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A Midwestern pulp and paper mill had arc-flash ratings around 100 cal/cm2 on 50 480-V unit substations. New relays were installed to replace the existing protection and add light detection to improve arc-flash detection times. During a couple of one-day outages, sample installations took place. During the cold mill outage, 44 installations were completed over 12 days by working around the clock. Old relays were removed, new plates were mounted and wired in, and fiber sensors were routed through the buswork and into the breaker cubicles. Updated arc-flash studies show an average arc-flash rating reduction of 90%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Special Feature that lists the names of people involved in the review of technical papers for the IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications and Industry Applications Magazine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the list of reviewers who contributed to this publication in 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Special Feature that lists the names of people involved in the review of technical papers for the IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications and Industry Applications Magazine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many papers have been written about the phenomenon of arc flash, the causes of arc flash, how to mitigate specific arc flash problems, and how to design arc flash issues out from the beginning. This paper will discuss the overall process of completing an engineering incident energy analysis and remediation project in a pulp and paper mill. Most mills are not fortunate enough to receive sufficient funding to do the whole study and a remediation process all at once. This paper explores how a Midwestern pulp and paper mill worked over several years to get through the process of the study, remediation efforts, and the establishment of an overall electrical safety program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifies the common challenges in improving uptime for the pulp and paper plant engineer or industrial facilities manager. Power quality management concerns within the pulp and paper industry; Myths surrounding power conditioning and environmental protection in industrial settings; Power challenges to sensitive electronics in the industry; Kinds of equipment available to protect against power problems.

The article presents the list of reviewers focused on recognition of 2017 transactions and magazine paper.

Provides information on a study concerning the effect of motor temperature on pulp and paper mill applications. Functions of enclosed fan and weather protected motors; Information on the thermal impact on stator winding rotor; Observation on the processes of squirrel-cage induction motors.

Presents experimental findings on the effects of paper dielectric in a variety of corona environments. Observations on a single-sheet barrier as the applied voltage is increased from zero; Similarities and differences in using double-sheet barrier; Breakdown strength of gap.

Presents an approach to the controllable simulation of paper forming using artificial neural network methods. Problem of simulating the dynamics of paper forming; Model for simulation of the dynamics of paper forming; Artificial neural networks and simulation of paper forming; Experimental results of the study; Discussion of the results; Conclusions.

The article lists the reviewers of the journal including Francisco Azcondo, John P. Barton and Edson Bortoni.

A rule-based expert system for the integrated control and supervision of the dry-end sections of a paper machine is proposed. This. system is capable of recognizing all the normal and abnormal changes in process operating conditions, including acceleration of sections, threading of paper sheet, nip pressure activation, activation and deactivation of tension control loops, change of parent roll, and sheet break. A core part of the system is the supervision of the sensorless tension control of the dry-end sections, assuring its long-term stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuses are commonly used to provide medium voltage (MV) protection to distribution transformers. Unfortunately, there are certain deficiencies introduced when primary-side fuses are used. In paper mill power systems, given the unique organization of the paper mill loads around individual feeders to facilitate load shedding, it may be advantageous to provide transformer differential relay protection from the primary of the transformer to the load side of the main secondary breaker instead of primary fuse protection. This protection can then trip either a primary-side grounding switch (with fuses) or a primary-side feeder circuit breaker using a fiber or a WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) connection. Protection against overload is provided by a secondary main circuit breaker and by design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical equipment supplying and distributing energy is used in every pulp and paper industrial process. Many components made of various metallic and dielectric materials are vulnerable to corrosive atmospheres often present in the pulp and paper industrial facilities. Corrosion of electrical conductors may result in fast and irreversible deterioration, causing production loss and safety hazards. The paper reviews the most severe corrosion problems effecting conductivity of electrical contacts that result in overheating of electrical equipment used in this industry. A number of various protecting means are suggested to slow down corrosion of silver and copper and other metals most often used in electrical equipment. The paper discusses implementations and the value of various condition-monitoring techniques to provide timely maintenance of electrical equipment exposed to corrosive environments in the pulp and paper facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the reviewers who contributed to this publication in 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive three-stage computer-based methodology for the initial setting of the speed and torque controllers for the drives of a paper machine. First, the controller gains are selected based on the figures-of-merit for the frequency- and time-domain responses of each drive to commands and disturbances. After that, the effect of the elastic shafts is considered evaluating the resonant frequencies and two-mass system responses. Finally, the responses of each group of drives to the process commands and/or disturbances of interest are evaluated. The use of the proposed methodology will assure fast and well-behaved responses of each group of drives of the different sections of a paper machine, with minimal field adjustments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical sections of a paper machine such as the wet end presses, size press, on-machine coater, and reel may be required to undergo large and fast load changes in normal operation. These changes must result in minimum disturbance to the ingoing sheet tension or nip roll speed in order to avoid sheet breaks or wrinkling. This paper evaluates two disturbance-rejection control techniques, one using disturbance feedforward (or disturbance input decoupling) based on a nip-pressure disturbance observer and the other using a two-degrees-of-freedom controller. Evaluations were done in both a press section and a size press section of a lightweight paper machine, and the results showed that both methods are very effective in reducing the maximum speed deviation to about 10% of the values without compensation and can operate combined with torsional oscillation compensation without interference between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the proper use of active harmonic filters (AHF) in pulp and paper mills. Advantages of AHF over traditional harmonic mitigation and displacement power-factor-correction methods; Features of AHF; Factors in the design of AHF.

