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Software defect identification (SDI) is a key part of improving the quality of software projects and lowering the risks that along with maintenance. It does identify the software defect causes that have not been reached yet to get sufficient results. On the other hand, many researchers have recently developed several models, including NN, ML, DL, advanced CNN, and LSTM, to enhance the effectiveness of defect prediction. Due to an insufficient dataset size, repeated investigations, and no longer appropriate baseline selection, the research on the CNN model was unable to produce reliable results. In addition, XAI a well-known explainability approach creates deep models in computer vision, as well as successfully handles the software defect prediction that is easy for humans to understand. To address these issues, firstly we have used SMOTE for preprocessing which was collected from the NASA repository; categorical and numerical data. Secondly, we have experimented with software defect prediction using 1D-CNN and 2D-CNN named lightweight CNN (LCNN). Subsequently, evaluation we have employed a 100-repetition holdout validation. For the cross-validation setup, we utilized the 1D-CNN model was $20\times 1$ , and for the 2D-CNN model, it was $4\times 5 \times 1$ . After that, the results of the experiment were compared and assessed in terms of accuracy, MSE, and AUC. The result shows that 2D-CNN shows 1.36% better contrast with 1D-CNN. Thirdly, we have conducted research on the identification of software defect features via LIME and SHAP in XAI stand as state-of-the-art techniques. However, we cannot use 2D-CNN because it involves more complex relationships, making it challenging to create transparent explanations. That is why we have realized that 1D-CNN will superior result to explain the root cause of software feature identifications. Finally, LIME provides accurate visualization of software defect features in contrast with SHAP, as well as it helps the stakeholders of the software industry easily find actual root causes of software defect identification.

Stock market forecasting is a time series problem that aims to predict possible future prices or directions of an index/stock. The stock data contains high uncertainty and is influenced by too many factors; hence it isn’t easy to achieve the goal by traditional time series methods. In literature, the convolutional neural networks (CNN) models were used for stock market forecasting and gave successful results. But, data imbalance due to labeling and feature selection problems were seen when considering these models. Hence, this study proposed a new rule-based labeling algorithm and a new feature selection approach to solve the issues. In addition, a CNN-based model, which was presented to predict the next day’s trade action of stocks in the Dow30 index, was constructed to check the effectiveness of the data labeling and the feature selection approach. Different image-based input variable sets were created using technical indicators, gold, and oil price data to feed the CNN model. The prediction performance of CNN models was compared with other studies in the literature. The experimental results showed that the CNN prediction model, which uses the proposed feature selection and labeling approaches in this study, performs 3-22% higher accuracy than the CNN-based models taking part in other studies. Also, the labeling approach proposed is more successful than Chen and Huang’s data weighting approach to solve the stock data imbalance problem. This algorithm reduced the ratio between labeled data from 15 times to 1.8 times.

The recognition of various lung sounds recorded using electronic stethoscopes plays a significant role in the early diagnoses of respiratory diseases. To increase the accuracy of specialist evaluations, machine learning techniques have been intensely employed during the past 30 years. In the current study, a new pretrained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model is proposed for the extraction of deep features. In the CNN architecture, an average-pooling layer and a max-pooling layer are connected in parallel in order to boost classification performance. The deep features are utilized as the input of the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) classifier using the Random Subspace Ensembles (RSE) method. The proposed method was evaluated against a challenge dataset known as ICBHI 2017. The deep features and the LDA with RSE method provided the best accuracy score when compared to other existing methods using the same dataset, improving the classification accuracy by 5.75%.

Cognitive prediction in the complicated and active environments is of great importance role in artificial learning. Classification accuracy of sound events has a robust relation with the feature extraction. In this paper, deep features are used in the environmental sound classification (ESC) problem. The deep features are extracted by using the fully connected layers of a newly developed Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) model, which is trained in the end-to-end fashion with the spectrogram images. The feature vector is constituted with concatenating of the fully connected layers of the proposed CNN model. For testing the performance of the proposed method, the feature set is conveyed as input to the random subspaces K Nearest Neighbor (KNN) ensembles classifier. The experimental studies, which are carried out on the DCASE-2017 ASC and the UrbanSound8K datasets, show that the proposed CNN model achieves classification accuracies 96.23% and 86.70%, respectively.