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This paper employs an overhang structure for axial flux permanent magnet motor to enhance the torque density. However, the overhang structure requires a computationally expensive 3-D finite-element method (FEM) for analysis, because a quasi-3-D FEM cannot be applied to such a geometry. Thus, in order to reduce the computational cost of above-mentioned topology, this paper adopts a field reconstruction method (FRM). The conventional FRM is applicable only in the case, where the slot pitch to teeth length ratio is the same along radial direction. To address this problem, we introduce a virtual air gap concept so that it can take into account parallel slot effect as well as overhang effect. In this paper, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the 3-D FEM and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a research work on the electromagnetic loss modeling and demagnetization analysis for a high-speed permanent magnet machine (HSPMM). The iron loss is estimated by improved modeling considering harmonics and rotational magnetic field effects to achieve high precision; rotor eddy current loss is researched and comprehensively investigated using finite-element method (FEM). The auxiliary slot and PM beveling are also proposed to reduce the rotor eddy current loss for machine at high-speed operation. Temperature-dependent PM demagnetization modeling is utilized in HSPMM FEM analysis to investigate machine performance due to temperature variation, while optimized rotor structures are proposed and comparatively researched by FEM to improve the machine anti-demagnetization capability in harsh conditions. The HSPMM temperature is estimated based on the calculated loss results and machine computational fluid dynamic modeling. Experimental measurements on the prototype machine verify the effectiveness of the machine electromagnetic and thermal modeling in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses a motor that was designed to satisfy the size constraints of system by using ferrite magnet and has the same performance as rare-earth magnet motor. In general, the size of the motor is increased in order to meet the same performance of motor using a ferrite magnet, because of its very low energy density compared to the rare-earth magnet. In order to compensate for these drawbacks, spoke structures capable of generating maximum magnetic flux at the same rotor size have been frequently studied. However, the spoke type motor structure has a drawback that demagnetization occurs in a magnet-specific portion. However, because it affects harmonics of the airgap flux density by demagnetization, it affects mechanical torque ripple and vibration. Therefore, in this paper, the changed air-gap flux density due to the demagnetization phenomenon and the changed mechanical vibration are analyzed by the finite-element method. In addition, we proposed an optimal rotor structure that can reduce the demagnetization phenomenon of magnets in spoke interior permanent magnet synchronous motor. Experiments were performed to evaluate the reliability of the optimized design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a flux-intensifying permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor (FI-PMa-SynRM) using surface-inset permanent magnet (PM) instead of embedded PM in the rotor. The proposed FI-PMa-SynRM employs a small amount of PM that is inset on the rotor surface facing $d$ -axis instead of facing $q$ -axis as in common PMa-SynRMs. It also differs from conventional flux-intensifying interior PM motor, where the PM is embedded inside the rotor. The proposed motor enables making use of the arrangements of two types of flux barriers (FBs): the cutoff FB and the magnet FB, collectively referred to the outer FBs, to enhance the torque output and reduce the torque ripple. The first objective in this paper is to explain the principles of the proposed FI-PMa-SynRM, and the second is to analyze the proposed technique for enhancement of the torque output with small PM volume while keeping the lowest possible torque ripple. The finite-element analysis is employed to validate the proposed motor and analyses, and the results demonstrate their advantages and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the feasibility of novel data-driven deep learning (DL) models to predict the solution of Maxwell’s equations for low-frequency electromagnetic (EM) devices. With ground truth (empirical evidence) data being generated from a finite-element analysis solver, a deep convolutional neural network is trained in a supervised manner to learn a mapping for magnetic field distribution for topologies of different complexities of geometry, material, and excitation, including a simple coil, a transformer, and a permanent magnet motor. Preliminary experiments show DL model predictions in close agreement with the ground truth. A probabilistic model is introduced to improve the accuracy and to quantify the uncertainty in the prediction, based on Monte Carlo dropout. This paper establishes a basis for a fast and generalizable data-driven model used in the analysis, design, and optimization of EM devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, improvement of torque quality and magnetic losses of a concentrated winding high-speed permanent magnet (PM)-assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMaSRM) that can operate in the wide speed range are investigated. Optimization studies have been carried out to enhance the torque quality. In addition, ac copper losses in the stator coils and iron losses in laminations at high frequencies have been investigated. Since the PMaSRM can operate in a wide constant power-speed range, the field weakening performance has also been investigated. The motor performance results of the PMaSRM