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This paper develops a 200 W two-stage rail grade dc–dc module based on gallium-nitride devices. It converts a wide input voltage (64–160 V) to a constant output voltage (24 V). Different devices and topologies are evaluated for the target application, based on which a two-stage configuration is proposed. The first stage is a two-phase regulated buck converter working under critical mode ($>$ 400 kHz), which is followed by an unregulated 48-V/24-V LLC converter (2 MHz) for 3000-V dc isolation. The voltage regulation is discussed for the buck converter when the inductors are negatively coupled, and then the zero voltage switching (ZVS) extension is explored. However, due to the limitation of the digital controller, a tradeoff is made between the dynamic response and the footprint. The compromise solution is to use a small and slow microcontroller for high frequency control (including voltage regulation, critical mode operation, phase interleaving) and various demands (including soft start-up, external communication, and various protections). Finally, all the required functions are verified in a standalone quarter-brick prototype module. It can achieve 95.1% peak efficiency and 130 W/in $^3$ power density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes and implements autonomous control of a multiple-receiver wireless charging system. The charging control problem is challenging due to the decentralized nature of the system, possible changing numbers and types of energy storage devices as loads of the receivers, and complexity in wireless power distribution mechanism. The game-theory-based control is developed that fully respects the unique characteristics of the transmitter (i.e., charger) and receivers. The preferences of the individual devices are first quantified using utility functions. Then, the charging control problem is formulated as a generalized Stackelberg game considering the leader–follower relationship between the transmitter and receivers, and the limited total charging power. At each control instant, the generalized Nash equilibrium among the receivers, i.e., charging power distribution here, is reached by searching the Lagrange multiplier while the total charging power from the transmitter is updated in a step-by-step manner. Both simulation and experimental results show that the proposed charging control autonomously manages and updates the power distribution in the cases where the receivers with different energy storage devices quit or join the wireless charging. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper develops a novel voltage equalizer by combining wireless power transfer (WPT) and a voltage multiplier (VM) for series-connected energy storage cells. The physical isolation achieved by WPT can offer several unique benefits that traditional equalizers can hardly provide. In this paper, the characteristics of a multiple-output VM are analytically discussed and used to develop an equivalent one-output VM model. Based on this model, parameters of the WPT system are properly designed. The proposed design methodology can achieve a single-switch voltage equalizer without feedback control, which dramatically decreases the circuit complexity and cost. Moreover, this methodology can naturally ensure a robust system under small coil misalignment. In the experiment, the proposed system is built to balance four series-connected ultracapacitor modules. The system efficiency is 72.8% at a load power level of 10 W. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, the loading effect of a Class E power amplifier (PA) driven 6.78 megahertz (MHz) wireless power transfer (WPT) system is analyzed at both circuit and system levels. A buck converter is introduced and controlled to track an optimal equivalent load that maximizes the system efficiency under uncertainties in the relative position of coils and the final load. For power control, an additional degree of freedom is provided by adding an ultracapacitor bank. A control strategy is proposed to track the maximum efficiency and charge/discharge the ultracapacitor bank through the on/off control of the Class E PA. Thus, high system efficiency can be maintained under various uncertainties and load power demands. Finally, the theoretical analysis and the control scheme are validated in experiments. The results show that the proposed Class E PA-driven MHz WPT system can stably achieve a high efficiency under different coil distances and various constant/pulsed power profiles. The measured highest system efficiency can reach 72.1% at a load power level of 10 W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multitransmitter (multi-TX) inductive power transfer system would not only offer better spatial freedom but also improve the overall output capability. Under heavy-load condition, it is desirable to fully utilize the output power capability, and the overall input power needs to be balanced among the multiple TXs. This article proposes a simple and low-cost current sharing method to balance the input power. The current distribution is analytically studied for an example two-TX system, and the sharing path is proposed to balance the power under coupling variation and coil inductance mismatch. It also explores the influence of sharing path on the efficiency and zero-phase operation. Besides, the proposed method is valid for other compensations and can be extended for N-TX (N $>$ 2) systems. Finally, a two-TX system is implemented to verify the sharing effect. The current imbalance factor is effectively reduced from 37% to 2.7% under the worst coupling cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An inductive power transfer system is able to charge multiple receivers (RXs) through a single transmitter. In order to develop suitable control methods, this article explores and compares the influence of driving current and loading resistance on the efficiency and power distribution. It starts from a simple system with equal coupling and then extends the discussion to a general one. With proper simplification, an optimization problem is defined to derive several important factors, including the optimal driving current, optimal loading resistance, and the corresponding optimized efficiency under various application constraints. In the final experiments, the dynamic tuning of driving current is able to maximize the system efficiency to 92.1% for a general three-RX system. In another customized system with equal coupling, the maximum error between the achieved efficiency and the real maximum efficiency is 0.4% through the calculation-based current control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]