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Swift, non-destructive detection approaches should address the problem of insufficient sensitivity when attempting to obtain and perceive live crab information in low-light environments caused by the crab's phototaxis. We propose a learning-based low-illumination image enhancer (LigED) for effective enhanced lighting and elimination of darkness in images. The camera response function was combined with the reflectance ground-truth mechanism of image decomposition. Self-attention units were then introduced in the reflectance restoration network to adjust the illumination to avoid visual defects, thus jointly strengthening the adaptability of dark-light enhancement and ability to perceive crab information. Convolutional neural network (CNN)-based detection methods can further enhance the algorithm's robustness to light and adaptability to different environments, which motivated the development of a scalable lightweight live crab detector (EfficientNet-Det0) utilizing the two-stage compound scaling CNN approach. The lightness order error and natural image quality evaluator based on the proposed methods were 251.26 and 11.60, respectively. The quality of average precision detection increased by 13.84–95.40%. The fastest detection speed of a single image was 91.74/28.41 f·s−1 using a common GPU/CPU, requiring only 15.1 MB of storage, which advocates for the utilization of LigED and EfficientNet-Det0 for the efficient detection of underwater live crabs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]