at both no-load and on-load conditions are examined by using Flux 2-D FEA software. A prototype motor based on the simulations has been built and validated in order to show the feasibility of such technology for white good applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel dual-rotor axial-gap flux-switching permanent-magnet machine with dc excitation winding is proposed. First, the topology and operation principles of the proposed topology are clarified. Basic design equations and parameters are provided, and the electromagnetic analyses of the proposed flux-switching machine with 3-D FEA are performed. Parametric optimizations using 3-D FEA are completed for different dc excitations. A prototype machine is manufactured, tested, and validated. It is shown that the air-gap flux of the proposed axial-gap machine can be controlled in a wide range compared to conventional surface magnet machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The split ratio, i.e., the ratio of rotor outer diameter to stator outer diameter, is one of the most vital design parameters for permanent-magnet (PM) machines due to its significant impact on the machine torque or power density. However, it has been optimized analytically in the existing papers with due account only for the stator copper loss, which is reasonable for low-to-medium speed PM machines. For high-speed PM machines (HSPMMs), the negligence of stator iron loss and the mechanical stress on the rotor will lead to a deviation of optimal split ratio and actual torque capability. In this paper, the optimal split ratio of HSPMM is investigated analytically with the consideration of stator iron loss as well as the mechanical stress on the rotor. The influence of air-gap length and rotor pole pairs on the optimal split ratio is elaborated. Both the analytical and finite-element analysis reveal that the optimal split ratio for HSPMM will be significantly reduced, when stator iron loss and mechanical constraints are taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an 18-slot/26-pole vernier permanent magnet synchronous machine (VPMSM) with coil pitch of two slot pitches is proposed based on a nine-slot/18-flux-modulation-pole/26-pole VPMSM with concentrated tooth-coil windings. Compared with the original VPMSM, the number of slots is doubled and the phase winding connection is adjusted to reduce the space harmonic content, the phase inductance, and hence, improve the power factor. This paper shows that the proposed VPMSM increases power factor from 0.73 to 0.95 with better torque and flux-weakening capability. Moreover, a series of VPMSMs with high-power factor is proposed from the same design principle and given design guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the characteristics analysis of the surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous motor is carried out using the method of reflecting the axial leakage magnetic flux into the 2-D finite-element analysis (2-D FEA), and the result is discussed. For the method of projecting the axial leakage flux on the 2-D plane, the permeance coefficient was introduced. By using the proposed method, the parameters such as d- and q-axes inductance and linkage flux for d- and q-axes equivalent circuit analysis were calculated, and the characteristics analysis was performed. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed 2-D FEA, a speed versus torque experiment was performed and compared with the analysis results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a changeable winding brushless DC (BLDC) motor for the expansion of the speed region is described. The changeable winding BLDC motor is driven by a large number of phase turns at low speeds and by a reduced number of turns at high speeds. For this reason, the section where the winding changes is very important. Ideally, the time at which the windings are to be converted should be same as the time at which the voltage changes. However, if this timing is not exactly synchronized, a large current is generated in the motor, and the demagnetization of the permanent magnet occurs. In addition, a large torque ripple is produced. In this paper, we describe the demagnetization of the permanent magnet in a fault situation when the windings change, and we suggest a design process to solve this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, dual-rotor motor (DRM) has emerged as an alternative for an induction motor (IM) or a permanent-magnet (PM) motor for electric vehicle application, due to its better drive performance and better torque density. This paper presents an analytical model for the hybrid IM-PM configuration of DRM. The analytical model can be used to predict induced bar currents, electromagnetic torque generated, and magnetic fields in various regions of the motor. The mentioned calculations are performed under steady-state conditions. The analytical method is developed using the subdomain model approach in 2-D polar coordinates. Appropriate governing equations along with boundary conditions across all the sub-domain regions of the DRM are employed to calculate the magnetic vector potential in all the regions. The developed analytical model has been validated with finite-element analysis for various operating conditions, and high accuracy has been achieved for all the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses systematic efficiency considering the efficiency of both a motor and airflow in an inverter-driven single-phase brushless direct-current (BLDC) motor with two different lamination designs for a cordless vacuum cleaner. In other words, multi-physical lamination design has to be conducted, and hence, the shape and placement of a whole electromagnetic structure are investigated in terms of a tradeoff between the electrical and mechanical efficiencies. In this paper, a single-phase BLDC motor for cordless vacuum cleaners is designed to satisfy starting and continuous torques by means of asymmetric air gap, and fluid analysis is performed to determine which shape of a single-phase BLDC motor has better system efficiency. The prototype of a single-phase BLDC motor has been tested, and the speed of the operation is ranged from 84468 r/min up to the rated speed of 100020 r/min. The motor efficiency of 94.7% has been measured to verify a good match with the estimated efficiency of 94.