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2. Bivariate Modeling of Normalized Energy Intensity of Oil and Paper for Determining the Health Index of In-Service Transformers and Reactors

Author

Paul, Devaprasad and Goswami, Arup Kumar

Abstract

This article aims at developing a copula model for investigating the dependence structure between normalized energy intensity of oil $(\mathbf{NE}{\mathbf{I}}_{\mathbf{oil}})$ and normalized energy intensity of paper ($\mathbf{NE}{\mathbf{I}}_{\mathbf{paper}}).$ The normalized energy index is a quantity that is directly related to the energy dissipated during a fault inside an oil filled transformer and reactor. The $\mathbf{NE}{\mathbf{I}}_{\mathbf{oil}}$ and $\mathbf{NE}{\mathbf{I}}_{\mathbf{paper}}$ are derived from real time dissolved gas analysis data of in-service transformer and reactors. Gumbel copula has been used for evaluating the conditional probabilities between the parameters. Results of the copula model indicate that for an increment of 0.5 kJ/kL in $\mathbf{NE}{\mathbf{I}}_{\mathbf{oil}}$ there is an increment in $\mathbf{NE}{\mathbf{I}}_{\mathbf{paper}}$ between 1.0 and 2.2 kJ/kL. It demonstrates the importance of considering $\mathbf{NE}{\mathbf{I}}_{\mathbf{paper}}$ in addition to $\mathbf{NE}{\mathbf{I}}_{\mathbf{oil}}$ for assessing the fault severity and evaluating the internal condition of liquid and solid insulation of transformer and reactor. Subsequently, the health index of transformers and reactors considering oil parameters, $\mathbf{NE}{\mathbf{I}}_{\mathbf{oil}}$ and $\mathbf{NE}{\mathbf{I}}_{\mathbf{paper}}$ have been evaluated thus making it an unique nature of study. Additionally, a range of values of $\mathbf{NE}{\mathbf{I}}_{\mathbf{oil}}$ and $\mathbf{NE}{\mathbf{I}}_{\mathbf{paper}}$ has been determined which can be used directly for future study. The study undertaken will help in monitoring, maintenance, and conditioning assessment of the equipment based on NEI values, thereby saving unprecedented failure of in-service transformers and reactors.

Published
2024
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3. Recognition of 2023 Transactions and Magazine Paper Reviewers

Author

Nondahl, Thomas A.

Abstract

Authors submitted over 2,800 original and revised manuscripts in 2023 for possible publication in these Transactions and IEEE Industry Applications Magazine. This Special Feature is offered to recognize the people who volunteered their time and expertise to evaluate those manuscrips and to make the recommendations that determined which papers would be published. Their efforts are greatly appreciated. The names, affiliations, and countries listed below are taken from the user profiles stored in ScholarOne Manuscripts. Some of the entries have been edited for consistency in spelling, length and/or capitalization. We apologize for any omissions or editing errors.

Published
2024
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4. Making My Paper Mill Safer: An Arc-Flash Energy Reduction Story.

Author

Newton, Haley and McCrory, Jordan

Subjects
*PAPER mills, *PULP mills, *OPTICAL fiber detectors, *PAPER pulp, *RATINGS of hospitals, *WORKSHOPS (Facilities)
Abstract

A Midwestern pulp and paper mill had arc-flash ratings around 100 cal/cm2 on 50 480-V unit substations. New relays were installed to replace the existing protection and add light detection to improve arc-flash detection times. During a couple of one-day outages, sample installations took place. During the cold mill outage, 44 installations were completed over 12 days by working around the clock. Old relays were removed, new plates were mounted and wired in, and fiber sensors were routed through the buswork and into the breaker cubicles. Updated arc-flash studies show an average arc-flash rating reduction of 90%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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8. Study on Failure Mechanism of Oil Paper Insulation Under Partial Discharge of Interlayer Bubble

Author

Zhou, Junjie, Zhang, Qiaogen, Zhang, Rui, Wu, Zhicheng, Wen, Tao, and Guo, Chong

Abstract

Partial discharge (PD) induced by bubble will reduce the insulation performance, lead to insulation failure and seriously affect the safe operation of power transformer. Studying the influence of PD in internal bubble on oil paper insulation and understanding the insulation failure mechanism can provide guidance for engineering practice. In this paper, a bubble PD defect model is designed to obtain the mechanism of PD degrading insulation. The inception and breakdown voltage of PD decrease seriously with the increase of bubble area and height. Combined with the surface state of breakdown paper observed by electron microscope, it is concluded that PD can induce the breakdown of oil paper insulation. Then, through the comparative analysis of bubble area and PD parameters, a positive feedback model for insulation degradation is obtained, representing that bubble defects will deteriorate rapidly in exponential form under the effect of PD. Finally, combined with the electron microscope and energy spectrum analysis, the deterioration process of insulating paper is divided into four stages, obtaining the micro deterioration and failure mechanism of insulating paper. This study contributes to understanding the mechanism of insulation failure by bubble, as well as provides a reference for risk assessment of transformers.

