (PET), by KOH activation. The adsorption/desorption characteristics of dyes (methylene blue and methyl orange) on the carbons were studied. The effects of pH, ionic strength and surface surfactants in the solution on the dye adsorption were also investigated. The results indicated that the carbons derived from PVC and PET exhibited high surface area of 2 666 and 2 831 m2 x g(-1). Their mesopore volume were as high as 1.06 and 1.30 cm3 g(-1), respectively. 98.5% and 97.0% of methylene blue and methyl orange were removed in 15 min by PVC carbon, and that of 99.5% and 95.0% for PET carbon. The Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity to these dyes was more than 2 mmol x g(-1), much higher than that of commercial activated carbon F400. Compared with Freundlich model, the adsorption data was fitted better by Langmiur model, indicating monolayer coverage on the carbons. The adsorption was highly dependent on solution pH, ionic strength and concentration of surface surfactants. The activated carbons exhibited higher adsorption to methylene blue than that of methyl orange, and it was very hard for both of the dyes to be desorbed. The observation in this study demonstrated that activated carbons derived from polymer waste could be effective adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater with dyes.

In order to investigate the types and genesis of membrane fouling of nanofiltration desalination system treating dyeing and finishing wastewater of cotton knit textile, comprehensive analysis, using ICP-AES, SEM-EDX, FTIR, TGA, high optical microscope and XRF, was carried out based on tests of influent water quality, and tests of the membrane fouling states of different processes and tests of membrane cleaning. The results showed that the types of membrane fouling included inorganic fouling, organic fouling and microbial fouling. The mass percents of bound water, organic substance and inorganic substance of dry foulants, dried at 105 degrees C, were 8.2%, 41.0% and 50.8% respectively. Ferric salt was the most serious inorganic fouling salt, and the main functional groups, found from organic foulants, were -OH, -CH and -C =C. Several kinds of protozoa were found from the membrane foulants as well as metazoan. The analysis of short-term and long-term membrane fouling indicated that it need a long time cumulative effect for the formation of organic fouling and microbial fouling. The results of NF cleaning tests showed that the mainly reason lead to the decline of membrane flux were organic fouling and microbial fouling, which took 53.3%.

Treatment of VOCs from oven of container production process is taken as an example to discuss the characteristics of regenerative thermo oxidation (RTO)-heat recovery technology and activated carbon adsorption-steam desorption-solvent recovery technology, based on a large number of data gathered in many projects. It is suggested that, both of technologies are able to achieve the purpose of recovery VOCs; Compared with activated carbon adsorption-steam desorption-solvent recovery technology, RTO-heat recovery technology has better economic and environmental benefit.

A kind of hydrophobic zeolitic monolith were prepared by mixing HY/ZSM-5, additives and water, followed by processes of extrusion and drying, and then hydrophobic modification with SiCl4. The structures and properties of the adsorbent were examined by nitrogen adsorption and desorption measurement, XRD, and benzene adsorption experiment. The results show that those adsorbents possess hierarchical pore structures and excellent hydrophobicity.

Complicated industrial organic waste gas with the characteristics of low concentration,high wind volume containing inorganic dust and oil was employed the research object by complex absorption. Complex absorption mechanism, process flow, purification equipment and engineering application were studied. Three different surfactants were prepared for the composite absorbent to purify exhaust gas loaded with toluene and butyl acetate, respectively. Results show that the low surface tension of the composite absorbent can improve the removal efficiency of toluene and butyl acetate. With the advantages of the water film, swirl plate and fill absorption device, efficient absorption equipment was developed for the treatment of complicated industrial organic waste gas. It is with superiorities of simple structure, small size, anti-jam and high mass transfer. Based on absorption technology, waste gas treatment process integrated with heating stripping, burning and anaerobic and other processes, so that emissions of waste gas and absorption solution could meet the discharge standards. The technology has been put into practice, such as manufacturing and spraying enterprises.

The reduction of the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from fixed industrial resources is considered more necessary than before. The traditional treatment techniques, newly developed ones and some combinations of these treatment techniques are reviewed in this paper. The applying conditions, developing trend and existing problems of these techniques are also evaluated.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from industrial sources account for a large percent of total anthropogenic VOCs. In this paper, VOCs emission characterization, control technologies and management were discussed. VOCs from industrial emissions were characterized by high intensity, wide range and uneven distribution, which focused on Bejing-Tianjin Joint Belt, Shangdong Peninsula, Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta. The current technologies for VOCs treatment include adsorption, catalytic combustion, bio-degradation and others, which were applied in petrochemical, oil vapor recovery, shipbuilding, printing, pharmaceutical, feather manufacturing and so on. The scarcity of related regulations/standards plus ineffective supervision make the VOCs management difficult. Therefore, it is suggested that VOCs treatment be firstly performed from key areas and industries, and then carried out step by step. By establishing of actual reducing amount control system and more detailed VOCs emission standards and regulations, applying practical technologies together with demonstration projects, and setting up VOCs emission registration and classification-related-charge system, VOCs could be reduced effectively.

Due to the volatile nature, the way of controlling way of VOCs was different from other atmospheric pollutants. By analyzing the emission characteristics of VOCs, four kinds of control way were proposed, which were the source control, organized emission control, fugitive emission control and the total amount control, and the control modes of each control way were also analyzed and compared.

