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Accurate and simple magnetic material behavior law is necessary to correctly model complete electromagnetic systems. In this paper, a new formulation based on the scalar quasi-static hysteresis Preisach model extended to dynamic behavior using fractional derivation dynamic contribution is proposed. The fractional contribution is solved using convolution which highly reduces the numerical issues. The order of the fractional derivation provides a new degree of freedom and allows to correctly obtain simulation results on a very large frequency bandwidth. By using such formulation, space discretization techniques (finite differences, finite elements) are avoided which are highly space and time consuming while keeping the global simulation results precise. The numerical implementation of the problem and some experimental validations are shown in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of an experimental verification and electromagnetic field analysis for an axial flux permanent magnet (PM) synchronous generator (AFPMSG) with a double-sided PM rotor and slotless stator windings based on analytical field computation to offer improved analytical modeling method. An analytical approach to analyze the magnetic field distribution and estimate the equivalent circuit parameters is presented that dramatically reduces analysis time while maintaining high reliability. Since the flux leakage phenomenon is dominant in the inner and outer radii of this type of AFPMSG, it is specifically considered. In addition, an actual device was fabricated on the basis of one of the analysis models, and used to experimentally verify all of the analysis results. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An analysis method for characteristics calculation of electric machines is proposed in order to take the effects of eddy currents and hysteresis phenomenon in laminated cores into account. In the proposed method, both the effects of eddy currents and hysteresis phenomenon are expressed as reaction magnetic fields against the exciting field. These fields are determined by coupling the main electromagnetic field analysis that neglects the detailed structures of laminated cores, and 1-D time-stepping analysis along the thickness of electrical steel sheets. The validity of this coupling is confirmed by comparing the measured and calculated results of the core-material characteristics. The effects of the reaction field on the torque characteristics of rotating machines are also clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast design procedures of electrical machines require the use of adapted modeling approaches. This is particularly true for axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machines, which have an intrinsic 3-D electromagnetic structure. Indeed, accurate modeling of AFPM machines requires the use of 3-D finite-element analysis (3-D FEA), which is highly time consuming, especially at first design stages. This paper presents a new quasi-3-D analytical model (AM) that allows modeling accurately AFPM machines while saving a huge amount of time as compared with 3-D FEA. This new approach combines a multislice AM, which takes into account a part of the 3-D effects, and considers the end-effects by a simple and effective radial dependence modeling of the magnetic field in AFPM machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metamaterials with tunable negative permeability are proposed and investigated theoretically in this paper. First, the model of the dielectric bilayer sphere embedded in the dielectric substrate is put forward. Second, expressions of the electromagnetic fields in the model are derived based on the Mie scattering theory, and the general formula for the effective permeability of the model is deduced via the Maxwell-Garnett theory, which is further verified through the simulation results. Finally, the tunable bandwidth of the negative permeability of the metamaterials changing with the geometrical parameters is investigated based on the full-wave simulations, and the relative mechanisms are also discussed. It is believed that the results would be helpful for the practical applications of the metamaterials, and the metamaterials with tunable negative permeability proposed in the paper would facilitate the constructions of the left-handed materials in some degree. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper deals with the magnet pole shape design of permanent magnet machines for the minimization of torque ripple based on electromagnetic field theory. On the basis of a magnetic vector potential and a two-dimensional (2-D) polar system, analytical solutions for flux density due to permanent magnet (PM) and current are obtained. In particular, the analytical solutions for mathematical expressions of magnets with different circumferential thicknesses can be solved by introducing improved magnetization modeling techniques, resulting in accurate calculations of electromagnetic torque. The analytical results are validated extensively by nonlinear finite element method (FEM). Test results such as back-emf measurements are also given to confirm the analyses. Finally, on the basis of derived analytical solutions, a reduction of torque ripple can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a field-circuit-coupled method to investigate differences between intrinsic and measured permittiveties for a Mn-Zn ferrite. Electric and magnetic fields in a flat cylindrical ferrite, which is used here to construct a ferrite capacitor, are solved analytically. Then, complex power supplied to the capacitor is calculated. On the basis of the complex power, parametears in an equivalent circuit for the ferrite capacitor are extracted. The paper examines the validity of the developed mathematical model. Numerical results show that for a ferrite with high permeabilities, measured permittivities follow intrinsic values well at low frequency but fail to embody the intrinsic values when the frequency runs above several hundred kilohertz. Numerical results also demonstrate that the dimensions of the sample under investigation play a role in measurement errors. The larger the radius of the cylindrical ferrite is, the higher the errors are. Correction curves are generated, from which the measured permittivities can be corrected to reflect the intrinsic values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to highlight the capabilities of a