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This paper investigates acoustic noise when an electric motor is fed with three-phase pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) currents with varying modulation indices. The procedure involves using a data-driven process to create a design space for different geometries of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor. The motor structures are then analyzed using a finite-element analysis package to extract knowledge related to the sound pressure levels from the PWM excitation. It is demonstrated that sampling the air-gap space at a single time instant, which is a routine procedure in acoustic noise calculations, can result in an inaccurate estimation of the sound pressure levels, especially when the noise source is PWM motivated. Multiple-time sampling over the electrical period is proposed as a better approach for analyzing the sound pressure levels, irrespective of the type of supply current quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method for fast calculating the permanent magnet (PM) eddy current losses (ECLs) in interior PM synchronous machine caused by the high-frequency harmonic voltages (HFHVs) under pulsewidth modulation (PWM) voltage source inverter supply is proposed, by which time-consuming transient finite element analysis (FEA) is eliminated and the influence of the axial segmentation on the PM ECLs can be taken into consideration. The combination of the fixed differential permeability method and the linear frequency FEA is proposed to investigate the relationship between arbitrary HFHV and the corresponding PM ECL at different load conditions. The analytical model proposed in the previous published paper is used to describe this relationship quantitatively. Finally, the total PM ECLs at different load conditions can be calculated based on the fast Fourier transform results of the input PWM voltages. The relative errors between the total losses obtained with the proposed method and those with time-stepping FEA are within 21% at four typical load conditions, and the proposed method can reduce the computation time for one load condition to few minutes considering arbitrary PM axial segmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effect of common-mode voltage elimination (CMVE) on the iron loss of electrical machine core laminations under multilevel converter supply. Three identical magnetic ring cores are excited by either a three-level converter or a five-level voltage source converter to study the behavior of CMVE on a three-phase system. Both multilevel converters are controlled by using a space vector pulsewidth modulation as it is one of the most often used techniques for CMVE. These experimental results are confirmed numerically with a dynamic iron loss model. In addition, the effect of CMVE, at different switching frequencies, on the core loss of a synchronous machine is numerically studied. The results presented in this paper show that the core loss is considerably increased when the CMVE is implemented. However, this iron loss increase in the five-level drive systems is lower compared with the three-level ones. Therefore, it is important that the designers of drive systems take such effects into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-speed permanent magnet machines, supplied by pulsewidth modulation (PWM) voltage source inverters, operate with distorted stator currents. Harmonics present in these stator currents deteriorate the machine performance by generating losses. Mostly, these losses are following the machine design using a transient finite-element model. The precise measurement of these rotor eddy-current losses is extremely difficult, hence, only a few papers provide convincing comparisons between predictions and measurements. This paper presents a fast and precise analytical approach, verified with measurements, to consider rotor losses of machines, supplied by PWM voltages, already during the design procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large amounts of harmonics are contained in the current as the motor is driven by pulse width modulation (PWM). Significant amounts of computing time are required to compute local flux density variation considering such current harmonics. Since the amplitudes of higher harmonics are significantly smaller than that of fundamental harmonic, flux density variations due to the higher harmonics are small, and the relationship between the field strength and flux density can be assumed to be linear. When the operating point of each element is known, flux density variations for the higher harmonics can be analyzed by linear finite-element analysis (FEA). This paper suggests a method to calculate flux density variations in the iron core while taking into considering PWM current harmonics. First, the operating point solution is obtained by nonlinear FEA, second each element is linearized. Then, the flux density for the PWM current is obtained through linear FEA. Finally, the obtained results are presented and compared with nonlinear FEA results for verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the concept of multirate partial differential equations (MPDEs) is applied to obtain an efficient solution for nonlinear low-frequency electrical circuits with pulsed excitation. The MPDEs are solved by a Galerkin approach and a conventional time discretization. Nonlinearities are efficiently accounted for by neglecting the high-frequency components (ripples) of the state variables and using only their envelope for the evaluation. It is shown that the impact of this approximation on the solution becomes increasingly negligible for rising frequency and leads to significant performance gains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulsewidth modulation (PWM) technique is commonly used to supply modern high-speed electrical machines. The fundamental frequency is typically in the kilohertz range, with switching frequencies of several tens of kilohertz, as determined by the new SiC- or GaAs-based power transistors modules. Switching introduces minor loops in the major hysteresis cycle, with durations of the order of 100~\mu \texts or lower, with the resulting magnetization dynamics influenced by strong skin effect. However, since these minor loops have relatively small amplitude, their constitutive equation may be described by an equivalent permeability (real or complex), depending on the mean slope of the minor loop and its static energy loss. By retrieving this permeability, the classical loss is straightforwardly calculated by analytical solution of Maxwell's equations. In this paper, we measure and calculate, according to the quasi-linear approximation for the minor loops, the magnetic energy losses of 0.194 mm thick non-oriented Fe–Si 3.2% sheets subjected to PWM induction waveform. Minor loop peak amplitudes ranging between 50 mT and 0.2 T and frequencies up to 10 kHz are investigated. The results are consistent with the proposed model, to within 5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eddy-current effects in windings, i.e., skin and proximity effects, can be macroscopically modeled via a complex frequency-dependent impedance and reluctivity. In this paper, these two complex quantities are further embedded in a harmonic-balance finite-element model for arriving at the steady-state solution. The proposed approach is validated through a 2-D model of an inductor with pulsewidth modulated voltage supply. Both local and global quantities are shown to agree well with brute-force simulation results. The computational cost of both approaches is compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the interaction between an interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor and a pulsewidth modulated (PWM) converter is increasingly becoming important, especially in the case of high-speed drives owing to the losses caused by modulation. Considering the significance of machine–converter interaction, this paper proposes a novel method to calculate magnet eddy current losses in an IPM used in traction applications by incorporating both PWM harmonics as well as rotor geometry and design parameters. The voltage harmonics from the PWM are incorporated into a series of steps in order to calculate the stator magnetomotive force (MMF) using the modified winding function theory. The rotor MMF and, subsequently, the magnet losses are computed using a magnetic circuit model incorporating the harmonics from the stator MMF as well as the flux barrier and the rotor geometry. The results have been demonstrated analytically for various cases of modulation and PWM input parameters to study the dependence of magnet losses on converter properties. The analytical results have been validated by finite-element analysis and experimental investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To study a multirate system, each subsystem can be solved by a dedicated software with respect to the physical problem and the time constant. Then, the problem is the coupling of the solutions of the subsystems. The waveform relaxation method (WRM) seems to be an interesting solution for the coupling, but until now, it has been mainly applied on academic examples. In this paper, the WRM is applied to perform the coupling of a controlled rectifier and a non-linear finite element model of a transformer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]