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A Midwestern pulp and paper mill had arc-flash ratings around 100 cal/cm2 on 50 480-V unit substations. New relays were installed to replace the existing protection and add light detection to improve arc-flash detection times. During a couple of one-day outages, sample installations took place. During the cold mill outage, 44 installations were completed over 12 days by working around the clock. Old relays were removed, new plates were mounted and wired in, and fiber sensors were routed through the buswork and into the breaker cubicles. Updated arc-flash studies show an average arc-flash rating reduction of 90%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Special Feature that lists the names of people involved in the review of technical papers for the IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications and Industry Applications Magazine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical equipment supplying and distributing energy is used in every pulp and paper industrial process. Many components made of various metallic and dielectric materials are vulnerable to corrosive atmospheres often present in the pulp and paper industrial facilities. Corrosion of electrical conductors may result in fast and irreversible deterioration, causing production loss and safety hazards. The paper reviews the most severe corrosion problems effecting conductivity of electrical contacts that result in overheating of electrical equipment used in this industry. A number of various protecting means are suggested to slow down corrosion of silver and copper and other metals most often used in electrical equipment. The paper discusses implementations and the value of various condition-monitoring techniques to provide timely maintenance of electrical equipment exposed to corrosive environments in the pulp and paper facilities. Index Terms--Corrosion, electrical conductors, monitoring, resistance, silver.

Measurement of transformer remaining useful life has long been a goal for responsible asset management. Most testing laboratories offer furan concentration testing as a suitable method. The interpretive method of choice is usually the Chendong equation, expressed in practical terms as degree of polymerization of the paper with new paper at about 1000 and end of life at around 300. Typical mill transformers have thermal insulation ratings expressed as 55 °C rise for plain kraft or 65 °C, which corresponds to thermally upgraded kraft paper (TUP). It has been determined that TUP does not produce furans and, thus, provides a false indicator of the cellulose breakdown. There are several recent papers that have demonstrated that a measurement of methanol (MeOH) may be a better method to determine ageing of the TUP insulation and also better for transformers with plain kraft paper insulation. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the reasons why furans should not be used as the basis for measuring aging of thermally upgraded paper, why MeOH should be so used, and to compare actual furans and MeOH test data for service aged transformers in a process industry application [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the motor temperature operating consideration for Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled (TEFC), Open Dripproof, and Weather Protected II type of motor through 500 hp, both low voltage (LV) and medium voltage (MV). The IEEE Standard 841 has been revised as IEEE Std 841-2001 and is expected to be in use for at least five years. The TEFC motors covered in this standard have found wide acceptance in the pulp and paper industry. Much of the material also applies to large motors sizes. The thermal impact on the stator winding rotor core, bearings, and lubrications as specified in standards and applied in mills are considered. Index Terms--AC squirrel-cage induction motors, insulation series factor, thermal life, winding temperature.

The manufacturing imperative of improving uptime presents a number of unique challenges for the plant engineer or industrial facilities manager. The first challenge is to debunk the myths and misconceptions surrounding power conditioning and environmental protection in industrial settings. Like their office system counterparts, control systems are running more mission-critical applications than ever before. Uptime demands are increasing. This, in turn, increases the need for systems availability and reliability 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Pulp and paper mills are continually striving to obtain data center reliability through the use of dual corded loads fed from separate substations. Building in high degrees of redundancy increases the standards for reliable power and provides the ability to perform consistent maintenance for all power and environmental equipment--continuous availability is dependent upon it. This paper covers how to identify the most common challenges--from power conditioning to site monitoring issues to precision air conditioning and other environmental factors--and then configures the best solution for your specific environment. Index Terms--Circuit-breaker trips, distributed generation, dual-corded loads, N + x parallel redundancy, ultracritical loads.

This paper is a basic primer for defining and applying active harmonic filters (AHFs). AHFs are sophisticated electronic devices that offer significant advantages over traditional harmonic mitigation and displacement power-factor-correction methods. This paper will introduce the AHF and discuss when and where these advantages apply. Additionally discussed is the simplicity in selection of the AHF. The author will present specific examples for the various applications to which AHFs have been applied. Index Terms--Active harmonic filter, harmonic filter, harmonics, power-factor correction, var compensation.