The research was focus on the influence of experimental conditions to the removal efficiency of contaminant and the change of biodegradability in the treatment of acrylic fiber polymerization wastewater using three-dimensional electrode reactor with granular activated carbon. The anode was Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3 expanded metal sheet electrode. The cathode was Ti expanded metal sheet electrode. The parameters investigated were the reaction time, electrolytic voltage, initial pH value and aeration amount. The results show that the electrolytic voltage and initial pH value had greater impact on the removal efficiency of organic pollutants. Under the optimal experimental condition with electrolytic voltage 15 V, initial pH value 3, aeration amount 400 mL/min, the removal rates of COD, TOC and acrylonitrile were 32.59%, 22.17% and 89.70%, respectively,and the value of BOD5/COD increased from 0.02 to 0.42 within 120 min, which improved the biodegradability greatly and was beneficial for further biological treatment.

A plate type biotrickling filters (plate type-biotrickling filter, PTBTF) in which three layers are separately sprayed by nutrient solution of pH 2.5, 4.5 and 6.5, relatively, was designed for H2S removal at the start-up and steady states. The biofilm formation of PTBTF was completed within 14 d, and the removal efficiency of 100% was achieved at the inlet H2S concentration of 188.6 mg x m(-3). Afterwards, H2S removal efficiency remained above 99% with the inlet concentration between 100 mg x m(-3) and 1 000 mg x m(-3) and empty bed residence time (EBRT) between 28 s and 4 s. When removal efficiency was 90%, the maximum elimination capacity of PTBTF increased with EBRT (3.3-6 s), e. g. 1 019.0 g x (m3 x h)(-1) for EBRT 6 s. The elimination capacity of the upper, middle and lower layer varied with the inlet H2S loading. It was found that the microorganisms onto the packing carriers in upper, middle and lower layers increased significantly at the start-up state, and reached 1.29 x 10(7), 5.47 x 10(8), and 1.07 x 10(9) cells x g(-1), respectively, in 125 d by the means of fluorescence staining. The bacilliform and filamentous microorganisms were the dominants in the upper and lower layer, respectively, observed by scanning electron microscopy. The biological community analysis by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was also conducted in this study. The main products of SO4(2-) and sulfur were determined for H2S degradation.

Jiaozuo city was taken as a representative industry city and its industry energy consumption and industry emissions such as wastewater,solid waste, SO2, dust and so on were selected as corresponding environmental loads. The contribution rate to the environmental loads and eco-efficiencies of Jiaozuo industry sectors were analyzed quantitatively. The results show that, the industry sector with the highest energy eco-efficiency is Mining and Processing of Ferrous Metal Ores (FMM), 43.19 x 10(4) yuan x tce(-1), and its contribution rate is 0.003%; the one with the highest wastewater-related eco-efficiency is Manufacture of Transport Equipment (TRM), 3.58 x 10(4) yuan x t(-1), and its contribution rate is 0.0001%; the one with the highest solid waste-related eco-efficiency is Manufacture of Special Purpose Machinery( SMM), 323.22 x 10(4) yuan x t(-1), and its contribution rate is 0.005%; the one with the highest SO2 emission-related eco-efficiency is Manufacture of Special Purpose Machinery (SMM), 19.74 x 10(4) yuan x kg(-1), and its contribution rate is 0.0001%; the one with the highest dust emission-related eco-efficiency is Manufacture of Rubber (RUM), 6.75 x 10(4) yuan x kg(-1), and its contribution rate is 0.001%. It can be seen that the industry sector with high value of eco-efficiency always contributes less to its environmental load, which results that the industry sectors with high eco-efficiencies only play a weak role in leading the overall industry eco-efficiency. A succinct distance index (SDI) was proposed to estimate the differences between Jiaozuo and China average for their eco-efficiency of every industrial sector. The values of SDI range from -1 to 63.45, and the absolute value of SDI with positive value is much greater than that with negative value, which indicates that the values of eco-efficiencies for the advanced industry sectors of Jiaozuo city are much higher than those for China's industry sectors average.

Soil samples contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were collected from Beijing Coking Plant. The purposes were to isolate PAHs degrading bacteria from the soils, determine their appropriate living condition, enrich them and apply them in the enhanced bioremediation of the contaminated soils. Using each of the 16 USEPA priority PAHs as the sole carbon source, PAHs degrading bacteria were isolated using the method of plate streaking and identified by genetic analysis. In total seven species of PAHs degrading bacteria were obtained. When mixed, these bacteria could degrade the 16 (2-6 cyclic) PAHs studied at appropriate concentrations. In the liquid medium, when the total concentration of the 16 PAHs (sigma PAH16) was 17 microg/mL, single bacteria could grow well and degrade the PAHs. However, when sigma PAH16 was 166 microg/mL, the growth and activity of either single PAHs degrading bacteria or a mixture of the seven PAHs degrading bacteria were inhibited. Aiming at the contaminated soils from Beijing coking plant, five treatments were performed, i.e., control (C), addition of nutrient (N), addition of nutrient and PAHs degrading bacteria (N + B), addition of nutrient and surfactant (N +S), addition of nutrient and PAHs degrading bacteria and surfactant (N + B + S). After five weeks of experiment, compared to the C treatment, the mean removal rate of the 16 PAHs in the N + B treatment was increased 32%, and the mean removal rate of the 16 PAHs in the N + B + S treatment was increased 46% (the mean removal rate of the 10 4-6 cyclic PAHs was increased 52%). The addition of PAHs degrading bacteria and surfactant could significantly enhance the degradation of PAHs in the soils. This study provides evidence for the enhanced bioremediation of PAHs contaminated soil for Beijing coking plant and other coking plants.

