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The ability to understand natural language text is far from being emulated in machines. One of the main hurdles to overcome is that computers lack both the common and common-sense knowledge that humans normally acquire during the formative years of their lives. To really understand natural language, a machine should be able to comprehend this type of knowledge, rather than merely relying on the valence of keywords and word co-occurrence frequencies. In this article, the largest existing taxonomy of common knowledge is blended with a natural-language-based semantic network of common-sense knowledge. Multidimensional scaling is applied on the resulting knowledge base for open-domain opinion mining and sentiment analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents how Wikipedia has digitized historical documents using ontologies and natural language processing (NLP) techniques and transformed it to a useful knowledge base. The language processing from basics to lemmatization, index building and content summary for a heritage document are discussed. It is suggested that NLP techniques can deliver knowledge discovery support that goes beyond full text search and information retrieval.

The article offers information on stream reasoning which is a new multidisciplinary approach that offers foundations, methods, and tools necessary to incorporate data streams and the semantic Web. It states that stream-reasoning research would need theoretical investigations that go beyond the existing foundations. It features various topics for research such as the protocols which gives real-time access over the Web and the techniques to leverage existing data-stream management systems.

The article focuses on the Knowledge Grid environment, an advanced development of human-machine systems. It notes that Knowledge Grid environment also focuses on knowledge development sharing and management. Moreover, it maintains meaningful connections between individuals, several flows for dynamic resource sharing, mechanisms for managing resources, and appropriate knowledge services for problem solving and innovation. It also emphasizes that Knowledge Grid environment is made up of autonomous individuals, self-organized semantic communities, an adaptive-networking mechanism and changing semantic networking mechanism. Other details on Knowledge Grid environment are also discussed.

The article examines whether or not a Semantic Web agent is a knowledge-savvy agent. It mentions that the Knowledge Sharing Effort (KSE) previously concentrated on sharing heterogeneous knowledge between entities that are "knowledge-savvy." In the KSE, interoperability was based on ontology, on Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF), and Knowledge Query Manipulation Language (KQML). The Semantic Web program took the same model of interoperability a step further. Semantic Web's dynamic, distributed, incomplete, and uncertain knowledge suggest the need for autonomy in software systems that are distributed.

The article reports on collaborative semantic authoring. It is said that in the context of the semantic web, notions of collaboration, interoperability, and reuse are intrinsically interrelated. In this viewpoint, the semantic web becomes essentially a medium for knowledge exchange, in which the knowledge produced by one agent is consumed by another agent. A collaboration-centric perspective on the Semantic Web introduces both challenges and interesting research directions. The article also examines three modalities for collaborative semantic authoring based on selecting and reusing external, open semantic resources.

The article describes a practical approach to adopting Semantic Web technologies that enable large organizations to share data while achieving clear private as well as public reuse benefits. The approach was designed to be practical, cost effective, fast and appealing to organization which can't afford to neglect the bottom line, take many risks with their information or think only in the long term. The uses of Semantic Web technology are introduced. Some common misconceptions about the Semantic Web are outlined.

The article emphasizes the need for humans in contributing their labor and judgment for creating, extending and updating formal knowledge structures to enhance the Semantic Web. It mentions that hiding such tasks behind online multiplayers games presents the tasks as fun and intellectually challenging entertainment. It outlines some of the key challenges when hiding semantic-content creation behind online games. First, it emphasizes the challenges brought by the identification of tasks in semantic-content creation.

The article considers what kind of object the Semantic Web is to be. It asks about Semantic Web semantics in the context of the relationship between knowledge representations and natural language. The distinct origins of the concept of the Semantic Web are discussed. It defines Semantic Web at its base level as a conversion from the Web of texts through an annotation process of increasing grasp and vision. The separation of annotations into metadata has strengthened the view that the original language from which annotation was derived is dispensable.

The article focuses on the emergence of "Social Web" sites, which helps people create and gather knowledge by simplifying user contributions via blogs, tagging and folksonomies, wikis, podcasts and online social networks. It mentions that the Social Web has enabled community-based knowledge acquisition with efforts such as Wikipedia, demonstrating the wisdom of the crowd in creating the world's largest online encyclopedia. The application of Semantic Web frameworks such as Semantically Interlinked Online Communities and Friend-of-a-Friend to the Social Web can lead to a Social Semantic Web, creating a network of interlinked and semantically rich knowledge.