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analytical model of magnetic field of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with a trapezoidal Halbach permanent magnet array (THPMA). Compared with conventional Halbach array, the shape of each magnet in THPMA is transformed from rectangle to trapezium in polar coordinates. The THPMA is delaminated indefinitely radially and each layer is approximately considered to be a conventional Halbach array. The air-gap magnetic field of each layer is analyzed with the scalar magnetic potential. Then, the air-gap magnetic field of the THPMA is obtained by superposing magnetic fields of all layers. The validity of the analytical model is verified by a finite-element model (FEM). The air-gap flux density is optimized by adjusting the center angle coefficients of the THPMA, and a no-load phase back electromotive force (EMF) with the harmonic distortion rate (THD) of 0.75% is obtained by FEM. The back EMF is basically consistent with the measured result of a prototype motor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new asymmetric planar V-shaped magnet arrangement for a linear PM synchronous motor is proposed. Several magnet arrangements for the track of the proposed linear permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motor such as un-skewed magnets, conventional magnet skew, and V-shaped planar magnets have been investigated. The performance results of the linear motor with skewed magnets are compared to those of previously designed PM linear synchronous motor with conventional un-skewed rectangular-shaped (CuSRS) magnets. The forcer is kept the same for all track structures and a thorough comparison is provided for low detent force and low force ripple with the CuSRS and proposed planar V-shaped magnet skew approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a loss calculation method considering minor hysteresis loops for permanent magnet (PM) motors driven by pulsewidth modulated (PWM) inverters. In the governing equation of the proposed method, both the effects of the major and minor hysteresis phenomena are expressed by a reaction magnetic field. This field is determined by iterative calculations of finite-element analysis (FEA) with a simple hysteresis modeling that considers the minor loops. The proposed method is applied to a PM motor, and the experimental verification is carried out. It is clarified that the minor hysteresis loops affect not only the hysteresis loss but also the eddy current loss because the skin depth varies with the differential permeability of the minor loops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an intensive research on a multi-degree-of-freedom (DOF) motor and a new mechanism for power conversion based on continuous developments pursued since 2000. In fact, various structures have been proposed to operate more than two DOFs from one point of action, and their control methods have been thoroughly studied. As a result, the interpretations of both multiple DOFs to drive the motor and the operating characteristics have been considerably improved, but few applications of the motor have been developed. Practically and widely studied applications for this type of motor can include unmanned aerial vehicles, such as multi-copters and drones, whose operation can be enhanced by using multi-DOF motors. This paper details the investigation of the generic technology underlying these motors and a novel hybrid multi-DOF motor with improved tilting torque, practicality, and control for applications requiring actuation on more than two DOFs. Specifically, we present the electromagnetic separation of the rotation and tilt drives to simplify manufacturability and control. In addition, we describe the characteristics of various tilt actuators to increase the tilt torque. We designed, fabricated, and tested the proposed hybrid multi-DOF motor to verify its performance, and projected its application in a multi-copter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the partial irreversible demagnetization characteristics of magnets in flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machines. Two different partial demagnetization mechanisms in the FSPM machines are modeled and demonstrated. The 2-D finite-element analysis (FEA) results for a baseline 10 kW 15 kr/min ferrite FSPM machine verify the validity of the proposed partial demagnetization model. Performance degradation due to demagnetization is evaluated for the baseline machine based on the FEA results. This paper also proposes a novel design to enhance the demagnetization withstand capability. This research reveals the most vulnerable region of the magnet to irreversible demagnetization in the FSPM machines. It also provides a guideline for developing demagnetization withstand capability improvement techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the case of designing high-speed surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM), the rotor retaining sleeve is inserted into the rotor to prevent the permanent magnet’s damage. It is quite an efficient way to consider manufacturability, but the sleeve becomes the major source of ohm loss in high-speed operation. In this paper, the high-speed motor for a turbo blower at the rating of 100 kW, 20000 r/min was introduced. To improve its efficiency, the retaining sleeve’s optimal design was needed. For this, parametric analysis on the shape of the retaining sleeve was carried out in a different type of motor. Within a range that meets the mechanical safety, sleeve designs have been changed. The effect of changing design variables of the sleeve was studied. This paper presents the optimized sleeve’s advantages in electrical efficiency from the results of the electromagnetic finite element analysis software. Finally, it suggests the optimal sleeve design to reduce eddy-current loss, which is related to motor shape. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper studies the output performance improvement of the spherical multi-degree-of-freedom (multi-DOF) motor. The multi-DOF motor is a motor that is designed to drive in multiple axes. Therefore, it is important that the shape of the motor should be fabricated to enable multi-axis driving when designing the multi-DOF motor. In addition, it is essential to consider the output density characteristics and stability characteristic analysis to reduce the volume of the multi-DOF motor and to operate of the motor in the stable range, respectively. In this paper, the structure and operating characteristics of the spherical multi-DOF motor with dual air gaps are described. In order to improve the output characteristics of the multi-DOF motor, characteristics analysis was performed according to the change of the number of the phases and pole pitch angles, and stability characteristic analysis for stable operation of the multi-DOF motor was performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the analysis and the fault-tolerant control strategy for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with auxiliary modular design. Due to the simple structure and the self-starting ability, the single-phase PMSM with U-shaped core got more attentions in early research; however, its development was limited by motor large torque ripple and low efficiency. As one effective solution, the PMSM with auxiliary modular design comes out, which can obtain a smooth operation feature with shifted magnet array and improve the system robustness with fault-tolerant control. Based on the proposed PMSM with auxiliary modular design, the motor mathematical model and control scheme are presented in this paper to illustrate motor characteristics and achieve the fault-tolerant ability. Finally, the motor prototype is tested, and the experimental results are used to verify the proposed steady operation and the fault-tolerant ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we develop and examine permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) by use of both stator and rotor cores made of nanocrystalline magnetic materials (NMMs). We report core loss properties of the PMSM with the NMM under inverter excitation. In addition, we compare core losses of the PMSM with conventional non-oriented (NO) steel sheets under inverter excitation to discuss the core loss characteristics of the NMM motor. In average, under inverter excitation, the reduction ratio in core loss of the PMSM made of NMM is about 60% as compared with the core loss of the PMSM with NO sheets. In particular, the average decrease obtained by using NMM rotor core instead of NO rotor core is about 30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the detail analysis of the radial force and bending moment responsible for vibration in the stator permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). The vibration characteristics, especially vibration mode, of stator PMSM are studied. First, the air-gap flux density distribution and radial force density distribution are derived in detail. Then, two types of vibration modes, called pulsating and bending modes, and their reasons as pulsating force and bending moment are analyzed and elaborated which are not analyzed and verified before. In addition, the relationships between these two vibration shapes and pole width, pole number, and slot number are analyzed. To confirm the analysis and theory, the multi-probe mode-included test method of vibration acceleration is used to obtain the vibration mode information of motors, and the experimental results on a 6-pole/36-slot stator PMSM match well with the simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-speed electric machines with permanent magnets are sometimes equipped with a shielding cylinder; a conductive sleeve that is wrapped around the magnets in order to reduce the rotor losses and/or retain the magnets. Despite the every increasing popularity of such high-speed permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs), there are still a lot of question regarding the effect of the shielding cylinder. Earlier work in literature evaluates how the shielding cylinder’s design affects the machine’s performance. However, that work assumes a sinusoidal current, hence neglects the stator current’s higher time-harmonic orders. Therefore, this paper aims at evaluating how different stator sources affect the way in which the shielding cylinder influences the torque production in high-speed PMSMs. The study is performed using a 2-D analytical subdomain model that accounts for slotting and the eddy current reaction field. Both current and voltage sources are considered. The torque is divided in two components, the classical torque due to interaction between the magnets and the stator currents and the torque due to interaction with the eddy currents in the shielding cylinder. This approach results in a better insight in the machine’s physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel flux-modulated type dual-axis motor that has two mechanical inputs/outputs, since it consists of a stator, a permanent magnet rotor, and a modulating rotor. Furthermore, since the dual-axis motor has a function