Published
2023
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11. Recognition of 2022 <sc>Transactions</sc> and Magazine Paper Reviewers

Author

Nondahl, Thomas A.

Abstract

Authors submitted over 2,500 original and revised manuscripts for possible publication in these TRANSACTIONS and IEEE Industry Applications Magazine in 2022. This Special Feature is offered to recognize the people who volunteered their time and expertise to evaluate those manuscrips and to make the recommendations that determined which papers would be published. Their efforts are greatly appreciated. The names, affiliations, and countries listed below are taken from data records and user profiles stored in ScholarOne Manuscripts. Some of the entries have been edited for consistency in spelling, length and/or capitalization. We apologize for any errors or omissions.

Published
2023
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12. Modeling and Evaluation of Paper Machine Coater Sections Part 2: 2-Coater Section and Control Loops’ Bandwidths

Author

M. Anibal Valenzuela, Steve Pittman, A Guillermo Ramirez, and Robert D. Lorenz

Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology, business.product_category, Computer science, Bandwidth (signal processing), 0211 other engineering and technologies, Mechanical engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, Paper machine, Control and Systems Engineering, 021105 building & construction, Process control, Torque, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business
Abstract

Coater sections are examples of multi-span web transporting systems, with dynamic characteristics related to the sheet properties and control schemes. This paper first describes and analyzes a set of field records of a production 2-coater section paper machine. Then, extending the 1-coater section model developed in a related paper, a precise simulation model of a 2-coater section is implemented. This model is used to evaluate the beginning of the coating process and the effect on the section responses of different bandwidth settings in the tension and speed controllers. Results show agreement with the field records and demonstrate that the developed model is a powerful tool to analyze and understand the behavior of coater sections during both, transient and steady state conditions.

Published
2019

15. Methanol as an Ageing Marker for In Service Transformers.

Author

Bare, Charles E. and Merritt, Stanley Y.

Subjects
METHANOL, ELECTRIC transformers, CELLULOSE, KRAFT paper, FURANS
Abstract

Measurement of transformer remaining useful life has long been a goal for responsible asset management. Most testing laboratories offer furan concentration testing as a suitable method. The interpretive method of choice is usually the Chendong equation, expressed in practical terms as degree of polymerization of the paper with new paper at about 1000 and end of life at around 300. Typical mill transformers have thermal insulation ratings expressed as 55 °C rise for plain kraft or 65 °C, which corresponds to thermally upgraded kraft paper (TUP). It has been determined that TUP does not produce furans and, thus, provides a false indicator of the cellulose breakdown. There are several recent papers that have demonstrated that a measurement of methanol (MeOH) may be a better method to determine ageing of the TUP insulation and also better for transformers with plain kraft paper insulation. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the reasons why furans should not be used as the basis for measuring aging of thermally upgraded paper, why MeOH should be so used, and to compare actual furans and MeOH test data for service aged transformers in a process industry application [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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18. Recognition of 2019 Transactions and Magazine Paper Reviewers

Author

Thomas A. Nondahl

Subjects
Information retrieval, Control and Systems Engineering, Feature (computer vision), Computer science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Abstract

Special Feature that lists the names of people involved in the review of technical papers for the IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications and Industry Applications Magazine.

Published
2020

19. Making My Paper Mill Safer: An Arc-Flash Energy Reduction Story

Author

Haley Newton and Jordan McCrory

Subjects
Light detection, business.industry, Computer science, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Energy reduction, Paper mill, 02 engineering and technology, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Automotive engineering, Control and Systems Engineering, SAFER, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Arc flash, Mill, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Circuit breaker
Abstract

A Midwestern pulp and paper mill had arc-flash ratings around 100 cal/cm2 on 50 480-V unit substations. New relays were installed to replace the existing protection and add light detection to improve arc-flash detection times. During a couple of one-day outages, sample installations took place. During the cold mill outage, 44 installations were completed over 12 days by working around the clock. Old relays were removed, new plates were mounted and wired in, and fiber sensors were routed through the buswork and into the breaker cubicles. Updated arc-flash studies show an average arc-flash rating reduction of 90%.

Published
2020

21. Recognition of 2019 Transactions and Magazine Paper Reviewers.

Author

Nondahl, Thomas A.