The authors discuss their research program, called "Next-Generation Semantic Web Application" which aims to develop new applications that would not only overtake classic corporate Semantic Webs but would also intelligently exploit the Semantic Web as a large-scale semantic source. They briefly tackle the development of Semantic Web, then present some of the latest Semantic Web applications like the Watson Semantic Web gateway, PowerMagpie Semantic Web browser and the open-domain question answering, PowerAqua. Moreover, they evaluate the current status of the Semantic Web.

The article addresses a shortcoming of the Open Service Gateway initiative (OSGi) service platform specification. As commonly implemented, OSGi service discovery assumes knowledge on the part of the client about what service it wishes to access. The authors present a model that transforms OSGi into a semantic OSGi platform. Under the proposed regime OSGi services provide information about themselves, which other software elements can use to identify both their functionality, and how to invoke them.

The article presents a framework for incorporating argumentation into communities of web services, that is, groupings of services with similar functionality. Within a given community argumentation can be employed to resolve conflicts that arise when web services find themselves in competition for resources. A "master" web service can use argumentation to persuade a "slave" service to join a given community. The authors describe the definitions, propositions, and rules for one such implementation.

The article discusses the Semantic Web's proof layer. Semantic Web deploys agents to find information that satisfies a user's search requirements, and the proof layer justifies those results. Provenance of data plays a key role. Within the context of Semantic Web provenance bears three separate interpretations. Semantic Web provenance includes mechanisms for representing metaknowledge. Database provenance refers to data's origins and how that data satisfies a query. Workflow provenance describes the composition of services required to solve a given problem.

The article discusses the state of ongoing efforts to implement Semantic Web (Web 3.0), as indicated by a survey conducted among several hundred Semantic Web academics and practitioners. Protege continues to be the most popular ontology editor, with Swoop a distant second. OWL and RDF Schema are the two most popular ontology languages. Education, computer software, and government were the top three areas for which survey participants developed ontologies. On-To-Knowledge was the most popular methodology used for developing ontologies among those who use a methodology, although 60% of respondents don't use one.

The article addresses ways in which the Public Health Information Network (PHIN) created by the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention could be improved by the use of semantic modeling. The semantic web technologies known as RDF schema and OWL were applied to PHIN data in order to demonstrate the increased system adaptability and usefulness of results made possible by such an approach. Examples are provided of how the semantic model could be used to better fulfill the intended purpose of PHIN, providing easier methods of updating public health information.

The article focuses on the uncertainty of the Semantic Web applications. Semantic Web needs to handle information from applications with special knowledge representation needs such as situation-awareness applications, geospatial and multimedia processing. The applications of the Semantic Web result to uncertainty because some applications deal with random information and events while others deal with imprecise knowledge and missing information. To deal with these uncertainties in the applications of Semantic Web, researchers propose the fuzzy extensions and the Description Logic formalisms that have mathematical frameworks.

The article focuses on the advancement of artificial intelligence especially on the evolution of sensor grids, home robots and web services and its impact on the society. It was said that its role in corroborating the new Semantic Web depicts how these methods can be of great use in the future. This technology is also said to support the welfare of mankind and provide a helpful environment that every single individual can access including several applications in terrorism incident response, civil accidents, disease control, business continuity, family emergencies, transportation aids, help desks, procedural assistance, disaster response and evacuation.

The article reports that the Oracle RDF Data Model integrated with Cerebra Server is a composite solution for the complexities involved in mediating data regarding drug safety. It system takes advantage of the new capabilities of the Semantic Web for data integration that takes advantage of explicit semantics and well-defined ontologies. The Cerebra Server, when utilized with the Oracle RDF Data Model, would link multiple ontologies and disambiguate queries over federated data, as a mediation service.

The articles presents a concept of the Semantic Web as a knowledge management environment, which introduces new requirements such as the capability to semiautomatically learn ontologies and extract metadata. The obstacles to the knowledge management vision of the Semantic Web can be classified into two categories: implementing semantic knowledge management systems; and making them function in an organization. The first type of challenge can be answered by supplementing the results of semiautomatic ontology-learning and metadata-generation methods with data drawn from the context in which the user is working. One solution for the second type of challenge is to design business process software that encourages the user to access the knowledge database at key decision points.

The article reports on Semantic Web research regarding a searching strategy needed in Web applications such as digital libraries, Web intelligence and corporate intranets, using a dedicated ontology-based query language. The Corese ontology-based search engine is able to handle RDF Schema, OWL Lite and RDF metadata, and its query language allows both structural and ontological approximations. Several real-world projects which employ the Corese search engine are discussed to demonstrate its capabilities.

The article focuses on the development of a semantic web which aims to unify logical language and allows concepts to be progressively linked into a universal web. Rhizome is an experimental, open source content management framework designed to capture and represent information, human-authored content in a semantically efficient manner. Rhizome application lets developers build web applications that use familiar technology such as XML and XSLT or extensible stylesheet language transformations.