Many papers have been written about the phenomenon of arc flash, the causes of arc flash, how to mitigate specific arc flash problems, and how to design arc flash issues out from the beginning. This paper will discuss the overall process of completing an engineering incident energy analysis and remediation project in a pulp and paper mill. Most mills are not fortunate enough to receive sufficient funding to do the whole study and a remediation process all at once. This paper explores how a Midwestern pulp and paper mill worked over several years to get through the process of the study, remediation efforts, and the establishment of an overall electrical safety program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper is made by a continuous high-speed filtration drainage of an aqueous suspension of fibers. This paper presents a new approach to the controllable simulation of paper forming, using artificial neural network methods. The model incorporates dynamics of the forming process, like turbulence, drainage speed, and preferential drainage through earlier less-dense regions and fiber properties, like propensity to clump, or 'flocculate,' fiber flexibility, and concentration of fibers in the suspension. Results for monofiber layer structures are described, showing effects of turbulence and its decay during drainage in causing clumping, or 'flocculation.' The commercial process has, as one of its main goals, the reduction to tolerable levels of the nonuniformity in mass distribution resulting from flocculation. The new model yields data corresponding to that obtainable along arbitrary scanning lines in planar stochastic fibrous structures, providing profiles, variances, histograms of local areal density, and histograms of local free-fiber lengths. These results closely resemble experimental data from commercial paper samples obtained from radiographic or optical transmission images subjected to image analysis. Index Terms - Drainage, fabric, flocculation, formation, forming, neural networks, simulation, turbulence.

Motor failures are very costly in a typical paper mill. Typical motor failure cost upwards of $20 000 per hour. Motor repair costs for the North American mills of Champion International total over $10 000 000 per year. Lost production associated with these failures can reach a staggering $1 000 000 per day. Considering these facts, Champion International embarked on a program to use intelligent motor control and protection equipment in all new installations, where applicable, and to replace outdated motor protection equipment. The combination of advanced motor protection, flexible control, and communication provided Champion with the opportunity to directly control and monitor their processes. The advanced features of the new equipment provide warning of impending problems, minimize downtime, and improve process results. This paper provides case histories where the new equipment replaced dated electromechanical protection and control equipment. In addition, we also discuss the present generation of motor protection technologies and the need for a new generation of motor protection equipment that truly provides total motor protection against all known motor failure modes. Index Terms - Case histories, failure cost, monitoring, motor, thermal protection.

A utility capacity increase from 50 to 100 MVA was implemented in a large Kraft paper mill. All existing plant 15-kV switchgear and controls were replaced and a new tie line constructed during a nine-month period prior to the utility increase. Electrical and process control rooms were built to house new switchgear and computer control equipment. All installation work was done during outages scheduled for other plant objectives. New switchgear installed consists of 42 cells of 1000-MVA class equipment. The control system includes operator workstations, supervisory PLC, and remote I/O racks. Breaker control, metering, and loadshedding functions are performed by the control system.

The subject of energy-efficient lighting and lighting practices for the pulp and paper industry offers an opportunity to discuss energy-efficient lighting technologies, commencing with new current lighting products, the advantages and disadvantages of these new lighting products, coping with the disadvantages, their performance and design, and ways to apply these new products in an effective retrofit or in new construction applications. We will also review current recommended lighting practices for indoor and outdoor applications, and we will establish guidelines for improved techniques and economics with recommended illuminance values as applied to new projects or in the modernization of existing pulp and paper facilities.

Presents the list of reviewers who contributed to this publication in 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Special Feature that lists the names of people involved in the review of technical papers for the IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications and Industry Applications Magazine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents experimental findings on the effects of paper dielectric in a variety of corona environments. Observations on a single-sheet barrier as the applied voltage is increased from zero; Similarities and differences in using double-sheet barrier; Breakdown strength of gap.

This paper presents a comprehensive three-stage computer-based methodology for the initial setting of the speed and torque controllers for the drives of a paper machine. First, the controller gains are selected based on the figures-of-merit for the frequency- and time-domain responses of each drive to commands and disturbances. After that, the effect of the elastic shafts is considered evaluating the resonant frequencies and two-mass system responses. Finally, the responses of each group of drives to the process commands and/or disturbances of interest are evaluated. The use of the proposed methodology will assure fast and well-behaved responses of each group of drives of the different sections of a paper machine, with minimal field adjustments. Index Terms--Controller setting, disturbance rejection, paper machine drive, speed and torque controllers, torsional oscillations.

Critical sections of a paper machine such as the wet end presses, size press, on-machine coater, and reel may be required to undergo large and fast load changes in normal operation. These changes must result in minimum disturbance to the ingoing sheet tension or nip roll speed in order to avoid sheet breaks or wrinkling. This paper evaluates two disturbance-rejection control techniques, one using disturbance feedforward (or disturbance input decoupling) based on a nip-pressure disturbance observer and the other using a two-degrees-of-freedom controller. Evaluations were done in both a press section and a size press section of a lightweight paper machine, and the results showed that both methods are very effective in reducing the maximum speed deviation to about 10% of the values without compensation and can operate combined with torsional oscillation compensation without interference between them. Index Terms--Disturbance observer, disturbance rejection, paper-machine drive, torsional oscillations, two-degrees-of-freedom (2-DOF) controller.