Different oxidants were evaluated for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from contaminated soils at industrial coking sites with the use of simulating device, and the fate of pollutants during the treatment was investigated. Permanganate showed the highest PAHs removal rate (96.2%) of the oxidants studied. Most of the PAHs were oxidized and only < 1% of PAHs volatilized and transferred to the solvent. The removal of PAHs by activated persulfate reached 92%. Modified Fenton reagent could remove 80% of PAHs, and < 2% of PAHs volatilized and transferred to the solvent after treatment with activated persulfate and modified Fenton reagent. The efficiencies of hydrogen dioxide and Fenton reagent for removal of PAHs were both < 60% ,and up to 6% of PAHs volatilized and transferred to the solvent. In summary, permanganate and activated persulfate are the most effective and environment-friendly oxidants for removing PAHs from contaminated soils. The chemical oxidants could easily remove ANY, ANT, BaP, DahA, BghiP and IcdP, but FLE, CHR and Fla were relatively resistant to chemical oxidation.

The ammonia/ammonium leaching process using oxygen as oxidant in autoclave was studied to extract copper, zinc and nickel from printed circuit board. Parameters such as leaching time, concentration of leaching reagents, stirring speed, oxygen pressure and temperature were optimized. The best results were achieved when the leaching was carried out at 55 degrees C for 150 minutes, using 4 mol/L NH4OH and 1 mol/L (NH4)2CO3 as leaching solution, with 700 r/min stirring speed and 0.2 MPa oxygen. With this method, Zn, Cu and Ni could be effectively recovered from printed circuit boards by 100%, more than 99% and more than 64%, respectively. The kinetics of Cu leaching behavior was studied and it was found that the shrinking core model described it well. It was a diffusion control process and the apparent activation energy was 14.68 kJ/mol.

Phenol and phenolic compounds are main pollutants in wastewater of coking factories. To identify the bacteria responsible for phenol removal in the activated sludge of a coking factory, we isolated bacteria from the sludge directly or after enrichment. From two samples from the aerobic and anaerobic pools, 28 strains belonging to 28 species of 20 genera were obtained after identification with BOX-PCR and further 16S rDNA sequence analyses. Most of them belonged to beta- and gamma-Proteobacteria, four of which are potential novel species of low 16S rDNA sequence similarity to corresponding type strains. From the m-cresol enrichment community, two strains identified and named as Pseudomonas monteilii GCS-AE-J-1 and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida GCS-AN-J-3 were obtained as the efficient degraders; The former can remove 94.6% m-cresol (791 mg/L) in just 48 h; while the latter metabolized 92.2% m-cresol (763 mg/L). Furthermore, the phenol hydroxylase gene was surveyed by PCR from the phenol-degrading strains,and 4 were positively detected. Summarily, quite diverse bacteria were proved of high capability to degrade phenol and phenolic compounds in this report, which play important role in biotreatment of phenol compounds.

Total protein of the yeast Issatchenkia orientalis was extracted and separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) before and after the dye Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP was degraded by this yeast, respectively. Different protein extraction methods, different volumes of sample loaded and different staining techniques were tested and compared for the 2-DE. Among three different protein extraction methods, the final protein concentrations of 3.4 mg/mL, 1.8 mg/mL and 5.6 mg/mL were obtained by single ultrasonication, ultrasonication-TCA/acetone,and ultrasonication-ammonium sulfate precipitation, respectively. The best electrophoresis pattern could be gotten by loading 150 microg protein samples from the method of ultrasonication-ammonium sulfate precipitation, using IPG strips of pH 4-7 for the first dimensional electrophoresis and staining with silver nitrate. This electrophoresis pattern had high resolution and good repetition. It was detected to have 730 +/- 30 protein points by preliminary image analysis. This research results provided a technical support for screening dye-degrading enzymes from the yeast of I. orientalis.

The electricity generation performance of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) utilizing Dioscorea zingiberensis wastewater was studied with an H-shape reactor. Indexes including pH, conductivity, oxidation peak potential and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the anolyte were monitored to investigate the contaminants degradation performance of the MFC during the electricity generation process, besides, contaminant ingredients in anodic influent and effluent were analyzed by GC-MS and IR spectra as well. The maximum power density of the MFC could achieve 118.1 mW/m2 and the internal resistance was about 480 omega. Connected with a 1 000 omega external resistance, the output potential was about 0.4 V. Fed with 5 mL Dioscorea zingiberensis wastewater, the electricity generation lasted about 133 h and the coulombic efficiency was about 3.93%. At the end of electricity generation cycle, COD decreased by 90.1% while NH4(+) -N decreased by 66.8%. Furfural compounds, phenols and some other complicated organics could be decomposed and utilized in the electricity generation process, and the residual contaminants in effluent included some long-chain fatty acids, esters, ethers, and esters with benzene ring, cycloalkanes, cycloolefins, etc. The results indicate that MFC, which can degrade and utilize the organic contaminants in Dioscorea zingiberensis wastewater simultaneously, provides a new approach for resource recovery treatment of Dioscorea zingiberensis wastewater.