the same as a planetary type magnetic gear, it can transmit torque with arbitrary gear ratio and divide mechanical input/output into two rotors without any mechanical contact. In this paper, first, conventional and proposed flux-modulated type dual-axis motors are optimized and compared using finite-element analysis. Next, the proposed dual-axis motor is prototyped and demonstrates the validity and availability by experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zeroth mode of vibration is investigated in low-speed high-torque surface-mounted permanent magnet (PM) machines with non-overlapping concentrated windings. Magnetic field distribution in the air gap is computed using time-stepping finite-element analysis, and Maxwell stress tensor is then employed to calculate the radial force density. Based on the time variation of the mean value of the radial force density spatial distribution, the zeroth-order radial forces are studied. Simple structural equations are used to compare the stator deformations for the machines under investigation. Contribution of the zeroth mode to produce vibration is analyzed and compared with the lowest non-zero mode. The influence of pole and slot combinations and the effect of rectifier load are discussed. This paper is carried out to investigate whether or not the zeroth-order radial forces can be of importance in the presented surface-mounted PM machines that are not connected to pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converters. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate a novel flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machine that is amenable for high-speed operation. The low-pole topology of high-speed machine is favorable to minimize fundamental frequency requirement. The lowest possible three-phase topology of the FSPM machine, with six stator slots and four rotor poles (6/4), has unacceptably large second-order harmonic distortion in the flux linkage and severe cogging torque in its conventional single-stator–single-rotor form. To resolve these challenges, a novel dual-stator structure is proposed that eliminates the even-order harmonics in the flux linkage. Harmonic distortion and cogging torque are notably reduced in the proposed machine. The principles of operation and design methods are described in this paper. The properties of the proposed dual-stator 6/4 FSPM machine are compared with a conventional 6/4 FSPM machine and a conventional 12/10 FSPM machine for a 5 kW, 15 000 r/min design. Comparison results gathered from 3-D finite-element analysis demonstrate that the proposed dual-stator 6/4 FSPM machine achieves significantly better flux linkage, back EMF, and cogging torque than the conventional 6/4 design and better efficiency than the conventional 12/10 FSPM machine. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The rare-earth permanent magnet (PM) is commonly used to improve the performance of high-speed electrical machines to compensate for their high production costs, while it is very likely that the demand for high-speed machines will increase in the near future as markets for new technologies continue to grow. However, a high-speed machine is required to have high performance and low manufacturing cost, because mass production is needed for these applications. Therefore, in this paper, a high-speed machine using a ferrite PM was designed to significantly decrease the manufacturing costs. To examine the performance of the high-speed machine suggested in this paper, the performance of a high-speed model using a ferrite PM is compared with that of a SmCo PM model. A high-speed machine with a specification of 3 kW and 30 000 r/min is designed and manufactured. The designed model is analyzed using the finite-element method. Finally, the no-load back electromotive force in each model is examined through a back-to-back experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper investigates a double stator linear rotary permanent magnet motor (DSLRPMM) with orthogonally arrayed PMs. The DSLRPMM, which involves linear and/or rotary movements, is constituted of two stators and a hollow mover. The aim of this paper is to study the electromagnetic features and optimize the design parameters of the motor using a 3-D finite-element method (FEM). The topology and the operating principle are described, and the original design is given. The influences of the main designed parameters on the electromagnetic torque, force, and total losses are also analyzed. The optimal parameters are given and a prototype is built and tested. The experimental results are in agreement with that of the 3-D FEM analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents the magnetic and electrical equivalent circuits of a hysteresis interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor. A hysteresis IPM motor is a solid rotor hybrid synchronous motor combining hysteresis phenomena and permanent excitation in the rotor. When installed in thousands of feet under the sea to drive an electric submersible pump (ESP), it can self-start the ESP without the need of any position sensors, and can improve the efficiency, the performance, and the reliability of the ESP. In this paper, equivalent circuit models are used to predict the transient run-up responses of a 2.5 kW prototype hysteresis IPM motor. Analysis results are compared with 2-D finite-element analysis (FEA) results as well as experimental results. There exists a reasonably close agreement between analytical, FEA, and experimental results, which validates the accuracy of the equivalent circuit models of a hysteresis IPM motor. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The vibration of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) cores is related to the rotation speed. This paper presents a generalized magnetoelastic 3-D finite-element model, which can be used to calculate the magnetic field and structural vibration of laminated cores, including magnetostrictive effect. Magnetostriction (MS) is a property of electrical steel and causes the vibration of motor cores, the primary cause being electromagnetic forces. To implement the model, the vibration of a PMSM core was numerically analyzed under excitation with different frequencies. The speed and vibration were measured simultaneously by pulse and accelerometer sensors, and the variation of speed and vibration features was analyzed by Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) versus Revolutions per minute (RPM). The numerically analyzed results showed that the vibration due to MS is important, and the magnitude of vibration is related to the operating speed. Vibration and speeds of the motor were tested and analyzed. The results showed that there is a vibration peak in the range of 600–2000 r/min (30–100 Hz), which is acceptable in calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the modeling and simulation of the effect of rotor eccentricity in permanent magnet synchronous machines. Static eccentricity is analyzed in a 2-D setting. The 3-D effect of an inclined rotor shaft is accounted by considering 2-D slices and interpolating on a grid constructed from finite-element simulations [response surface model (RSM)]. Common tools of uncertainty quantification, i.e., generalized polynomial chaos and Monte Carlo, are used to study the effect on the electromotive force. The novelty of this paper is the twofold use of the RSM: 1) to speed up the calculations in the 2-D setting and 2) to mimic a multislice model for inclined eccentricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an extended set of variables for numerical optimizations of tooth-coil permanent magnet synchronous machines (TC-PMSMs). The design variables for the extended set are chosen based on the magnetic asymmetries introduced by the saturated core under the loading conditions. The extended set allows to reach considerably higher values of torque density and significant reduction of torque ripple in comparison with a conventional set of optimization variables. The conventional and extended sets are compared on an example of an finite element method simulation of a double-layer winding surface permanent magnet-rotor TC-PMSM. A considerably better optimal machine is obtained when the extended set of variables is utilized. The paper showcases the design and the optimization of electrical machines using only free and open-source software. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Among various types of motors, permanent magnet (PM) motors, due to their high energy density, are mainly used for electric-based propulsion systems. In this paper, an improved analytical model for PM motor has been presented. The model considers important factors, such as armature reaction, slotting effect, and influence of non-linear material property on motor’s behavior. Moreover, the main contributions of this paper are the representation of stator windings with exact winding width using Fourier series and the consideration of effects of non-linear ferromagnetic material property. Using this model, it is possible to determine air-gap magnetic field, flux linkage, back electromotive force, cogging torque, and electromagnetic torque with high accuracy. Results from the proposed model are compared with other analytical model and also with those from a finite-element analysis (FEA). The results obtained from the proposed method match closely with the FEA. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents a novel analysis and a design method of surface-mounted permanent magnet (SPM) machines with fractional slot concentrated windings (FSCWs) for a given constant power region ratio. The characteristics of working points in the constant power region are analyzed, and a method of quantifying important parameters, magnet flux, and synchronous inductance is proposed. According to the analysis, the design method of SPM machines with the FSCWs and notes is provided. Based on the proposed method, a double-layer 20-pole/24-slot SPM machine is taken as an example and designed. The designed machine is analyzed by the finite element method (FEM), and the constant power experiment is carried out on the prototype manufactured as design. The results validate the analysis and the design method in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to design a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), the inductance must be computed. In this paper, the flux concentrating PMSM (FCPMSM) is introduced. Calculating the inductance is difficult because of the complex structure of the rotor. Because the rib and the bridge consist of an iron core, they have nonlinear characteristics. In order to obtain the effective value of the inductance, nonlinear characteristics must be considered in a magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC). In this paper, to calculate the inductance of an FCPMSM, the relative permeance of the rotor was analyzed. Then, the dq-axis MEC, including the nonlinear magnetic reluctance, was created using the flux line. Finally, we verified the validity of the proposed inductance calculation method by comparing the results between the finite-element method and the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analytical method for calculating the no-load magnetic field of external rotor permanent magnet brushless direct current motor (PMBLDCM) used as in-wheel motor of electric vehicle in the stator static coordinate and the rotor motion coordinate is presented in this paper. First, the analytic formulas of slotless permanent magnetic field in both coordinate systems are derived, respectively. Then, the complex relative permeance of external