Torsional oscillations bound the velocity loop bandwidth (BW) of industrial drives and servo systems, deteriorating the transient response to commands and disturbances. This is especially harmful in multidrive systems like paper machines that need to run synchronized. This paper presents two methods to dynamically compensate the torsional oscillations produced by the compliant components between the motor and the load: either a notch filter or an acceleration feedback based on the rigid-body Luenberger observer. The evaluation includes the effect of reducer backlash, whereby both time and frequency domain responses are used to compare the benefits of each technique in a typical paper machine section. Results show that both methods, if properly tuned, are effective techniques to reduce torsional oscillations and are robust to parameter variations. Index Terms--Backlash, frequency response analysis, resonance, torsional oscillations, torsional stiffness, two mass modeling.

Torsional oscillations greatly affect performance and determine the bandwidth (BW) and damping of speed loops. Backlash due to gear reducers can also contribute to the triggering of oscillations, especially when the drive runs at very low load torque. This paper presents a detailed evaluation of these effects in typical electromechanical drive trains applied to paper machine sections. The cases evaluated consider torsional oscillations in two-mass and three-mass systems, and the effect of shaft diameter and length on the resonant frequencies of three typical paper machine sections. Time-domain response plots are evaluated to show the effect of speed response overshoot, reducer backlash, and step or ramp speed commands. Based on these results, mechanical design guidelines are given for the most significant drive train components in order to minimize torsional oscillations of the speed-controlled drive system. Index Terms--Backlash, frequency-response analysis, jackshaft and reducer torsional stiffness, two- and three-mass modeling, resonance, torsional oscillations.

This paper proposes and evaluates two robust sheet tension estimation algorithms based on unwind and rewind variables, respectively. The proper sheet tension estimation is guaranteed by a continuous monitoring of the differences between the actual estimated values and the values predicted from the last calibration of the estimation parameters. The evaluation was performed with the aid of a developed winder emulator that allowed the offline testing in a real-time field environment, including the initial setting of the estimation constants, and evaluation of both four-and six-shipping-roll cycles. The sheet tension estimation results confirm the precise and stable operation of the proposed robust estimation algorithms, in tests conducted with signals from a winder model, and with tests involving actual field signals from an operational winder. Index Terms--Sensorless tension control, tension control, tension estimation, winder drives.

A rule-based expert system for the integrated control and supervision of the dry-end sections of a paper machine is proposed. This system is capable of recognizing all the normal and abnormal changes in process operating conditions, including acceleration of sections, threading of paper sheet, nip pressure activation, activation and deactivation of tension control loops, change of parent roll, and sheet break. A core part of the system is the supervision of the sensorless tension control of the dry-end sections, assuring its long-term stability. Index Terms--Expert system, paper machine drive, sensorless tension control, tension control.

Proper operation of the dry end of a paper machine requires some type of sheet tension control. Present systems use either indirect-speed-control-based schemes, or sensor-based direct tension control utilizing load cells or swing rolls. The indirect schemes are inadequate for most newer machines, and both types of the commonly used sensor-based schemes are invasive, expensive, require either special, or extra rolls, and add complexity to the sheet runs. This paper proposes and evaluates sheet tension estimation using only conventional motor and control signals, present in all newer drive controllers, integrated into a process model observer. This observer-based approach eliminates the need for the invasive tension transducers, and may also be used to replace the inaccurate indirect speed control schemes. Index Terms--Paper machines (PMs), sensorless tension control, tension control, web machine tension control.

Electronic line-shafting control has demonstrated very promising features when applied to paper machine drives. To apply this new control methodology, it is necessary to develop a starting procedure for each individual section and a method for setting the parameters of the virtual line-shaft drive and in-shafts. This paper proposes and evaluates startup and commissioning procedures for electronically line-shafted paper machine drives. The procedure for acceleration of the individual sections is implemented using virtual variable-ratio gearboxes that emulate the physical clutches and conical pulleys used in the era of line-shafts. System stiffness is implemented using virtual in-shafts with active damping. Evaluation shows that the proposed virtual clutch/conical pulley assembly and active damping allow smooth acceleration of each section and maintain well-behaved response during load disturbances for all operating conditions, even with different numbers of sections effectively connected. Index Terms--Active damping, active differential damping, differential motion control, electronic line-shafting control, paper machine drives, synchronized motion control, virtual line-shafts.