Employing the anaerobic activities of microorganisms, sewage sludge can be used as a barrier to immobilize the heavy metals leached from tailings. Due to the interactions between sewage sludge barrier and acid mine drainage (AMD), it is possible that the heavy metals that have been immobilized previously might be released out. The acid buffering capacity (ABC) of sewage sludge suspensions with various anaerobic incubation time and the effect of ABC on the mobility of heavy metals were investigated by acid titration tests. Test results showed that ABC of sewage sludge suspensions was increased with the solid-liquid ratio of the suspensions and the anaerobic incubation time, and that carbonate and organics play an important role in acid buffer of sewage sludge suspensions. During the acid titration test, Zn, Pb and Cu were released out obviously following the order of Zn > Cu > Pb as pH was decreased less than 6.2. A mathematical model was established to predict the ABC consumption of the sewage sludge barrier under AMD penetration condition. The simulation results showed that a sewage sludge barrier with 2.0 m thickness, even undergoing 666-years acidification by AMD under 10.0 m water head, can maintain a condition of pH > or = 6.2 and, therefore, keep immobilize the heavy metals of AMD in the barrier.

Industry is the main source of resource consumption and environmental emissions of China, and the analyzing of eco-efficiencies for industrial sectors may provide essential information for the restructure of industrial system and the improvement of environmental quality of China. The industry composition was analyzed and the relationship between the industry and its environment was established. The energy consumption and the main environmental emissions such as wastewater, solid waste, industry SO2, smog, dust were chosen as the environmental impact categories, the corresponding eco-efficiencies of industry were defined and estimated for China in 2007. The results are as follows: the energy efficiency is 615.5 x 10(4) yuan x ktce(-1), the wastewater and solid waste related eco-efficiencies are 54.3 x 10(4) yuan x kt(-1) and 1.9 x 10(4) yuan x t(-1), respectively; industry SO2, smog, dust related eco-efficiencies are 59.6 x 10(4), 169.2 x 10(4) and 184.6 x 10(4) yuan x t(-1), respectively. The eco-efficiencies of 39 industry sectors were analyzed extensively and the results showed that, the distribution of industrial sectors in above eco-efficiencies is uneven, and the order of industrial sector in industry will vary with industry sector and eco-efficiency category. Meanwhile, for the same category of eco-efficiency, the values for different industry sectors may change from centuplicate to several thousand folds, therefore a great possibility for the improvement of industry eco-efficiency is exist in the restructure of industry system.

Benefit from the microbial activities especially the anaerobic sulfate reduction processes, sewage sludge could be used as a barrier to immobilize the heavy metals leached from tailings. With respect to the redox reaction between sewage sludge and acid mine drainage (AMD), oxidation titration test was carried out to study the effect of oxidation buffer capacity (OBC) of sewage sludge on the immobilization of heavy metals. Test results showed that OBC of sludge suspensions was decreased slightly with the solid-liquid ratio of the suspensions, but increased with the anaerobic incubation time, and that more than 50% of OBC was contributed by the sludge existed in strongly-reduction conditions (Eh < or = - 150 mV). During oxidation titration test, Zn was released obviously when Eh > or = - 150 mV, while Cu and Pb released obviously when Eh > or = 150 mV. According to the test results, a mathematical model was established to predict the OBC consumption of the sludge barrier under AMD penetrating conditions. The simulation results showed that a sludge barrier with 2m thickness, even undergone 38 787-years oxidation by AMD under 10m water head, keep in a strongly-reduced condition and, therefore, promote an immobilization of heavy metals from AMD in the barrier.

Sulfate reducing granular sludge (SRGS) cultivated in small scale EGSB reactor was used for Cr (VI) removing. Characterization of Cr (VI) removal and total Cr equilibrium adsorption was studied, and the adsorption isotherm was fitted. Results showed that removal of Cr (VI) was in connection with the structure and chemical composition of SRGS and several environmental factors. The Cr (VI) removal rate increased with the dosage of granular sludge; the increasing of oscillation speed and temperature could enhance Cr (VI) removal and total Cr adsorption, but while the oscillation speed reached 150 r x min(-1) or the temperature came to 40 degrees C, the physical structure of granular sludge would be affected and the granular sludge discrete, and total Cr equilibrium adsorption decreased; lower pH value caused higher Cr (VI) removal rate, however the sulfate on the surface of granular sludge was affected by lower pH value easily and would translate into H2S, then total Cr adsorption rate decreased. Cr (VI) removal would be influenced by physical, chemical and biological factors, and the process included reduction and adsorption mainly. The maximum adsorption of total Cr by granular sludge was 6.84 mg x g(-1), and the total Cr adsorbing process fitted in with Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