new hybrid analytical modeling (HAM) approach for the analysis and design of various electromagnetic structures. After an introduction, where the aim of the development of this modeling approach is presented, the modeling approach is described. The new HAM is based on a strong coupling of the magnetic equivalent circuits method and analytical models (AMs). The AM, based on the formal solution of Maxwell’s equations, is established thanks to the separation of variables method. The HAM is applied to different permanent magnet electric machine structures, and the results are validated extensively by comparison with the finite-element analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An automatic mesh generation method employing a dynamic bubble system can provide a high-quality mesh for electromagnetic finite element analysis. However, it takes a very long time to compute bubbles' movement when a mesh with a large number of elements is generated. The bubbles move according to a force among them, such as the van der Waals force. However, the force received from bubbles of very far distance can be ignored. Therefore, it is unnecessary to calculate the force from all the bubbles. In this paper, we propose a subdivided dynamic bubble system in order to shorten the computation time. The proposed method considers the analysis region to be divided into some tetrahedral subdivisions, and then the bubbles move independently in the tetrahedral subdivisions. As a result, acceleration of the computation time is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a two-dimensional (2-D) analytical model to predict the magnetic field distribution in axial-field magnetic gears by using the sub-domain method. The sub-domain method consists in solving the partial differential equations linked to the Maxwell's equations in each rectangular region (magnets, air gaps, and slots) by the separation of variables method. The proposed model is based on a two-dimensional approximation for the magnetic field distribution (mean radius model) i.e. the problem is solved in 2-D Cartesian coordinates. One of the main contributions of the paper concerns the analytic solution of the magnetic field in a slot open on the two sides (space between the ferromagnetic pole-pieces). Moreover, it is shown that the analytical model and the 3-D finite elements simulations follow the same trends in the determination of the optimum values for the geometrical parameters. As the analytical model takes less computational time than 3-D numerical model, it can be used as an effective tool for the first step of design optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Understanding the importance of saturation of parameters in line-start permanent magnet synchronous machine (LSPMSM) and the scanty available research literature on simplistic methods of determining the magnetizing characteristics of LSPMSM, this paper proposes a novel and yet simplistic approach towards its determination. Experimental investigations have been performed on a laboratory LSPMSM based on the proposed dq axis (two-axis)-based methodology and the measured magnetization characteristics of the machine has been incorporated into the machine model. The measured characteristics have hence been validated through dynamic and steady state performance analyses of the machine under direct online (DOL) starting. Furthermore, performance analysis of the machine has also been performed through the developed machine model with and without incorporating the magnetization characteristics of the machine to elicit the effects of parameter saturation during startup and synchronization of the machine. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper proposes a new quantum cellular automaton (quantum CA) for simulating macroscopic electromagnetic fields. The final target is to simulate the macroscopic electromagnetic fields on a quantum computer. In the proposal approach, Maxwell's historical model, which was explained the nature of electromagnetic fields in 1861, has been modified for a quantum CA model to simulate the electromagnetic fields. Then, a state transition rule for CA is determined by a strategy based on the quantum mechanics and the quantum computation theories. One of originalities of the proposed approach is that a system using quantum gates is superstructed to simulate magneto-static fields from currents. First, a modified Maxwell model for applying to quantum CA was shown. Second, by using the quantum computation theory, a quantum gate system to simulate the magnetic fields from currents was described. Finally, the proposed approach was applied to an example of magnetostatic field simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper deals with the dynamic characteristics of a linear induction motor (LIM) in terms of acceleration times and jerk conditions. We employed Matlab Simulink for conducting simulations of the dynamic modeling of LIM operated by a space vector pulse width modulation inverter. From the simulation results, the maximum load conditions and minimum acceleration times to guarantee passengers' safety were determined. Further, the electromagnetic field theory was employed to derive equivalent circuit parameters, and the results were validated by the finite element method. The analysis model was applied to a magnetic levitation vehicle for providing electromagnetic propulsion force, and its dynamic characteristics were analyzed to predict its operating performance; moreover, experimental results were employed to demonstrate the validity. We believe that the proposed prediction technique for the operating characteristics of LIMs can contribute to improving passengers' safety and riding quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overlapping elements can be used to connect non-conforming meshes in the finite-element method. This approach has been developed with the scalar potential formulation and used to solve magnetostatic problems but not in the case of the vector potential formulation. In this paper, we propose to introduce the overlapping element method in this second formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents copper and iron loss models of a classical switched reluctance motor (SRM) and a mutually coupled switched reluctance motor (MCSRM). The iron losses in different parts of machines are then detailed. Based on the power losses model, a lumped parameter (LP) transient thermal model during driving cycles is performed, the analytical results are validated by the finite-element (FE) transient thermal model. Special attention has been paid to model the salient rotor and a method to transform the salient rotor into a nonsalient one has been proposed. A comparison between the maximum temperatures obtained by using different heat source (average power losses or instantaneous power losses during driving cycles) is given. The experimental tests are also realized to verify the analytical and numerical results. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper involves the computation of 3-D magnetic fields in high-performance, long-lifetime solenoid actuators by finite-element (FE) modeling. Operating at frequencies between 150 and 300 Hz, these actuators are unique in terms of the large force they produce (8–15 N) and their very long lifetime (over five billion continuous duty cycles). Their magnetic circuit typically operates at saturation and, because of the compact dimensions, the 3-D nature of the field distribution needs to be taken into account for their design. Results are presented in terms of the effects of design parameters on saturation and force calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with the most popular DC and other emerging AC magnetic bearings, the AC-DC three-degree-of-freedom hybrid magnetic bearing (AC-DC 3-DOF HMB) invented in our research has a lot of advantages in cost savings and consumption reducing. In this paper, to overcome the insufficiency and shortcomings of the previously established classic model, a new mathematical model for suspension force of AC-DC 3-DOF HMB is deduced again to get more accurate results. To illustrate the improvement in the new model, some validation experiments and contrast experiments are designed and implemented to prove their correctness and accuracy. In the validation experiments, the nonlinearity, linearity, electromagnetic cross-coupling and kinematic cross-coupling of suspension force model are validated, which prove the correctness of the improved mathematical model. In the contrast experiments, the encouraging results between the experimentally measured result and two calculated results (classic and improved model results) show that the improved model is closer to the test results. Moreover, system performance comparison results show the control system based on the new model has stronger anti-disturbance characteristics than that based on the classic model. Thus, the improved modeling results on suspension force of AC-DC 3-DOF HMB is more accurate than the traditional results, even if they share the same modeling method (equivalent magnetic circuit method). So only a change of coefficient could help to significantly improve the accuracy of the mathematical model, and also the improved model instance has important reference value for solving other kinds of hybrid magnetic bearings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, a physics-based high-frequency (HF) model of switching power converters including the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) unit cells, heat sink, and connective printed circuit board (PCB) traces combined in a single electrical circuit is presented. The IGBT model includes the HF stray components superimposed on the well-known Hefner IGBT model. The HF components were calculated using a 3-D quasi-static finite element (3-D FE) analysis. The proposed complex model of the IGBT was verified both numerically and experimentally at different switching frequencies. The computed IGBT model was used in a low–high frequency model of a motor-drive system, and the common mode ground current was experimentally verified showing excellent results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, a novel approach to numerical modeling of tube induction welding is proposed. The coupled electromagnetic and thermal model must take into account also the movement of the metal strip: in order to make possible this kind of simulation in reasonable computation time, a simplified approach to the modeling is presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper develops a parallel fast multipole method specialized for uniform brick elements to achieve large-scale micromagnetic simulations of a practical perpendicular recording head within acceptable computation time. In highly parallel computation, it is indispensable to equally distribute the computing load among processes so as to obtain the good parallel speedup. The load balancing technique which can be regarded as the domain decomposition method based on octree structure in the fast multipole method is discussed. The scalability of the parallel fast multipole accelerated micromagnetic simulation is investigated with 100 or more MPI processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns the modeling of electromagnetic vibration-and-noise sources in permanent-magnet direct current (PMDC) commutator motors. The electromagnetic sources are considered as an electromagnetic field distributed in the air-gap region of a PMDC motor. The latter is then formulated by the two-dimensional field theory in polar coordinates with the consideration of slotting effects and the armature reaction field. Consequently, based on the derived radial electromagnetic field, the radial and tangential magnetic forces acting on the inner surface of the permanent magnets can be expressed as Fourier functions in forms of space and frequency harmonics. The results obtained from the present models agree well with those from the finite-element models. In addition, the measured cogging torque is compared to those calculated by the analytical and finite-element models to validate the formulated electromagnetic field and magnetic forces. Furthermore, experimental investigations are carried out on the electromagnetic vibration-and-noise behavior of a commonly used PMDC commutator motor (such as that in heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems). By measuring the natural frequencies and the associated mode shapes of the stator, the relationships between the magnetic forces and the measured vibration-and-noise responses are discussed in the frequency domain. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Provides information on a study which examined the proposed mathematical formulae and computer procedures for computing some common connection coefficients for general electromagnetic problems. Explanation on the computation of connection coefficients; Numerical results; Conclusion.