Presents a listing of the editorial board, board of governors, current staff, committee members, and/or society editors for this issue of the publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a listing of the editorial board, board of governors, current staff, committee members, and/or society editors for this issue of the publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuses are commonly used to provide medium voltage (MV) protection to distribution transformers. Unfortunately, there are certain deficiencies introduced when primary-side fuses are used. In paper mill power systems, given the unique organization of the paper mill loads around individual feeders to facilitate load shedding, it may be advantageous to provide transformer differential relay protection from the primary of the transformer to the load side of the main secondary breaker instead of primary fuse protection. This protection can then trip either a primary-side grounding switch (with fuses) or a primary-side feeder circuit breaker using a fiber or a WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) connection. Protection against overload is provided by a secondary main circuit breaker and by design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the list of reviewers focused on recognition of 2017 transactions and magazine paper.

A list of periodical staff is presented including the editor-in-chief, the industrial and commercial power system department, and the industrial power conversion systems department.

A rule-based expert system for the integrated control and supervision of the dry-end sections of a paper machine is proposed. This. system is capable of recognizing all the normal and abnormal changes in process operating conditions, including acceleration of sections, threading of paper sheet, nip pressure activation, activation and deactivation of tension control loops, change of parent roll, and sheet break. A core part of the system is the supervision of the sensorless tension control of the dry-end sections, assuring its long-term stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These instructions give guidelines for preparing papers for this publication. Presents information for authors publishing in this journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These instructions give guidelines for preparing papers for this publication. Presents information for authors publishing in this journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a listing of the editorial board, board of governors, current staff, committee members, and/or society editors for this issue of the publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a listing of the editorial board, board of governors, current staff, committee members, and/or society editors for this issue of the publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the procedure for submission of a research paper in the fields of electrical and electronics engineering.

These instructions give guidelines for preparing papers for this publication. Presents information for authors publishing in this journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These instructions give guidelines for preparing papers for this publication. Presents information for authors publishing in this journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A list of the departments members of the publication "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Transactions on Industry Applications" as of May 2021 is presented including editor-in-chief Thomas A. Nondahl, technical department vice-chair Rasheek Rifaat, and papers review chairperson Shesha Jayaram.

Provides a listing of current committee members and society officers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article lists the reviewers of the journal including Francisco Azcondo, John P. Barton and Edson Bortoni.

The article lists the editors of the periodical including Rob Hoerauf, James Harvey, and Enrico Santi.

The current synchronized motion control methods used in paper machine drives are not designed to possess the inter-shaft stiffness properties which were responsible for the coordinating force inherent in classical, mechanically coupled paper machines. Consequently, these controllers cannot easily maintain coordination for all operating conditions. This paper presents the application of an 'electronic line-shafting' control technique which serves to replicate and even improve on the historical, mechanical line-shafted properties. This technique was tested on a four-shaft experimental setup to evaluate such control during periods of drive-limited torque as well as sectional drive load disturbances. The experimental results demonstrate that the 'electronic line-shafting' technique significantly improves the coordination, robustness, and overall stability of paper machine drives subjected to realistic physical limitations. Index Terms--Multi-axis synchronization, paper machine control, relative stiffness control, virtual line-shaft control.

A digital-signal-processor-based control technique with constant tension control for the rewind roll of a paper machine is presented in this paper. The proposed methodology makes use of digital signal processing technique to investigate the stability of a multiple closed-loop control system and then partition its operating area into optimal working regions. A novel data acquisition method is introduced in this paper to obtain fast responses of speed and tension. This technique is characterized by high reliability and flexibility in industrial applications. Index Terms--Data acquisition, digital signal processor, electromechanical time constant tension control, load cell.

Presents a listing of the editorial board, board of governors, current staff, committee members, and/or society editors for this issue of the publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on Procedure for Submitting a Paper, presenting Directly Submitted Papers at an IAS-Sponsored Conference, and Review Process of the periodical.

Presents the reviewers who contributed to this publication in 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article announces the recognition of volunteers who were involved in reviewing the papers of the periodical "IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications" including Steven Townsend, Marcelo Valdes, and Dionysios Aliprantis.

The article list the IEEE Transactions On Industry Applications including H. Landis Floyd, Richard Schmidt, and Ken White.

The article provides information on the bimonthly publication "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Transactions on Industry Application" of interest to authors including topics of paper to be submitted, procedure for submitting a paper, and copyright policy of the IEEE.