Phenolic or aniline compounds were important pollutants in the industrial wastewaters to seriously polluted water environment. This research developed a detecting method of phenolic and aniline compounds based on the kinetic parameters of the substrates of laccase. Catalytic reaction between laccase and phenolic and aniline compounds was characterized using spectrophotometic method, which resulted 0-10 mg/L substrate reaction rate and calibration curve of substrate concentration and reaction rate. And then the non-volatile phenols in three kinds of coking wastewater were screened and the contents were detected. The result showed that polyhydric phenol, multi-amine and aminophenol were the main substrates of laccase. The optimum pH of phenols was around 7.0 and anilines 4.5-5.0, K(m) values of each substrates was 0.4-10 mmol/L. The calibration curve performed good first order kinetics linear relationship except benzidine with correlation coefficients above 0.96. Using laccase method, the contents of catechol in three kinds of coking wastewater were respectively detected to be 190.5, 265.8 and 155.3 mg/L with recoveries ranged from 89.9% to 115.8%.

A dithiocarbamate flocculant, DTC (T403), was prepared by the reaction of amine-terminated polyoxypropane-ether compound known as Jeffamine-T403 and carbon disulfide in alkaline solution. The oil removal efficiency of DTC (T403) for simulated produced wastewater from polymer flooding in oil production was studied by Jar-test. The effect of the dosage of DTC (T403), hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions, and pH on the oil removal efficiency of DTC (T403) was investigated. The results showed that the chelate polymer formed by DTC (T403) and Fe2+ ion has good oil removal performance by net capturing mechanism. HPAM had a negative effect on oil removal efficiency of DTC (T403). For the treatment of the simulated wastewater containing 0-900 mg/L of HPAM and 300 mg/L of oil, the residual oil concentrations in water samples decreased below 10 mg/L when the dosage of Fe2+ and DTC (T403) was 10 mg/L and 25 mg/L, respectively. The oil removal efficiency of DTC (T403) was affected by pH and good oil removal efficiency was obtained when the pH was below 7.5. DTC (T403) is appropriate for the treatment of oily wastewater containing Fe2+ ion.

A multi-level assessment index system was established to quantitatively and comprehensively evaluate the performance of typical nitrogen oxide control technologies for coal-fired power plants. Comprehensive fuzzy evaluation was conducted to assess six NO, control technologies, including low NO, burner (LNB), over the fire (OFA), flue gas reburning (Reburning), selective catalyst reduction (SCR), selective non-catalyst reduction (SNCR) and hybrid SCR/SNCR. Case studies indicated that combination of SCR and LNB are the optimal choice for wall-fired boilers combusting anthracite coal which requires NO, removal efficiency to be over 70%, however, for W-flame or tangential boilers combusting bituminous and sub-bituminous coal which requires 30% NO, removal, LNB and reburning are better choices. Therefore, we recommend that in the developed and ecological frangible regions, large units burning anthracite or meager coal should install LNB and SCR and other units should install LNB and SNCR. In the regions with environmental capacity, units burning anthracite or meager coal shall install LNB and SNCR, and other units shall apply LNB to reduce NO, emissions.

Characteristics of double-layer biotrickling filter using high density polythene rasching rings carrier treating waste gas containing hydrogen sulphide was studied. Results showed that biotrickling filter had significant advantages of low pressure drop and even load distribution along the reactor height. When removal efficiency was greater than 90%, gas retention time was 12 s, maximum inlet load was 110 g/(m3 x h), elimination capacity was 84 g/(m3 x h). At steady state, about 37%-55% of hydrogen sulfide load was removed from the lower layer. During long-term operation, pressure drop kept to less than 280 Pa x m(-1), the backwashing period was longer than two months, no biomass accumulation happened in the lower layer, and abnormal increase in pressure drop can be used as a indicator of backwashing. Reactor recovery and restart experimental results showed that removal efficiency recovered to 95% in 1 day after 6 days without H2S, pH dramatic variation of spray liquid had significant adverse impact on biotrickling bed reactor.

Hydrolysis acidification-aerobic-constructed wetland process and hydrolysis acidification-constructed wetland were used to treat oilfield produced water after the pretreatment of oil separation-coagulation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to study the degradation characteristics of organic substances during the treatment process. The results showed that COD and ammonia nitrogen of both the two process effluents were below 80 mg/L and 15 mg/L, respectively, when HRT was 20 h for hydrolysis acidification, 10 h for aeration and 2 d for constructed wetlands or when HRT was 20 h for hydrolysis acidification and 4 d for constructed wetland. The results of GC-MS analysis showed that biodegradability of the oil produced water was significantly improved in hydrolysis acidification. Substantial removal of benzene compounds was achieved in aerobic and constructed wetland.

Combined ALR-BAC was used to treat bromoamine acid wastewater. The results showed that the ALR system could run steadily for over 1 months at the BAA concentration 650 mg x L(-1) after one-month acclimation, the decoloration rate of BAA was reached to about 90% within 12 h, and the removal rate of COD was about 50%, the precipitation performance of the suspended microorganism was good. When the influent bromoamine acid concentration was above 200 mg x L(-1), the decolorization products of BAA were easy to undergo auto-oxidation and the yellow intermediate products which were difficult to biodegrade were formed. The BAC process could inhibit the auto-oxidation of the decolorization products effectively, and the decolorization products could be biodegraded gradually. When there were no added sulphate, the concentrations of Br- and SO4(2-) were increased as the COD concentration reduced. Ultimately, the release rates of Br- and SO4(2-) were 72.2% and 66.9%, the COD removal efficiency was about 85.7%.

Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic characteristics of heavy metal ions Cu2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ on the electric are furnace (EAF) slag from Baoshan Steel Factory. Several kinds of techniques including XRD analysis, BET specific surface analysis and SEM/EDS analysis were employed to determine the physico-chemical and surface characteristics of slag. Results indicated that the adsorption rate of heavy metal ions on the EAF slag was relatively high, and the sorption rate followed the order Cd2+ > Pb2+ > Cu2+. The adsorption kinetics obeyed first-order kinetics model (R2 > 0.99). Adsorption isotherm experiment showed that adsorption isotherm of heavy metal ions on slag fitted Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption capacity of Cu2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ was 0.101, 0.058 and 0.120 mmol x g(-1), respectively. The adsorption of heavy metal ions on slag was a spontaneous reaction (deltaG0 < 0) with endotherm (delta H0 < 0) and the increase of enthopy (AS0 > 0). The effect of enthopy was the main driving force of the spontaneous adsorption reaction. The analysis results of SEM/EDS revealed the changes of surface morphology and chemical proportion before and after adsorption. Due to low-cost and high-efficiency, electric are furnace slag showed great potential for the treatment of heavy metal polluted wastewaters.

Performance of a lab-scale micro-aerobic continuous treatment system for sulfate-ridden antibiotic wastewater, i.e., the treatment efficiencies, sludge SVI values and DHA activities, and the contents of yeasts and bacteria in sludge, were investigated at 14-18 degrees C when varied influent loadings COD of 2-21 kg/(m3 x d) were used. At an influent loading COD of 2 kg/(m3 x d), bacteria were preponderant in the microbial community in the sludge with a content of 96%, the sludge had MISS, DHA activity (TF/MISS x t), and SVI levels of 300 mg x L(-1), 4 300 mg/ (g x h), and 35 mL x g(-1), respectively,the system achieved a COD removal of 13%. When the influent loadings went up to 5 and 10 times higher than that at the first phase, i.e., 9 and 21 kg/(m3 x d), it was yeasts' turn to be preponderant in the sludge with contents of 67% and 71%, respectively, the MISS levels amounted to 2 300 and 1 500 mg x L(-1) respectively, the DHA activity (TF/MLSS x t) of 9 600 and 10 800 mg/(g x h), and the SVI values of 160 and 110 mL x g(-1), were achieved individually, the COD removal was greatly improved up to 40%-50%. It showed that influent loadings had remarkable influence on the treatment performance and microbial community structure of the system.

Coking wastewater was treated by A/O process of biological filter with a special kind of carrier. The wastewater contained much more phenolic compounds with about 2000 mg/L of COD and 260 mg/L of NH4+ -N. The A/O system could achieve average removal efficiencies of 87.0% and 91.6% for COD and NH4+ -N, respectively, when HRT was 60 h. The NH4+ -N in the effluent could meet the first level of National Discharge Standard at optimal operation condition. The phenolic compounds with low molecular weight could be fully biodegraded by A/O system. The organic compounds in the effluent were in the relative molecular weight range of 10,000-30,000 and contained --OH, C==O, C--O and phenyl group. Based on the support and protection of the carrier, a great number of microorganisms adhered and immobilized on the outer and inner surface of carrier, which contributed to a simultaneous removal of COD, NH4+ -N and TN. The A/O system biological filter showed a characteristic of steady performance and resistance ability during the operation period.

A laboratory-scale experiment was done. And the baicalin anaerobic biodegradation curve and pathway were discussed by analyzing the results of GC-MS. After analogue of status's trend and analysis of its regression, the biodegradation kinetic equation of baicalin was obtained. And the possible biodegradation pathway was "desugar --> debentures --> open benzene ring --> saturating --> disconnect links". It took at least 47 h to biodegrade baicalin. The main products of anaerobic biodegradation were micro-molecule oxide, such as alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters, olefin, and hydrocarbon of methane series. This result demonstrated that the rate-limiting steps of bacalin biodegradation were the hydrolyzing and acidification phase. It was suitable to use two-phase anaerobic process and long HRT to biodegrade baicalin.

A series of leaching tests were conducted to study the solidification of heavy metals in biological filter media made with dried sludge as an additive. The maximum leaching contents of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb are obtained when pH is 1; leaching contents of heavy metals have an obvious decrease as pH is greater than or equal to 3; and it can be concluded from the results that pH has a significant influence on the leaching characteristic of heavy metals at leaching time of either 24 h or 30 d. X-ray diffraction analysis performed on filter media reveal the main compounds of the 4 heavy metals are Pb2O(CrO4), CdSiO3 and CuO, and the heavy metals are solidified in the mesh structure of Si--O. Heavy metals (such as Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb) can be solidified in filter media through a series of crystalline phase changes and chemical reaction after high temperature sintering. The new filter media (obtained in test) were used in biological aerated filter (BAF) to treat wastewater (C/N about 11.5 and 25.5) in a simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) system. Based on the mechanism of SND, the average removal efficienciesof NH4(+)-N and TN filled with the new filter media (obtained in test) are about 85.5%, 90.3%, 46.6% and 49.6%, respectively, and it is higher than those of other 3 medias (Jiangxi ceramsite, Guangzhou ceramsite and Shanxi activated carbon). The results provide a better understanding of factors that may affect the immobilization and leaching characteristics of heavy metals in ceramsite, which promotes the extensive use of filter media in BAF.