When an external short circuit occurs, the axial electromagnetic force increases dozens of times. Under the effect of the axial short-circuit electromagnetic force, the transformer windings vibrate violently. The spatial distribution of the disks is constantly changing during vibration, which can change the temporal and spatial distributions of the leakage magnetic field and the axial electromagnetic force. This process is called the strong coupling phenomenon of the structural field and the leakage magnetic field. In this article, a strong coupled magnetic-structural model is proposed by using the analysis method. The strong coupling equations, where the independent variables are the axial position of the disks, are obtained. The vibration process with strong coupling phenomenon considered can be obtained. The accuracy of the strong coupling model is verified by the iterative method. By comparing the results calculated by the strong coupling model with those calculated by the weak coupling model, the influence of the strong coupling phenomenon on the vibration process is obtained. Due to the influence of the strong coupling phenomenon, the winding vibration intensity increases and the maximum displacement of the disks can be doubled, which implied that the strong coupling phenomenon cannot be ignored when investigating the short-circuit strength of power transformers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analytical modeling (AM) of the magnetic field for axial-flux switched reluctance motors (AFSRMs), considering 3-D features and nonlinear saturation effects, remains to be a knotty problem. This article proposes a quasi-3-D nonlinear AM method to predict magnetic field distributions and electromagnetic performances of an AFSRM. First, the harmonic modeling (HM) technique is applied to obtain the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the axial and tangential magnetic flux density at the mean radius. Second, the nonlinearity of the soft magnetic material in teeth is considered by an adaptive convergence rate algorithm. Finally, a radial dependence function is formulated to extend the solution of the annular Section to any point in the 3-D space of the AFSRM. To confirm the accuracy of the proposed method, the analytical solutions of magnetic flux density and electromagnetic torque have been compared with FEM simulation results. Meanwhile, an additional validation has been done for the stability of this nonlinear AM method under severe saturation conditions. Finally, the reasonable selection of the harmonic truncation order number has been discussed to reach a good balance between accuracy and time cost. The quasi-3-D nonlinear AM method can consider the curvature and edge effect, as well as the saturation effect effectively, which is suitable for performance predictions and parametric studies of AFSRMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specific absorption rate (SAR) calculation using a computer-aided design (CAD)-based mobile phone model is still a challenging task. Seven international laboratories participated in an interlaboratory comparison of SAR calculations using a CAD-based model of a commercially available dual-band mobile phone. Return loss and peak 10 g average SAR results obtained using six different electromagnetic solvers were compared. Considering the differences in the techniques implemented in the solvers—either time or frequency domain—used for the interlaboratory comparison, overall a good agreement is observed. Proposed as a benchmark, results of the measured return loss and peak 10 g average SAR using the actual mobile phone are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a performance analysis of a parallel implementation of preconditioned conjugate gradient solvers using graphic processing units with compute unified device architecture programming model. The solvers were optimized for the solution of sparse systems of equations arising from finite-element analysis of electromagnetic phenomena involved in the diffusion of underground currents in both steady state and under time-harmonic current excitation. We used both shifted incomplete Cholesky factorization and incomplete LU factorization as preconditioners. The results show a significant speedup using the graphics processing unit compared with a serial CPU implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research results demonstrate that demagnetizing factors for various geometries can be precisely determined by employing 3-D electromagnetic field simulation. Using a technique developed by the authors, the demagnetizing factor resulting from the simulations match very well with experimental results for several series of samples with various geometries. The simulation technique developed by this project was also used for a spherical magnet using various field conditions, which has further proved the accuracy of this technique, whose results agree precisely with the theoretical analyses and mathematical calculation. Such simulation provides advantages over other methods including mathematical calculation and experimental measurement. Since any geometry with any dimensions can be simulated using the electromagnetic field simulation, the simulated results of “N” values can be stored in a data bank for any application using open-circuit measurements in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This theoretical study addresses fabricating composite conducting materials with an effective arbitrary B-H relationship in the quasi-static field approximation, exhibiting new magnetic properties. The experimental results demonstrate the possibility of having linear artificial structures with negative effective magnetic permeability. The equivalent circuital model confirms the theoretical and experimental analysis. In particular, following the circuital approach we show how to obtain linear and nonlinear materials that exhibit circular B-H relationships at specific frequencies. Results of a previous experimental analysis aimed at discussing the operative meaning of the measurement of magnetism in composite materials are reported for completeness together with a description of the new conjectured prototypes. Finally, we advance some preliminary discussion on the possibility of defining composite conducting materials that exhibit arbitrary B-H loci symmetrical with respect to the H-axis, for which it is possible to observe wave-like solutions for an electromagnetic field diffusing into the material. This merits further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study which used the anisotropic perfectly matched layer in the mode-matching analysis of an open-ended rectangular waveguide radiating into a layered half space. Description of the analytical method; Derivation of closed form expressions of the eigenvalues and the electromagnetic fields for both transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes; Discussion on numerical results.