The article announces the recognition of volunteers who were involved in reviewing the papers of the periodical "IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications" including Steven Townsend, Marcelo Valdes, and Dionysios Aliprantis.

Lists the reviewers who contribute to IEEE Industry Applications Magazine and the IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications in 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Proposes and evaluates sheet tension estimation in paper machines using only conventional motor and control signals, present in all newer drive controllers, integrated into a process model observer. Factors that deteriorate the performance of the speed controller as an indirect tension controller; Evaluation of the dry end of a paper machine; Tension estimation using a low-frequency signal; Conclusions.

Proposes and evaluates startup commissioning procedures for electronically line-shafted paper machine drives. Discussion on virtual line-shafting control; Emulation of the desirable properties of the physical line-shaft drive; Assessment of the influence of virtual line-shaft inertia.

Evaluates the application of an electric line-shafting control technique used to replicate and improve on the historical, mechanical line-shafted properties of paper machine drives. Electronic line-shafting control; Features of the physical line-shaft model; Difference between the mechanical line-shafted system and the proposed electronic line-shafting control.

Presents a study which proposed a digital-signal-processor (DSP)-based control technique with constant tension control for the rewind roll of a paper machine. Industrial applications of constant tension control; Components of analog tension control for a direct current motor drive; System optimization and data acquisition; Experimental results.

Sheet tension control is crucial in the paper winding process in order to get properly formed shipping roll(s) produced in the winder. Typically, the tension loop uses load cells as tension sensors, which are expensive and require frequent maintenance and calibration. This paper develops two new tension estimators for a two-drum electric-braking-generator production winder, based on unwinding and rewinding variables, respectively. The estimators consider all the essential dynamic, friction, and inertial variation effects. Both estimators are evaluated in typical trapezoidal winder operating cycles. Multiple sensitivity analyses show that the proposed estimators are robust to normal parameter variations, and give stable and precise sheet tension control without the use of load cell tension loops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article recognizes the reviewers of the papers submitted to the journal including David Mills, Chao-Shun Chen and Inoshita Ryosuke.