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) fed with high strength and refractory real Vc wastewater. In the reactor treated transformation residues, it was achieved a completely aerobic granulation, and the sludge was 0.2-1 mm in diameter, average settling velocity 31.2 m x h(-1). In another reactor treated refinery or extracted residue, partially granular formation was reached, and the sludge was 0.5-2.5 mm in diameter, average settling velocity 26.3 m x h(-1). The formation of good aerobic granules contributed a good operational property. When influent COD was 1,000-1,500 mg x L(-1), COD removal efficiency was maintained approximately 80%. It could be improved better by adding biodegradable organic matters in feed. Through microscopic observation of sludge from two different reactors, the protozoa and biodiversity of microorganisms in reactors were determined not only by the operational parameters, but also by the influent composition. The granulation process in the experiment was proceeded through three stages, i. e. sludge activation phase, acclimatization phase and aerobic granulation phase. In operation control, the settling-time was used as the key factor for the formation of aerobic granules, which could decant the flocculent sludge and regulate the organic loading, and eventually promote the granulation process.

The biosorption characteristics of Ni2+ by the waste biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisia were investigated, including the biosorption kinetics as well as equilibrium isotherm study. The experimental results showed that when the initial Ni2+ concentration was 65.6 mg/L, the process of Ni2+ biosorption onto the biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisia could be divided into two stages, the first stage was physical sorption and reached equilibrium very quickly (within 10 minutes). The biosorption kinetics could be described by the pseudo second-order equation quite well (R2 = 0.999), and the kinetic parameters k2 and qe were 0.0184 g/(mg x min) and 5.96 mg/g, respectively. The equilibrium isotherm could be fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich models, with the maximum biosorption capacity of 6.32 mg/g. The removal of Ni2+ from wastewater by biosorption is feasible.

This article studied the change of possible biochemistry and toxicity of emulsification wastewater before and after wet air oxidation and also studied the treating effect of wet air oxidation on emulsification wastewater after SBR process. The experimental results indicate that the toxicity of emulsification wastewater is equivalent to that of 0.12 mg/L HgCl2, while initial COD 48,000 mg x L(-1) and BOD5/COD (B/C) 0.072 3 in the inlet wastewater, and that the wastewater is highly concentrated organic wastewater. After WAO treatment, the value of BOD5/COD increases clearly. While the temperature is higher, the rise scope of B/C is bigger, and the biological toxicity reduces more. At 220 degrees C and 240 degrees C, the biological toxicity of wastewater decreases by 18.3% and 50.8% after WAO treatment, respectively. It can be seen that SBR treatment process has a perfect effect on WAO output water at 220 degrees C and has the strong anti-impact load ability. With respect to the initial COD 1500-3000 mg/L in the inlet wastewater, it exhibits the efficiency of 94.6%-96.1% COD removal. While initial COD 2000 mg/L in the inlet wastewater, the average COD in the outlet wastewater is 96.0 mg/L. The WAO-SBR process developed with respect to the emulsification wastewater treatment has a potential application prospect.

A bioleaching process performed in 280 L air-lift reactor was developed for extracting Cr from tannery sludge. Cr removal efficiency under different aeration amount with a range from 1.0 m3/h to 3.0 m3/h was investigated. The results showed that the sludge could be homogeneous quickly for different aeration treatment even if aeration amount was as low as 1.0 m3/h. But the obvious effect of aeration amount on pH decrease and subsequent Cr dissolution in tannery sludge during bioleaching was observed. If the aeration amount was below 1.5 m3/h, it at least took 90 h to reach 80% Cr removal efficiency. In the light of Cr removal efficiency and energy consume, the aeration amount of 2.0 m3/h was considered as an optimum one for bioleaching in this trial. Cr removal efficiency could reach above 92.5% at 72 h. In the sludge bioleaching system dissolved oxygen increased obviously with the decrease of pH. Eventually, dissolved oxygen rised to 5 mg/L or more when aeration amount was maintained at 2.0 m3/h or more. Therefore, it was suggested that the aeration amount in ALR could be adjusted to a lower level in the late stage of tannery sludge bioleaching in order to save operation cost.