The semantic Web research community has developed ontologies and languages for semantically describing Web services. This article will focus specifically on how service clients will need to use ontology mappings to invoke unfamiliar services. The author of this article did not address how clients can find such services or select among them. In fact, for many applications, such as composing grid services, users might choose the services themselves and leave it to the client agent to determine how to interact with them.

Real-world services - that is, non-software-based services - differ significantly from Web services, usually defined as software functionality accessible and configurable over the Web. Because of the economic, social, and business importance of the service concept in general, the authors of this article believe that is it necessary to rethink what this concept means in an ontological and computational sense. A semantic Web approach can represent and reason about what they call value webs: services that have a grounding in the real world, beyond their Web elements and references alone. The Ontology-Based Electronic Integration of Complex Products and Value Chains or the OBELIX project has therefore developed a generic component-based ontology for real-world services. INSETS: The Obelix Service Ontology.;The Configuration Algorithm..

To demonstrate the utility of semantic Web service descriptions for service composition, the authors of this article developed a goal-oriented, interactive composition approach that uses matchmaking algorithms to help users filter and select services while building the composition. Indeed, it is the filtering and selection of services that helps the user drive the composition process. They have implemented these ideas in a prototype system that can compose the Web services deployed on the Internet and provide filtering capabilities where a large number of similar services might be available.

Despite rapid advances in Web services, the user community's demanding requirements continue to outstrip available technology solutions. To help close this gap, Semantic Web Services advocates are defining and implementing many new and significant capabilities. The KaoS policy and domain services help with policy specification, analysis, disclosure, and enforcement for semantic Web services. The authors of this article describe these capabilities in the context of three applications: Grid Policy Management, Coalition Search and Rescue, and the Semantic Firewall. INSET: Policies and Semantic Web Services..

Semantic Web services are described using semantically enriched markup languages. In this article, the authors will present a framework for designing and composing Semantic Web Services at the knowledge level in a language-independent manner. They base their framework on a stack of ontologies that explicitly describes different semantic Web services modeled as problem-solving methods that describe the service's internal structure.

Grid computing in the 21st century is far from reach of regular computer users. To use a grid, many users must provide a detailed executable script specifying the jobs that should run, the hosts and files to use, and sometimes the specific scheduler in the host computer. The authors of this research article aims to develop intelligent middleware components that encapsulate the expertise required to use grids. They earlier used artificial intelligence planning techniques to automatically generate executable job workflows from high-level specifications of desired results. They integrated their planner in a grid environment to extract relevant knowledge from existing grid middleware.

Ontologies have become ubiquitous in information systems. They constitute the Semantic Web's backbone, facilitate electronic commerce, and serve such diverse applications fields as bioinformatics and medicine. As ontology development becomes increasingly widespread and collaborative, developers are creating ontologies using different tools and different languages. This growth inevitably produces an ontology management problem: ontology developers and users must be able to find and compare existing ontologies, reuse complete ontologies or their parts, maintain different versions, and translate between different formalisms. A uniform framework, which the authors of this article present, helps users manage multiple ontologies by leveraging data and algorithms developed for one tool in another. INSET: Related Work..

The article discusses possible routes to more widespread adoption of semantic web services (SWS). Current SWS implementations were built to run on top of Web services and the Semantic Web. Continuing along this path necessarily couples Web services with SWS. While cautious and perhaps prudent, that approach leaves a firm vulnerable to security issues inherent in Web services. More fruitful avenues might involve meshing business goals with services by supporting higher-level enterprise modeling, or placing greater emphasis on autonomous and dynamic web services behavior.

The article discusses service technology. Services can be unitary or composite, with the latter generally of far greater value. Services grouped into composites are done so according to a business model that specifies the order of execution. Applications make use of composite services to implement a set of business processes. Templates can be used to make applications adaptable to changing demands. By incorporating semantic descriptions, firms can facilitate a highly distributed environment that ensures the proper service gets delivered when called.

The article discusses the services vision of what the author deems computer science 2.0. Any service should be able to invoke any other service on the Web, regardless of location, language, or hardware. Reusability of services will be crucial to this task, as will the use of semantic technologies. Vendors such as Oracle, BEA, and SAP have indicated initial support for semantic technologies, which hold the promise of coping with the explosive growth of information being published on the Internet.

