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A two-dimension simulated sand box was set up to investigate the influencing factors, such as the initial groundwater level, aeration rate and the initial groundwater rate, that affect groundwater circulation well (GCW) by determining the intensity of groundwater circulation which was characterized by the variation of groundwater level before and after aeration. The optimal operating parameters were used to remediate nitrobenzene contaminated aquifer. The results demonstrated that: GCW could be well operated under the conditions of 45 cm groundwater level, 0.7 m3 · h(-1) aeration rate. The effects of groundwater velocity less than 1.0 m · d(-1) could be ignored. The lateral mobility rate of nitrobenzene was faster than that of longitudinal. The average concentration of nitrobenzene was 246.97 mg · L(-1) on day 50 of leakage. During the remediation of circulation well, an efficient organics remediation region was gradually formed around the circulation well. The organics in this region was removed preferentially, and the concentration decreased continuously. Besides the efficient remediation region, there was a transient region, where the concentration of organics was influenced by the combined effects of adsorption/desorption and migration potential of organics. During the whole remediation process, the concentration of nitrobenzene went through three stages described as rapid removal, slow removal. After 14h aeration, the nitrobenzene average concentration was reduced to 71.19 mg L(-1). The residual nitrobenzene was distributed in regions far away from GCW. Therefore, nitrobenzene contaminated aquifer could be well remediated by GCW, and there were optimal operation conditions and appropriate remediation time which guaranteed the best remediation effect.

The acute human health risk assessment of contaminant in water pollution accident is a new study field of environmental sciences. This study established a model for calculating acute safety value of contaminant in water pollutant. The acute safety value of contaminant in mainly water pollution during 2000-2010 was calculated by this model. The safety value of sodium cyanide, cadmium, formaldehyde, ammonia, toluene, nitrobenzene, microcystin-LR were 0.1, 0.6, 8, 20, 6, 0.07, 0.004 mg x L(-1), respectively. The differences of safety value calculate methods between acute and chronic exposure were compared from the following aspects, the toxicology exposure end-point, allocation of intake, exposure sensitive subpopulation.

The removal of trace nitrobenzene in water by the ozone-enhanced VUV photocatalysis process (VUV/TiO2/O3) was investigated, in which low-pressure mercury lamp emitting 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet and titanium dioxide film coated on the titanium plate were used as light source and photocatalyst respectively. The results show that, VUV/TiO2/O3 is an effective method to remove trace nitrobenzene in water, and the pseudo-first-order rate constant of nitrobenzene in the VUV/TiO2/O3 process is 102.8% and 30.8% higher than that in the UV/TiO2/O3 and VUV/O3 respectively. And 50 microg/L nitrobenzene in deionized water is totally removed within 60 s by the VUV/TiO2/O3 process. Higher ozone dosage is beneficial to accelerate nitrobenzene degradation, and the apparent rate constant at ozone dosage of 1.52 mg/L is 134.4% higher than that without ozone addition. Though the rate constant is slightly decreased with increase of nitrobenzene concentration, 170 microg/L nitrobenzene is removed to below the detection limit within 2 min. Common species such bicarbonate and humic acid in water significantly inhibit the removal of nitrobenzene, and the apparent rate constant is reduced 82.9% and 71.6% respectively when 2 mmol/L bicarbonate and 3.2 mg/L humic acid are added into the water. The inverse of the apparent rate constant is linear with the bicarbonate concentration. Trace nitrobenzene in surface water containing bicarbonate and natural organic matter can be removed fast and effectively by the VUV/TiO2/O3 process, and 96% nitrobenzene with initial concentration of 90 microg/L is removed within 4 min and the UV absorbance at 254 nm is also reduced 80%.

The experiment investigated effects of the presence of hydroxyl radical inhibitor on degradation efficiency of trace nitrobenzene in aqueous solution in the processes of ozonation alone and ceramic honeycomb-catalyzed ozonation, including HCO3-, CO3(2-), HPO4(2-), H2PO4- and tert-butanol, and studied preliminarily on their mechanism. The results indicated that degradation rate of the two processes both increased firstly and decreased subsequently with the increase of the concentration of HCO3- (0 - 200 mg x L(-1)), and reached the climax at the concentration of bicarbonate ion 50 mg x L(-1) under the same experimental condition. The degradation rates of ozonation alone and ozonation/ ceramic honeycomb both declined by 16.57% and 27.52% with the increase of the concentration of CO3(2-) (0 - 20 mg x L(-1)), respectively, and decreased by 13.61% and 17.52% with the addition of the concentration of HPO4(2-) (0 - 12 mg x L(-1)), and reduced by 6.61% and 12.52% with the enhancement of the concentration of H2PO4- (0 - 120 mg x L(-1)), and dropped by 30.06% and 46.09% with the increasing of the concentration of tert-butanol (0 - 10 mg x L(-1)). The experimental results indicated that decomposition of nitrobenzene in both processes all followed the mechanism of oxidization by OH free radical, and tert-butanol is a more suitable indicator for the radical type reaction. The removal rate of ozonation alone rose with the increase of the concentration of pH (3.02 - 10.96), but that of ozonation/ceramic honeycomb process reached the maximum at pH = 9.23.