Torsional oscillations bound the velocity loop bandwidth (BW) of industrial drives and servo systems, deteriorating the transient response to commands and disturbances. This is especially harmful in multidrive systems like paper machines that need to run synchronized. This paper presents two methods to dynamically compensate the torsional oscillations produced by the compliant components between the motor and the load: either a notch filter or an acceleration feedback based on the rigid-body Luenberger observer. The evaluation includes the effect of reducer backlash, whereby both time and frequency domain responses are used to compare the benefits of each technique in a typical paper machine section. Results show that both methods, if properly tuned, are effective techniques to reduce torsional oscillations and are robust to parameter variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Torsional oscillations greatly affect performance and. determine the bandwidth (BW) and damping of speed loops. Backlash due to gear reducers can also contribute to the triggering of oscillations, especially when the drive runs at very low load torque. This paper presents a detailed evaluation of these effects in typical electromechanical drive trains applied to paper machine sections. The cases evaluated consider torsional oscillations in two-mass and three-mass systems, and the effect of shaft diameter and length on the resonant frequencies of three typical paper machine sections. Time-domain response plots are evaluated to show the effect of speed response overshoot, reducer backlash, and step or ramp speed commands. Based on these results, mechanical design guidelines are given for the most significant drive train components in order to minimize torsional oscillations of the speed-controlled drive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on reviewers of the journal "IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications," and the "IEEE Industry Application Magazine." These reviewers perform the vital function of peer review, without which publications would not find acceptance as quality journals. Working under the guidance of the Papers Review Chairs of various Technical Committees, the reviewers help select the best of the papers from numerous technical conferences for publication. Their comments guide the authors in making changes to improve their papers before final publication.

This paper proposes and evaluates two robust sheet tension estimation algorithms based on unwind and rewind variables, respectively. The proper sheet tension estimation is guaranteed by a continuous monitoring of the differences between the actual estimated values and the values predicted from the last calibration of the estimation parameters. The evaluation was performed with the aid of a developed winder emulator that allowed the offline testing in a real-time field environment, including the initial setting of the estimation constants, and evaluation of both four- and six-shipping-roll cycles. The sheet tension estimation results confirm the precise and stable operation of the proposed robust estimation algorithms, in tests conducted with signals from a winder model, and with tests involving actual field signals from an operational winder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People that the author would like to thank for volunteering to review the papers published in the previous issues of the "IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications" and the "IEEE Industry Applications Magazine" are mentioned.

Presents information on the peer review of technical papers for the 'IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications' journal and the 'IEEE Industry Applications Magazine.' Details on the review process; Responsibilities of the reviewers; List of reviewers.

This paper discusses a practical approach to allow personnel safe access to switchgear while maintaining pulp and paper mill processes, specifically in existing electrical distribution system unit substation installations where a main breaker was not incorporated into the original design. Various component configurations were evaluated prior to a final solution being implemented. Modernization of existing equipment was determined to be the most efficient and cost-effective solution, allowing mill personnel to work safely on switchgear during periods of mill production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People who the author would like to thank for their assistance in the creation of the journal are mentioned.

Focuses on the recognition of volunteers who gave critical reviews that helped the authors improve papers prior to presentation. How papers are processed by the reviewers before approval for publication; How the Transactions publication serves the Industry Application Society; List of reviewers, their affiliation and locations.

Measurement of transformer remaining useful life has long been a goal for responsible asset management. Most testing laboratories offer furan concentration testing as a suitable method. The interpretive method of choice is usually the Chendong equation, expressed in practical terms as degree of polymerization of the paper with new paper at about 1000 and end of life at around 300. Typical mill transformers have thermal insulation ratings expressed as 55 °C rise for plain kraft or 65 °C, which corresponds to thermally upgraded kraft paper (TUP). It has been determined that TUP does not produce furans and, thus, provides a false indicator of the cellulose breakdown. There are several recent papers that have demonstrated that a measurement of methanol (MeOH) may be a better method to determine ageing of the TUP insulation and also better for transformers with plain kraft paper insulation. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the reasons why furans should not be used as the basis for measuring aging of thermally upgraded paper, why MeOH should be so used, and to compare actual furans and MeOH test data for service aged transformers in a process industry application [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the installation of an integrated turbine-generator control system for a British Columbian pulp mill. Background of Northwood Pulp Mill of Canadian Forest Product Ltd.; Project objectives; Project implementation; Conclusion.