rotor PMBLDCM in both coordinate systems is calculated. Finally, the analytical solution of the no-load magnetic field in both coordinate systems is derived by applying the magnetic potential multiplied by the complex relative permeance. In this paper, a 46-pole-51-slot external rotor PMBLDCM is taken as an example, and the accuracy of the proposed analytical model is verified by the finite-element results. Based on the analytical model, the influences of the stator slotting effect on the no-load magnetic field of the external rotor and the inner stator are analyzed. The spatial order characteristics and frequency characteristics of the no-load magnetic field of the external rotor PMBLDCM in both coordinate systems are revealed, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a composite solid rotor designed to improve starting performance of the line-start permanent-magnet synchronous motor (LSPMSM). The rotor is mainly constituted by the solid steel which can inherently generate high starting torque. Moreover, the axial slots milled on the rotor surface deepen the flux penetration into core and a brass made cage attached to the rotor enlarges the eddy current density. With above promotions, the induction torque increases, and hence drives the motor to startup and synchronize under heavy load conditions. The enhanced starting capability by applying the proposed rotor for an LSPMSM is validated by the 2-D time-stepping finite-element method (FEM). To guarantee a well match with the 3-D construction where end effects occur, an equivalent circuit is built in the 2-D method to represent the uneven ring fractions. Simultaneously, considering the non-axial currents in core ends, conductivity of the solid-rotor segments in 2-D field is corrected by a multistep optimum-seeking technique. Calculation precision of the 2-D FEM covering end effects is certificated by the corresponding 3-D FEM with good results agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromagnetic devices containing permanent magnet (PM) are common and typical electromagnetic devices that have advantages of low-power consumption, small size, high sensitivity, and its optimization problem has aroused widespread concern. Calculation accuracy of electromagnetic properties and efficiency of optimization processes are two important factors that affect the optimization effect of electromagnetic devices. A fast calculation method was proposed in this paper that aimed at electromagnetic devices with PM characteristics of strong non-linearity and low solving precision. The response surface method was used to derive the basis function, and the error between actual measured values and calculated values was modified by the Kriging method. On the basis of the calculation model, the distributed collaborative strategy was adopted to fulfill the parallel execution of the fast computation. Simultaneously, the updating strategy of particles was improved, and the robustness of the multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm in solving the optimization problem of electromagnetic devices with PM was enhanced. Effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper was verified by the case study of a specific type of electromagnetic relay with PM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at describing the influence of shielding on the magnetizing magnetic field measured with an H-coil system, used in a double-yoked single-sheet tester. By the mean of a positioning system especially conceived for the purpose of this paper, the magnetic field is measured at different distances from the laminated sheet. The evolution of this field along the perpendicular line thus defined shows a distinctive behavior, whether the measure is realized in the presence of a magnetic shield or not. A description of the obtained experimental results is made, and a comparison with numerical models is realized. Finally, an explanation over the observed phenomena based on physical principles of electromagnetism is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have previously been proposed a novel adaptive finite-element method (FEM) based on a magnetic field conservation indicator and a non-conforming mesh-refinement technique. However, we have applied to a very simple model consisting of a single permanent magnet for basic verification of the proposed method. In this paper, we have improved an error indicator, and tried to apply a newly proposed adaptive FEM to more complicated models, where ferromagnetic material is included. The newly proposed method is superior in torque error estimation to the Zienkiewicz-Zhu error estimation method in a 3-D permanent magnet motor model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-phase permanent magnet (PM) motors are becoming more popular because of their higher torque densities, enhanced efficiency, and fault-tolerant capabilities. In this paper, a novel six-phase PM synchronous motor with a new asymmetric stator ac winding scheme and placement is proposed. Two identical dual three-phase asymmetrical winding sets are placed in two separate half of the stator in 180 mechanical degrees. This approach reduces the phase resistance and thus copper losses. Torque quality of the proposed motor is also analyzed using 2-D finite element method in detail. It can be concluded that the proposed novel asymmetric stator has more advantages to offer than conventional six-phase PM motors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new hybrid permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motor with two-part rotor is proposed. The new motor is composed of surface mounted and interior magnet rotor segments on a stepped skewed shaft. The hybrid topology has wider constant power speed ratio than conventional surface mounted PM motors with relatively the same torque