Nitrobenzene, glycolic acid and acetic acid were selected to be degraded by O3/UV. During the degradation of nitrobenzene by O3/ UV, addition of MnO2, an effective catalyst to decompose H2O2 in water, decreased the degradation efficiency obviously, and the degradation efficiency of O3 /UV was even lower than that of ozonation alone, for example, the TOC removal rates of nitrobenzene by O3 /UV, O3 and O3/UV + MnO2 were 44% , 41% and 39% in 40 minutes, respectively. These results demonstrate that intermediate H2O2 plays an important role in enhancement of degradation efficiency of O3/UV. Furthermore, the characteristic of organic, which acts as promoter or inhibitor in the process of ozonation, also affects the degradation efficiency of O3/UV directly, when glycolic acid, a promoter in ozonation, was degraded, the combination UV radiation with ozonation could remove it efficiency, the removal rate of glycolic acid reached 76% in 30 minutes; however, when acetic acid, an inhibitor in ozonation, was degraded by O3/UV, the removal rate of acetic acid was very low, which was similar with that of ozonation alone.

Nanosized TiO2 catalyzed ozonation of trace nitrobenzene in water was carried out in an agitated slurry semi-batch. It demonstrated that removal rate of nitrobenzene with catalytic ozonation increased by 44% than ozonation alone. Effect of heat treatments of TiO2, catalyst mass, the initial concentration of ozone and nitrobenzene, and pH were investigated respectively. TiO2 calcined at 550 degrees C showed the best catalytic activity. In the presence of TiO2 calcined at 550 degrees C, about 56.57% of nitrobenzene in the solution could be ozonated. Both ozone dosage and initial concentration of nitrobenzene exerted a positive influence on the catalytic ozonation. But the increase of the catalyst mass did not yield any significant increase of the nitrobenzene removal. The efficiency of catalytic ozonation was special lower at acid pH than basic pH. It was also observed that both ozonation and catalytic ozonation were significantly influenced by tert-butyl alcohol, which testified that nanosized TiO2 catalyzed ozonation of nitrobenzene follows a radicaltype mechanism.

Nitrobenzene (NB) was selected as the model pollutant in water and the efficiency and mechanism of degradation of NB in aqueous solution by O3/H2O2 were investigated. The effects of pH, H2O2 dose and the inhibitor or accelerant of .OH on the removal rate of NB were studied. H2O2 could obviously improve the ozonation decay rate of NB when the pH value of the solution was below 7. The removal rate of NB was enhanced remarkably while H2O2 dose was increased from 1.0 m g/L. to 4.0 mg/L. However, as H2O2 dose increased from 4.0 mg/L to 20 mg/L, the removal efficiency of NB decreased. Different quantities of H2O2 were yielded in different reaction phases of single ozonation system. Both systems of single ozonation and H2O2-catalysed ozonation could not reduce TOC observably. During the NB degradation process, organonitrogen was almost completely converted to nitrate and the pH value of the solution reduced significantly. Results of LC-MS and GC-MS analysis showed that the main intermediate products were phenolic compounds and carbonyl compounds. A possible reaction pathway of the catalytic ozonation of NB was also proposed. It was found that the catalytic ozonation of NB could be divided into two steps. First, hydroxyl radical attacked phenyl ring to form phenolic compounds, then the ring was opened, forming into various aliphatic compounds or being mineralized to inorganic compounds.

Effect of background constituents on the catalytic ozonation of nitrobenzene was investigated. Degradation rates of ozonation alone, ceramic honeycomb and modified ceramic honeycomb-catalyzed ozonation in tap water increased by 4.90%, 2.47% and 5.12% than those in distilled water respectively. The removal rate of ozonation alone increased by 6.25% with the increase of the concentration of magnesium ion (0 to approximately 8 x mg x L(-1)), but those of other two processes decreased by 11.41% and 17.64%, respectively, under the same experimental condition. Degradation efficiency of ozonation alone, ceramic honeycomb and modified ceramic honeycomb-catalyzed ozonation decreased by 4.42%, 9.38% and 12.24%, respectively, with the increase of the concentration of chloride ion (0 to approximately 40 mg x L(-1)). At the lower concentration, humic acid could accelerate the degradation of nitrobenzene, however, the reaction was retarded at higher concentrations of humic acid. The experiment also studied the influences of the applied ozone and initial concentration of nitrobenzene.