Focuses on the application of stable time-domain boundary integral equation method to solve electromagnetic field problems. Assessment of transient electromagnetic waves; Discussion on the numerical treatment of electromagnetic field problems; Methodology and results.

Provides information on a study which proposed the post-processing procedure for finite-difference time-domain transmission line. Discussion on low-frequency transient problems; Assessment of transient methods in electromagnetic field behavior; Methodology and results.

Focuses on a study which described a unified approach for treating both the coupling between circuits and electromagnetic fields and multiply connected domains. Description of mathematical model; Details of numerical formulation; Application on multiply connected domains; Analysis of results.

Focuses on a study which presented the application of algebraic multigrid (AMG) method to solve linear system problems in finite element analysis. Discussion on multigrid solvers; Utilization of parallel processing technique and AMG in electromagnetic field analysis; Sample computation of magnetostatic analysis and eddy-current analysis; Methodology and results.

Focuses on a study which examined the utilization of hybrid finite-element modal expansion method of magic T-junction. Application of modal functions in analyzing electromagnetic fields; Discussion on finite element method and magnetic field components; Methodology and results.

Provides information on a study which summarized the application of generated anisotropic finite-element meshes in electromagnetic field calculation. Development of a model to assess the performance of electromagnetic field system; Utilization of anisotropic meshing in space-time meshing; Methodology and results.

Focuses on a study which examined the application of a three-dimensional finite difference time domain technique in analyzing the propagation characteristics of terahertz antenna whose dimensions is smaller than the wavelength. Details on far field calculation; Numerical results; Conclusion.