Chipper motors in pulp and paper mill environment are of special design—the stability on impact loads is one important consideration. The power factor under normal operation will continuously swing due to varying loads. This paper describes the guesswork-free rigorous calculations of pull-out (out-of-step) power factor based on the parameter of an actual installation. Single phasing is rather a rare occurrence; however, such an event has been experienced in an installation due to overheating and arcing at the fuse clips in a NEMA E2 starter of a chipper motor. Discussions on the single-phase protection of synchronous motors and recommended settings are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate discrimination on moisture status of oil-impregnated paper (OIP) bushings is crucial for the maintenance and replacement schedule of bushings. Based on frequency-domain spectroscopy (FDS) measurement and Dissado–Hill (DH) relaxation model, this article proposes a hybrid approach of hidden Markov model and gray wolf optimization (GWO-HMM) for MS estimation of bushings subjected to the ununiform moisture distribution and dynamic time-series modeling. First, simulation models of moisture diffusion and FDS of the OIP bushing were constructed using finite element modeling approach. Then, the GWO algorithm was employed to explore dielectric parameters influenced by moisture in the DH model. Then, the GWO-HMMs was adopted as a classification tool to discriminate the MS of the simulation and experimental data of the bushings. Classification results confirm that the average identification accuracies of the proposed method are 97.17% and 96.81% over these two datasets, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed moisture estimate method for OIP bushings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on modifications implemented in the protection and grounding systems of a large paper mill and describes selective ground fault protection for a 13.8-kV system with multiple bus-connected generators, synchronous bus ties, and utility interconnections. The ground fault current in the system is reduced from the existing 3400 A to 500 A, and a hybrid grounding system is implemented for each of the generators. As the ground fault currents are reduced to limit the fault damage, the sensitivity and selectivity of the ground fault protection become important. Directional ground fault relays with coordinating pickup settings are applied to achieve this objective. The new platform for directional elements (numerical relays) drives its performance from sequence impedance measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a dual active bridge (DAB) converter with reactive power control capability (Q-capability) for a battery energy storage system (BESS) or an electric vehicle (EV) to deliver vehicle-to-home (V2H) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services. The DAB topology is preferable for EV charging systems due to its galvanic isolation and bidirectional power flow capabilities. However, this topology increases reactive current peak and loses zero voltage switching (ZVS) operation at light loads if it is not controlled with improved modulation strategies and proper Q control. This paper proposes a mixed modulation method and a reactive power optimization (RPO) algorithm based on power system load flow concepts. Due to the complexities associated with the analytical solution using time domain analysis, this paper develops detailed universal expressions of a DAB converter using the harmonic analysis method. Analytical identification of ZVS boundaries and DSP implementation of the RPO algorithm become easier with these universal expressions. Multiple modes analysis for different operational states is no longer required. Simulation results have been shown for different modulation strategies of the DAB converters. The theoretical analysis of modulation strategies, RPO algorithm and ZVS operation are validated by experimental results on a DAB prototype. Results show that the proposed control strategy reduces the reactive power and provide ZVS operation over a wide ranges of voltages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an introduction to the March 01, 2005 issue of the journal "IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications."