Comparative experiments of modified ceramic honeycomb, ceramic honeycomb-catalyzed ozonation and ozonation alone were conducted with nitrobenzene as the model organic pollutant. It was found that the processes of modified ceramic honeycomb and ceramic honeycomb-catalyzed ozonation could increase the removal efficiency of nitrobenzene by 38.35% and 15.46%, respectively, compared with that achieved by ozonation alone. Under the conditions of this experiment, the degradation rate of modified ceramic honeycomb-catalyzed ozonation increased by 30.55% with the increase of amount of catalyst to 5 blocks. The degradation rate of three process all increased greatly with the increase of temperature and value of pH in the solution. But when raising the pH value of the solution to 10.00, the advantage of modified ceramic honeycomb-catalyzed ozonation processes lost. The experimental results indicate that in modified ceramic honeycomb-catalyzed ozonation, nitrobenzene is primarily oxidized by *OH free radical in aqueous solution. The adsorption of nitrobenzene is too limited to have any influence on the degradation efficiency of nitrobenzene. With the same total dosage of applied ozone, the multiple steps addition of ozone showed a much higher removal efficiency than that obtained by one step in three processes. Modified ceramic honeycomb had a relative longer lifetime.

Organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural fertilizers are new problem deserved more study. Eight kinds of organic pollutants including 43 compounds classified as US EPA priority pollutants in twenty one agricultural fertilizers which were universally used in China were determined by Gas chromatography-mass spectrum (GC-MS). Three kinds of organic pollutants including more than 5 compounds were detected in most fertilizers, composing mainly of phthalic acid esters (PAEs), nitrobenzenes (NBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). There were 26 compounds detected in at least one fertilizer, five of them especially PAEs detected in most fertilizer and even in all fertilizers. Benzo(a)pyrene, a strongly carcinogenic compound was detected in two fertilizers. Higher concentrations of compounds were determined in those fertilizers such as multifunction compound fertilizers and coated fertilizers.

Laboratory produced iron hydroxide was tested for its activity in catalytic ozonation of trace nitrobenzene (NB) in water. The catalysis mechanism was deduced from the effect of tert-butanol on the reaction and the difference of catalytic activity between several typical transition metal oxides. Effects of catalyst dose, pH, bicarbonate ion, and times of catalyst reuse on NB removal were also examined. The iron hydroxide showed high catalytic activity on ozonation of NB with removal rate of NB dissolved in distilled water increased by 44.8% at reaction time of 20min. The catalysis follows a hydroxyl radical pathway and is affected by density of hydroxyl groups on the oxide. An optimal catalyst dosage of 100mg/L existed in this experiment. Solution pH near pH of zero charged surface of the oxide favored NB removal and bicarbonate concentration of 2.38mmol/L significantly reduced it. The oxide was used for five times with no significant change of its activity and no dissolution was observed.

Adsorption behaviors of nitrobenzene, a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100), a cation surfactant (CPC) and their mixture onto a sediment were investigated. The adsorption of Triton X-100 onto the sediment is enhanced with increasing of co-existed CPC at relatively low concentrations but decreased at relatively high concentrations. The adsorption of CPC onto the sediment decreased a little with increasing of co-existed Triton X-100. In natural waters, cation surfactants and nonionic surfactants will be largely adsorbed by soils or sediments. The adsorption of nitrobenzene onto sediment is linear and enhanced by the co-existed Triton X-100 or CPC, and will be significantly enhanced by the mixture of CPC-Triton X-100. Therefore, cation-nonionic mixed surfactants are potentially used to enhance adsorption of organic contaminants onto soils or sediments and to prepare organobentonite for improving their performance in wastewater treatment.

A comparative study of O3/H2O2 and O3/Mn was made to evaluate their respective effectiveness and mechanism for removal of refractory organics from water with nitrobenzene as the model pollutant. It was found that both processes enhanced the degradation of nitrobenzene that can be hardly degraded by ozonation and had respective optimum dosage of H2O2 and Mn(II) under the experimental conditions. By comparing the mechanism of O3/H2O2 process and considering the chemical character of nitrobenzene and variation of residual aqueous ozone, it is speculated that the degradation of nitrobenzene by O3/Mn might follow a radical pathway. As shown by the experimental result, the addition of H2O2 and Mn(II) both improved the mass transfer efficiency of ozone and thus more ozone was consumed for degradation of nitrobenzene, which is also an indication of the radical type reaction mechanism. The characteristic of O3/H2O2 and O3/Mn processes and their application in the drinking water treatment were finally discussed.