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In a traditional multistate quickest path problem (MQPP), the system reliability is evaluated based on a strict assumption that the net flow into and out of a system is equal to zero. However, certain networks, which are known as deteriorated networks, suffer a loss due to the deterioration effect, resulting a delivery shortage. For example, the data or goods will deteriorate or decay because the transmission distance is too long, which affects whether the delivered data or goods arrive intact. To provide a practical solution to this problem, a novel MQPP model, known as the deteriorated MQPP (MQPP de ) model, is proposed in this work. The goal is to evaluate the system reliability, which is defined as the probability that the end user receives at least $d$ units of data or goods in transmission time $T$ in the case of a MQPP with the deterioration effect. A simple path-based algorithm based on an integer programming model of the flow conservation law is presented to generate all of the lower boundary points ( $d$ , $T$ )-MP de s. Next, the reliability of the MQPP de model can be calculated in terms of all of the ( $d$ , $T$ )-MP de s.

More engaging and accessible solutions that offer outstanding user experience are needed. The virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) is the first user access part of the cloud. Therefore, the performance of the VDI has a significant influence on the network. The graphics processing unit (GPU) can accelerate performance by assigning each virtual machine a dedicated GPU for performance-boosting to improve the user experience. In this paper, we propose a high-performance VDI using an integration of a GPU on OpenStack with a PCI pass-through. It might have certain benefits over using virtualized hardware, such as lower latency, better performance, and more functionality. The evaluation and comparison of the computer processing unit (CPU) and GPU are presented among the different benchmark tools.