Subjects
*PERIODICAL publishing, *TECHNICAL textiles
Abstract

Special Feature that lists the names of people involved in the review of technical papers for the IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications and Industry Applications Magazine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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24. Improving Pulp and Paper Plant MV Transformer Protection

Author

Wayne Hartmann

Subjects
Engineering, business.industry, Electrical engineering, Distribution transformer, Inrush current, Current transformer, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, law.invention, Control theory, law, Control and Systems Engineering, Tripping, Harmonics, Dependability, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Transformer, Voltage
Abstract

In pulp and paper plants, power transformers play a critical role in process continuity. These transformers are subject to internal short circuits, external short circuits, and abnormal operating conditions. The following protection challenges to power transformers will be explored, and methods to improve the protection are provided. First, remanence in a current transformer (CT) may cause misoperation of phase differential protection due to compromised CT performance. Heavy through-faults, sympathetic inrush, and recovery inrush all cause high current. This, combined with high remanent flux, can create a security issue. IEEE CT performance calculations will be used to support the use of dual slope differential characteristics to promote secure differential protection operation when challenged with unequal CT performance. Second, on transformer energizing, the second harmonic current has been traditionally used as a means to prevent phase differential misoperation. Certain transformers may not exhibit high enough the second harmonic, causing a dependability issue if the restraint is set too low. The use of the second and fourth harmonics for inrush detection will be shown to enhance the reliability during energizing inrush situations. Third, overexcitation can occur from abnormal operation of the utility system or the plant's excitation control. Causes of overexcitation will be outlined and the use of volts per hertz protection is explored. With overexcitation occurring from system voltage rise, the phase differential protection has been traditionally blocked using the fifth harmonic restraint. This may cause an undesired nonoperation of the phase differential protection if an internal fault occurs while the transformer is overexcited, causing a delay in tripping and severe damage to the transformer. A technique using adaptive phase differential pickup value will be illustrated to overcome this challenge. Finally, on resistance-grounded power transformers, phase differential protection sensitivity for ground faults near the neutral is decreased. The use of ground differential protection will be explored and the increased sensitivity gained will be demonstrated.

Published
2017

25. Advanced Generator Ground Fault Protections in Pulp and Paper Mill Applications

Author

Wayne Hartmann

Subjects
Engineering, Differential protection, Stator, Ground, business.industry, Residual-current device, Electrical engineering, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, law.invention, law, Control and Systems Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Electronic circuit
Abstract

Ground faults in generator stator and field/rotor circuits are serious events that can lead to damage, costly repair, extended outage and loss of revenue. This paper explores advances in field/rotor circuit ground fault and stator ground fault protection. [1] These advanced protection strategies employ AC injection, ground differential protection and the use of hybrid grounding to reduce both internal generator ground fault levels and facility ground levels in utility-paralleled operating modes.

Published
2017

33. Transformer Fuses—Mind the Gap.

Author

Ventruella, Del-John

Subjects
IEEE 802.16 (Standard), DIFFERENTIAL transformers, PAPER mills
Abstract

Fuses are commonly used to provide medium voltage (MV) protection to distribution transformers. Unfortunately, there are certain deficiencies introduced when primary-side fuses are used. In paper mill power systems, given the unique organization of the paper mill loads around individual feeders to facilitate load shedding, it may be advantageous to provide transformer differential relay protection from the primary of the transformer to the load side of the main secondary breaker instead of primary fuse protection. This protection can then trip either a primary-side grounding switch (with fuses) or a primary-side feeder circuit breaker using a fiber or a WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) connection. Protection against overload is provided by a secondary main circuit breaker and by design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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35. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

Subjects
IEEE 802 standard, PETROLEUM chemicals industry
Abstract

A list of periodical staff is presented including the editor-in-chief, the industrial and commercial power system department, and the industrial power conversion systems department.

Published
2022
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37. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

Subjects
EDITORIAL boards
Abstract

Presents a listing of the editorial board, board of governors, current staff, committee members, and/or society editors for this issue of the publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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40. Information for Authors.

Subjects
OPEN access publishing, DIGITAL Object Identifiers
Abstract

The article offers information on the procedure for submission of a research paper in the fields of electrical and electronics engineering.

Published
2022
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41. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

Subjects
EDITORIAL boards
Abstract

Presents a listing of the editorial board, board of governors, current staff, committee members, and/or society editors for this issue of the publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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43. Information for Authors.

Subjects
PERIODICAL publishing, AUTHORS
Abstract

These instructions give guidelines for preparing papers for this publication. Presents information for authors publishing in this journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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44. IEEE Transactions On Industry Applications.

Subjects
EMAIL, PETROLEUM chemicals industry
Abstract

A list of the departments members of the publication "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Transactions on Industry Applications" as of May 2021 is presented including editor-in-chief Thomas A. Nondahl, technical department vice-chair Rasheek Rifaat, and papers review chairperson Shesha Jayaram.

Published
2021
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