In this paper, a sizing method is proposed for photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) for buildings with demand side management capability. Three objective functions (OF) are defined, describing the self-sufficiency of the building, the net-present value of the investment in PV and BESS, and their combination in a joint expression, respectively. The latter OF provides cost-effective solutions that are potentially more profitable in case of future high increase of the electricity cost. Two analysis methods are developed to find the optimal solution under a predefined load shifting strategy. The first one applies an exhaustive search by examining all possible combinations of PV and BESS capacity. The drawback of this method is the high computational burden due to unnecessary access to the solution space. The second method is implemented with a particle swarm optimization (PSO) variant, namely the unified-PSO. Under this approach, the analysis algorithm is guided in the solution space toward efficient solutions under lower computational time. The comparative assessment of the two methods in both residential and industrial sites verifies that via the PSO algorithm the optimal solutions are found under lower execution time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the calculation procedure of short circuits adopting the characteristic currents method (CCM). In a previous paper by the author G. Parise, the CCM has been upgraded with the introduction of “characteristic” countercurrents and the generalization of the Kirchhoff laws. For illustrating the calculation procedure, the selected case study deals with a low voltage cold ironing system where multiple ships are allowed to operate simultaneously on one shore power transformer and, so, a comparison has been developed between the IEC approach of the short-circuit calculation and the CCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power systems are transitioning to renewables. The power system infrastructure digitalization is the next stage in this evolution. A digitalized future distribution network (DN) has an opportunity to evolve into real-time analysis based on a huge volume of data. Such real-time analysis will be feasible through the integration of the theoretical background of fault analysis and machine learning techniques. Fault location is one of the major issues to improve reliability indices. The voltage sags characterization is used to locate faults in the DN. This article presents a methodology to characterize voltage sags using fault analysis and deep convolutional neural networks. The voltage divider model allows the characterization and the discrete wavelet transform is used in signal processing. The machine learning and deep learning models used allow estimating the sag magnitude, fault location, phases involved, duration, and impact of distributed generation (DG) in each event. The IEEE 13-node test feeder including DG was used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. This paper provides a way to handle a Big Data stream in the DN control center and to efficiently locate faults in several operational scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multi-level boost topology based on a flying capacitor is compared in this work with the hybrid, multi-level, partial power processing topology already presented in the literature for use as a highly efficient and compact dc/dc stage in 1500-V, two-stage, grid-connected PV systems. Different variations of the resonant stage of the hybrid topology are analyzed and compared in terms of losses, volume and complexity. Full multivariable optimization is conducted for the multi-level boost topology with different number of levels and for all the analyzed variations of the resonant stage of the hybrid topology. Appropriately rated new classes of 650-V and 900-V WBG devices are included in the optimization algorithm. It is concluded that due to the dominant conduction losses and gap in the voltage rating of the commercially available WBG devices between 650V and 200V, increase of the number of levels over 4 leads to the deteriorated loss and volume performances. All the analysis related to the resonant stage of the hybrid topology is confirmed by detailed and comprehensive measurements of two prototypes of 4kW of nominal and 7kW of maximal power. Additionally, all the loss models applied in the optimization algorithms presented in this paper are confirmed by detailed measurements, thermal calibration and finite element thermal simulations of the wide bandgap devices and inductor designs employed in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides information on the recipients of the 1998 Second Society Prize Paper Award from the Industry Applications Society. Profile on engineer Rajesch P. Deodhar; Background on engineer Svante Andersson; Achievement of engineer Timothy J.E. Miller.

Submarine cables are indispensable for offshore wind farms (OWFs) connected to a power grid. The submarine cable can cause certain degrees of impact on the system performance due to its different lengths, characteristics, electrical parameters, etc. This paper employs the power-system simulation software of Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSS/E) for modeling a future-scheduled OWF, i.e., a large-scale doubly-fed induction generator-based OWF of 200 MW, connected to Jang-Bin distribution substation of Taiwan Power System through five feeders, five circuit breakers, two step-up power transformers, a commercial submarine cable, and an underground cable. This paper simulates and compares the electrical quantities of the studied OWF with different operating capacities under various lengths of three types of commercial submarine cable. The transient surge peak voltages at the common bus of the OWF and the bus of Jang-Bin distribution substation subject to the switching of one of the five circuit breakers of the studied OWF under different lengths of the three types of commercial submarine cable are also compared using the power-system simulation software of ATPDraw in Alternative Transients Program (ATP) version of Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the intermittency issue associated with renewable energy sources, a solar photovoltaic (PV) array fed grid interfaced encoder-less permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) based solar water pumping (SWP) system is presented in this paper. The grid integration enables a continuous water flow regardless of available solar insolation. However, it has been observed that the grids in developing and underdeveloped countries are mostly weak. Moreover, as SWP systems are typically established at remote locations, which are generally the grid radial ends, therefore, prone to various grid abnormalities. Such abnormalities affect the SWP system performance. Therefore, a hybrid multi-resonant generalized integrator-frequency locked loop (HMRGI-FLL) control structure is presented in this paper to deal with the abnormalities in grid voltage and makes the SWP system operational even under weak grid condition. The proposed structure not only rejects the dc-offset but it also eliminates the dominant lower order harmonic with its selective harmonic elimination capability. A boost converter is used on the grid side to facilitate the power transfer from the grid. In condition of grid failure, the output water flow is regulated in accordance with available solar insolation. The speed of the PMSM is regulated using sensor-less vector control. Performance of the proposed system is experimentally validated using a laboratory prototype under varying solar insolation, during grid failure, during voltage sag, voltage swell, and distorted grid voltage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]