Provides information on a study which examined an extension of the Robin Boundary Condition Iteration method to solve the problem of electromagnetic scattering from three-dimensional cavities embedded in an infinite ground plane. Derivation of equation; Validation of the method; Conclusions.

Provides information on a study which examined a method for estimating the back-electromagnetic (emf) field produced in electric machines during operation. Explanation on the computation of back-emf with single finite element (FE) method; Application of single-FE-solution method; Conclusions.

Deals with the parallel computing for electromagnetic computation. Reasons only parallel computers provide the increase in computing performance required to solve problems in engineering sciences; Discussion on shared and distributed memory parallel computers; Comparison between the C98 and the Cray T3E computers.

Presents a wavelet-Galerkin method to solve dynamic electromagnetic field problems. Initial condition incorporation; Numerical results; Conclusions.

A Fourier-integral-based model for the computation of magnetic field distributions due to an arbitrary excitation loop above a conducting half-space is formulated. Evaluation of the Fourier transform of the excitation current components, as usually required in the conventional approaches, is not needed in this model. Instead, it is shown that the field distribution at the metal surface in the absence of the conductor is sufficient for computation of the field in the presence of the conductor. The validity of the model is substantiated by comparing our results with the results of conventional models for an infinite straight wire and an elliptical current loop. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An integral method for the solution of low frequency electromagnetic field problems in presence of hysteretic media is presented. The mathematical model is formulated in the time domain. A frequency-domain fixed point technique is proposed to determine the steady-state solution of the model in a computationally more efficient way than time-domain techniques. Numerical results on magnetic systems relevant to nondestructive evaluation (NDE) configurations are shown in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the design for a direct-drive permanent magnet (PM) wind power generator is presented, and its characteristics are analyzed based on analytical approach. In order to confirm their influence on the torque ripple characteristics, both the shape design and the skew effects of the PM are thoroughly studied. In particular, we performed an analytically based electromagnetic field analysis in order to investigate the influence of the AC/DC load conditions on our model. By manufacturing a model using an experimental construction setup, we validate the results of our analytical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computation of electromagnetic fields in high resolution computational phantoms requires solving large linear systems. We present an application of Schwarz preconditioners with Krylov subspace methods for computing extremely low frequency induced fields in a phantom issued from the Visible Human. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Biological data often takes the form of regular grids of samples, e.g., obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). When the finite-element method is used to predict the electromagnetic fields in volumes specified in this way, the data is first transformed to a geometric model, and then the model is subdivided into finite elements. These steps are expensive and can be unreliable. An alternative is proposed that avoids both steps. A regular mesh of rectangular finite elements is superimposed on the MRI grid. Each element may straddle boundaries between different tissues, but the basis functions are constructed in such a way that they respect the material interfaces. The new method is applied to the forward problem in electroencephalography. A circular head model and a model derived from real MRI data are analyzed with the new method. Sampled potentials at the surface of the scalp compare well with those obtained using the conventional finite-element method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a finite-element analysis of the electromagnetic field of a BLDC motor considering speed control and mechanical flexibility. Determination of mechanical motion of a rotor; Method of analysis; Analysis of electromechanical characteristics of the spindle system.

Focuses on a study which investigated the use of transmission line matrix method to calculate the specific absorption rate of a human head exposed to electromagnetic fields. Radiation level and behavior of electromagnetic fields found in close proximity to metallic walls; Health aspects of the electromagnetic fields radiated by cellular telephones; Methodology and results.

Focuses on a study which investigated the development of a numerical model to evaluate electromagnetic fields under the influence of magnetic flux and anisotropy. Discussion on steel lamination and differential permeability; Assessment on the reconstruction of coenergy functions; Methodology and results.

Focuses on a study which examined the computation of proximity effect and electromagnetic field mode in gas-insulated lines and bus ducts. Assessment of power density distribution and application of matrix algebra; Sample calculation of finite element method used in electromagnetic models; Methodology and results.

Focuses on a study which compared the dual integral equation approach and moment method in analyzing electromagnetic field coupling. Discussion on the general method for dual integral equations; Assessment of Fredholm equation and Neumann expansion; Methodology and results.