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Contamination of free conducting particles is a major threat to gas insulated systems. In HVDC GIL, free conducting particles can be even more harmful due to the fact that particles can easily cross the gas gap under DC voltage and distort the electric field. In HVDC systems, impulse overvoltage can be generated and superimposed on the DC operating voltage. As a result, GIL will experience superimposed DC and impulse voltage. In this paper, the behavior of free conducting particles in HVDC GIL is observed and breakdown characteristics of particle contaminated GIL under superimposed DC and impulse voltages are studied. Two motion patterns of free conducting particles in HVDC GIL are mainly found: bouncing and firefly motions. Particles tend to firefly motion near the enclosure under positive DC voltage and near the high voltage bus bar under negative DC voltage. With increased DC voltage amplitude, the probability of firefly motion increases while the probability of bouncing motion decreases. It is found that the insulation strength of GIL is greatly reduced by free conducting particles under superimposed DC and impulse voltages. With increasing particle length, the breakdown voltage of GIL under superimposed voltage decreases sharply. Breakdown voltage decreases slightly with the increase of particle radius. Breakdown voltage of GIL is lower under superimposed voltage of negative DC and positive impulse than under negative DC and negative impulse with the same size of particle. The results indicate that superimposition of DC operating voltage and impulse overvoltage can be a critical condition for HVDC GIL if free conducting particles exist. Therefore, a superimposed DC and impulse voltage on-site test can be considered for HVDC GIL to check for insulation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an intelligent identification method for winding deformation fault is proposed. The proposed method is composed of principal components of transfer function characteristics and an artificial neural network (ANN). A sequence of simulative deformation faults with different types, locations and extents are set on the winding of a 10kV transformer. The corresponding status transfer function is acquired with a winding deformation test method excited by M-Sequence. Zeros, poles and the variations of the transfer function are considered to be the features of the winding mechanical status. The principal components of feature are extracted and then used as input to a back-propagation ANN for fault recognition. The winding deformation faults are recognized using the ANN that has been trained and tested using the cross validation method. The results show that the classification method has the ability to simultaneously recognize the deformation faults with different types, locations and extents with high accuracy and is suitable for winding deformation diagnosis. The study presents an idea and a path to identify winding mechanical status intelligently though it conducts on a transformer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Operating experience shows that residual DC voltage remains in GIS bus bar for a long time after opening of disconnectors. This DC voltage will not only cause accumulation of charges and contaminants on the insulator surface, but will also easily lead to motion of free metallic particles in SF6 gas gap, weakening the insulation ability of GIS. At the time of disconnectors reclosing, impulse voltage could be generated in the bus bar and superimpose on the pre-existing DC voltage. As a result, GIS will be under combined voltage of DC and impulse. This paper experimentally studies the insulation characteristics of GIS under combined voltage of DC and lightning impulse. It is found that, for non-contaminated insulators, when DC and LI voltage are of the same polarity, flashover voltage under combined voltage is nearly the same as the flashover voltage under LI alone. However, when they are of the opposite polarity, flashover voltage decreases with increasing DC voltage. In cases there are metallic particle or powder around insulator, pre-stressed DC voltage will cause adhesion of contaminants on the insulator surface and lead to decrease of flashover voltage. Specially, for the particle-contaminated insulator, it is found that the surface charge accumulation caused by DC voltage will have big influence on the flashover voltage, and the most critical condition is when DC and LI voltage are of the opposite polarity. In addition, the breakdown characteristics of SF6 gas gap with free metallic particle are investigated. It is found that under pre-stressed DC voltage, particle will do standing motion or bouncing motion. And breakdown voltage becomes lowest when particle is doing standing motion. The results of the experiments show that residual DC voltage in GIS could deteriorate its insulation ability and the combined voltage of DC and impulse is found to be a critical condition for GIS insulation. Moreover, the combined voltage is shown to be more sensitive to detect some insulation defects in GIS than applying impulse voltage alone, especially for free metallic particles, which are commonly found in GIS but up to now no effective detection method is proposed. Therefore combined voltage of DC and impulse could be considered to serve as a supplement of field test for GIS. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In order to provide reference for the operation and maintenance of porcelain insulators on DC transmission lines, the test method for electrolytic corrosion of iron caps was studied in National Engineering Laboratory for Ultra High Voltage Engineering Technology (Kunming) of China, with XZP2-300 porcelain insulators that had no protection zinc collar. The results indicated that the spray water method could simulate the field corrosion condition when the conductivity and volume flow rate were 12 mS/cm and 6-12 L/h respectively, and the differences in the length, width and depth of corrosion area between the test results and the field condition were less than 8%. Besides, the differences in the test results with spray water method from two experimenters were less than 7%. Our study demonstrated that the spray water method proposed in this paper had good equivalence and repeatability, which could be used to research the electrolytic corrosion problem of iron caps of porcelain insulator on HVDC transmission line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the air gap insulation of ?800 kV DC transmission systems under composite DC and switching impulse voltage. The gaps studied were representative of ?800 kV DC transmission line, as rod-to-plane and conductor-to-tower gaps. The flashover voltages of the gaps at an altitude of 2100 m were determined for a pure switching impulse and composite voltages of DC and switching impulse. It is found that there are clear increase in the composite flashover voltage of both rod-to-plane and conductor-to-tower gaps, compared with those in the gap that only impulse voltage was applied. From the test results, the flashover voltage increases by 17-23%in the rod-to-plane gap and 5-10% in the conductor-to-tower gap, when the DC voltage of 800 kV is pre-stressed. The standard deviations have little obvious variation under the pre-stressed DC voltage and its average value is 4-4.5% in the tests. Additionally, a 1,000,000 fps high speed CCD camera is used to observe the breakdown process for investigation on the influence of pre-stressed DC voltage on the conductor. The leader inception and breakdown process properties were studied. These data and explanation are useful for ?800kV DC insulation design and testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past and recent investigations show that front time of switching overvoltage waveforms in Ultra High Voltage (UHV) system of long distance transmission are mostly in long wave front time exceeding 1000μs. The long front time of switching impulse voltage has been deviated from the critical front time. This paper is involved with breakdown characteristics and external insulation design under long front switching impulse voltage in UHV system. All the Tests were performed on an outdoor UHV test site at altitude of 2100 m, China Southern Power Grid Co. Ltd. (CSG). Breakdown characteristics of rod-plane and actual size tower-conductor in /spl l.chemo/800 kV UHV DC transmission line are obtained under wide front time switching impulse voltages from 100 to 2350 μs. From the comprehensive studies of such tests, it is proposed that U50 of front time exceeding 1000 μs increases 20% compared with the results of standard switching impulse (250/2500 μs) tests and standard deviations of U50 is 6% in UHV transmission system. Finally, an air gap insulation design procedure in conductor-tower of UHV transmission line at altitude of 0-2000 m is presented. Long front time switching impulse strength of conductor-tower gap is proposed into selection by reference in UHV transmission line insulation design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]