This study applied new helical-fibrous fillers as carrier to treat simulant dairy industrial wastewater in order to improve the ability of nitrogen removal and decontamination. Based on multilevel oxidation system where the food chain was formed by different kinds of microbe, removal ratio and removal mechanism of COD, TN, NH4+ -N, TP under different HRT and effect of sludge reduction were discussed. When COD of influent was 842-1843 mg/L, TN concentration was 36.3-92.2 mg/L, NH4+ -N concentration was 30.1-52.1 mg/L, and HRT was 6h, the removal ratio of COD, TN and NH4+ -N was 93.3%, 73.3% and 80.7% respectively. COD, TN and NH: -N for effluent was 79.4 mg/L, 9.6 mg/L and 6.1 mg/L, both bellow the first degree of Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978-2002). This system not only could remove nitrogen effectively, but also discharged little excessive sludge, and the average sludge production was 7.7%. It shows that this system could be conveniently operated and be used in the long term with low cost, and could be used in treating municipal wastewater and high concentration organic wastewater such as restaurant wastewater and food industry wastewater.

Used a two-stage bench-scale temperature adjustable biofilter, biological treatment of medium and high concentration waste benzene and toluene vapor was investigated. The inlet vapor concentration (c(i)) was 0.9 - 5.0 g/m3. The results show that the biofilter can obtained good performance at 30 - 40 degrees C, and at 32.8 degrees C for benzene and toluene, the maximum elimination capacity (EC) of 136 g/(m3 x h) and 150 g/(m3 x h) is obtained at an inlet loading of 673.5 g/(m3 x h) and 665.0 g/(m3 x h), respectively. High media moisture is adverse to the biofilter performance. The optimum moisture for the biofilter is about 45% and the biofilter can obtain good performance at the moisture ranging from 40% to 50%. With the biofilter operation, pressure drop is increasing from 18 Pa to 39 Pa and leachate is changing from colorless to yellow, and these phenomena show that bioaccumulation is existent.

Aim to control the emission of SO2 during coal combustion, desulfurization characteristic of organic calcium was studied by intelligent sulfur determination analyzer. Sulfur releasing curve changed from two "peak value" to one for addition of organic calcium, with velocity of SO2 release decreasing. Efficiency of sulfur reduction was double when organic calcium was used under 1 000 degrees C compared to limestone, and reduction efficiency of calcium magnesium acetate was 73.84%. Sulfur content, furnace temperature, calcium/sulfur ratio and paticle's diameter were important factors as for desulfurizing rate. Sulfur removal efficiency was improved with coal's sulfur content increasing or particle's diameter decreasing. Decreasing degree of reduction efficiency lowered with sulfur content increasing as temperature improved. Efficiency remained high level as 59.08% by calcium magnesium acetate at 1 200 degrees C. Perfect efficiency could be reached as calcium/sulfur ratio being one and augmentation degree was inapparent with more calcium addition. Therefore organic calciums are excellent absorbent for desulfurization and calcium magnesium acetate has best sulfur removal efficiency.

Plastic material is one of the most serious solid wastes pollution. More than 40 million tons of plastics produced each year are discarded into environment. Plastics accumulated in the environment is highly resistant to biodegradation and not be able to take part in substance recycle. To increase the biodegradation efficiency of plastics by different means is the main research direction. This article reviewed the recent research works of polyethylene biodegradation that included the modification and pretreatment of polyethylene, biodegradation pathway, the relevant microbes and enzymes and the changes of physical, chemical and biological properties after biodegradation. The study directions of exploiting the kinds of life-forms of biodegradation polyethylene except the microorganisms, isolating and cloning the key enzymes and gene that could produce active groups, and enhancing the study on polyethylene biodegradation without additive were proposed.

Representative sands were sampled on the basis of the investigation into the oil contamination of soil-water systems in the Jiaozhou-Bay. Kinetic curves and isotherms of aqueous oil adsorption on sands were measured and the influence of sand contents, sands under different size, temperature, pH and salt contents on the adsorption were studied. The research results show that dynamic curves of aqueous oil adsorption for sands are logarithmic and all the adsorption isotherms are straight, the equilibrium period of the adsorption is 6-10 hours, adsorption of aqueous oil on sands decreases with the increase of the sand contents, temperatures and pH, while increases with the increase of salinity and the more fine of the sands sizes. In addition, it was found that the sands release some oil when the aqueous oil concentrations are lower than certain values.

The Heshan coal and the Wansheng coal were selected to investigate the effects of Ca/S molar ratio, combustion temperature and other factors on the desulfurization efficiency when limestone as a desulfurizer. And then the possible effects of various desufurizing systems on the mineral constituents of their residues were discussed by using the X-ray diffraction analyzer. Moreover, the phase diagrams of the ternary system CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 were further used in order to find out the transformation behaviors of inorganic mineral matters in the desulfurizing processes of burning coal on the basis of the XRD results. The results show that the combustion temperature and the Ca/S molar ratio are the key factors affected the desulfurization efficiency and their residues' mineral constituents. When the temperature raised and the Ca/S ratio increased, the solid-phase reactions between CaO and some inorganic matters in coal ash will be obviously accelerated, which thus are good for the formaion of many mineral matters such as C4AF,C2AS and beta-C2S. Yet the anhydrite formed will decompose if the temperature is above 1050 degrees C and then the desulfurization efficiency will decrease. The desulfurization efficiency in different temperature is mainly decided by the existence form of the sulfur-contained mineral matters and their contents in the residue. In the experiment, the best desulfurization efficiency for the HS coal was about 90% when the Ca/S ratio was 2 or 3 and the range of the temperature was from 850 degrees C to 950 degrees C.