The article discusses changes in the methods used for accessing information over the internet, comparing the development of semantic web techniques to the development of the United States interstate highway system. A brief history of the development and evolution of the World Wide Web is offered, focusing on the need for search engines to become more powerful and selective as the content available for searches grew exponentially. Information on the evolution and integration of semantic web networks is provided and predictions are offered about plausible developments in the further refinement of electronic information systems.

The article discusses the 2006 International Semantic Web Conference held in Athens, Georgia, and the overlap between Web 2.0 and the Semantic Web. The panel considered the degree to which Semantic Web technical capabilities can support Web 2.0 applications' semantic requirements, Semantic Web technology can support and enhance Web 2.0 user ecosystems, and Semantic Web design and implementation practices can complement Web 2.0 business models. Web 2.0-style applications and companies include Flickr, Wikipedia, YouTube, and others. The value of Semantic Web inference in Web 2.0 contexts includes basic subsumption reasoning that is able to extend and regularize tag systems, suggest useful cross-links in blogs and wikis, and increase precision and recall in social-network search.

This article presents the author's thoughts on the development of the Semantic Web. He refers to the Semantic Web as the "dark side" because many artificial intelligence (AI) researchers are unaware of the technology being developed in this field. Web 2.0 is explained and its importance in the development of Wikipedia, Flickr, the blogosphere, social-networking sites, and YouTube is described. To AI researchers, the most important attribute of Web 2.0 is the use of tagging to associate keywords with nontext items.

This paper discusses several issues regarding the Semantic Web. The key challenges for the Semantic Web community is to push technology in a similar direction. to gain momentum, technologies for building private Semantic Webs or parts of the World Wide Semantic Web must become a commodity and easy to integrate. This paper aims to get a feel for the practical applicability of current research by integrating different technologies into something "up and running." As formal or informal standards become established and real Semantic Web applications begin to appear, systems will converge and interoperability will increase. This paper showed that Semantic Web technology bears the potential of becoming an everyday, easy-to-use ingredient of knowledge society.

Ontologies have task-dependent and static natures, and most are created by people with a limited perspective on possible alternative conceptualizations. This means an enormous barrier exists to their large-scale development and maintenance in areas such as knowledge management and the semantic Web. To solve this problem, the authors of this note thinks that ontology researchers should focus on semiautomatic text-analysis-based updating, enriching, filtering, and evaluation of ontologies.

The article discusses business semantics in service-oriented architectures. Semantic Web's open nature makes it well-suited to accommodating business vocabulary and ontology, but the Web Ontology Language for Services (OWL-S) must be considered just a starting point. Other ontologies more narrowly tailored to the needs of business include the MIT Process Handbook along with its OWL mapping, the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records ontology for media industries, and Financial Product Markup Language for currency and certain derivatives markets.

The article provides an overview of Semantic Web Services (SWS), and notes authors who have contributed to the current issue. SWS research began in 2001. The technology seeks to make possible a greater degree of collaboration on the Web by using metadata that enable the intelligent use of Web resources by software agents. SWS holds the promise of greater automation in such areas as service selection, message translation, and service composition. SWS may also one day make possible better service monitoring and failure recovery.

The article discusses the effect of semantic web on publishers. Some consider using the technology while others find inspiration in semantic web's collaborative features. "Nature" magazine has established a social-networking site. Among academic publishers, concern exists about how to properly assign credit for work produced using such technology. Some see a role for nascent web technologies in speeding up the peer review process. Whatever the perils and promise, semantic web and its like will require concerted efforts by computer scientists to gain widespread acceptance.

The semantic Web is a vision of a new architecture of the World Wide Web, characterize by the association of machine-accessible formal semantics with more traditional Web content. The Semantic Web's original motivations were to increase automation in processing Web-based information and to improve the interoperability of Web-based information systems. This article presents information on articles, published in the periodical “IEEE Intelligent Systems”, based on submissions to the 2004 AAAI Spring Symposium on Semantic Web Services. These articles represent the best and most representative work in the field.

The article discusses a study which aims to improve Semantic Web service repositories through the use of artificial intelligence techniques. The study focuses on knowledge acquisition and representation techniques that will help application development and will enhance user's experience. The motivation of the study is the need for new methods and tools supporting automatic service discovery and composition due to the rapid growth of web services. Through the Semantic web technology, the researcher derived a set of recommendations of concrete knowledge representation about content and structure. Findings shows that part of the domain knowledge that describes web services from the source can be obtained automatically.

The author of this note believes that ontology technologies are popular and attract much attention because they are cornerstones for realizing the semantic Web. But, what are they and how many exist? Ontologies' key benefit is interoperability, so it should be fairly easy, for example, to create an ontology with one editor, store it, and upload it again to another editor for further work. The author suggests that people should take some time for this experiment.