density. No-load and on-load finite-element analyses (FEA) are performed independently for both surface PM and interior PM synchronous motor. Superposition of the results is gathered to obtain the actual performance of the hybrid motor. The 2-D FEA results with skewed models are also performed at the final stage of the design. A prototype motor is manufactured and experimental results are obtained. Good agreement is observed between the simulations and test data for the proposed motor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the characteristics of a surface permanent-magnet Vernier motor (SPMVM) according to the pole ratio among the rotor magnet pole pairs, stator teeth, and winding pole number. The SPMVM has the same operational principle as a magnetic gear, and it is operated using the space harmonics of the air-gap flux density due to the magnetomotive force and air-gap permeance. In this paper, first, the design parameters of the SPMVM are specified based on an analytical calculation of the air-gap magnetic flux density. Moreover, various combinations of the rotor magnet pole pairs and stator teeth number are made and compared according to the operational principle of a Vernier motor using a 2-D finite-element method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A self-start interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor can be a potential replacement of the conventional induction motor because of its high torque density, smaller size, higher efficiency, and power factor. Traditional self-start IPM motors are equipped with cage windings in the rotor for providing the starting as well as the damping torque. Cage-quipped IPM motors have limited starting and synchronization capabilities. This paper introduces a novel self-start radial flux (RF) hysteresis IPM motor. The rotor of the hysteresis IPM motor has a cylindrical hysteresis ring made of semi-hard magnetic material. High energy density Nd–B–Fe magnets are buried inside the rotor hysteresis ring. The ring is supported by a laminated steel sleeve, allowing the flux to travel radially inside the hysteresis ring. In this paper, the design and performance analysis of a 3-phase 4-pole 1-HP RF-hysteresis IPM motor is carried out using finite-element analysis. The performance of the designed RF-hysteresis IPM motor is compared with similar 1-HP circumferential flux type hysteresis and cage-equipped IPM motors. Based on analysis and simulation, the RF-hysteresis IPM motor demonstrates higher starting and synchronization capabilities than conventional self-start IPM motors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the incline unbalanced magnetic pull (IUMP) generated in the permanent magnetic synchronous motor (PMSM) with the rotor misalignment. The motor magnetic field in such a motor is asymmetric, and both the magnitude and the action point of UMP vary in motor operation. This paper presents an analytical model for analyzing the 3-D effects of the UMP induced by the misalignment rotor. The numerical simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed analytic model. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper analyzes the characteristics of a vector-controlled permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with a permanent-magnet defect. A method for the diagnosis of the demagnetization of the permanent magnet in PMSM is proposed. In the proposed method, the magnetic field is calculated by the finite-element method, and then the flux linkage and d and q axis inductances are calculated. They are introduced into the block diagram of the drive and control system. We have manufactured interior permanent-magnet motors, where one of four magnets is reduced by 10% and 20% in order to imitate the demagnetization. It is shown that the Fourier and wavelet results are in good agreement with the measured ones. This paper shows that the stator current and stator voltage using the proposed method are useful for the fault detection of demagnetized permanent magnet. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents a design approach to an interior permanent magnetic synchronous motor (IPMSM) for the compressor of a hybrid electric vehicle operated in a 42-V battery system. The approach is to estimate the range of inductance and back-EMF to satisfy the required efficiency of IPMSM. Then, the preliminary geometry satisfying the region is decided by PM type, current density, fill factor, and so on. Last, the detailed design with optimization is performed to consider magnetic saturation and reduce cogging torque and torque ripple. At this time, the simulation results are obtained by finite element analysis and in consideration of operating temperature. In the end, the validity of the design process presented in this paper is verified by test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spoke-type interior permanent magnet (IPM) machines are an attractive topology for high-performance electric motors, especially designed for vehicle traction applications. In this paper, a special design for a spoke-type IPM motor is presented to enhance motor flux-weakening capability in the operation over a wide speed range. The proposed design consists of a simple and robust mechanical device that includes radially displaceable rotor yokes, connected to the shaft by means of springs. At high speed, the centrifugal force prevails over the elastic one due to springs, causing the mobile yokes to displace radially and establish a partial magnetic short circuit between PMs. This increases PM leakage flux and consequently reduces the air-gap field. As a result, a mechanical flux weakening effect is achieved at high speed, which helps significantly to reduce the demagnetizing \boldsymbol d -axis current to be injected by the inverter, along with the related copper losses and demagnetization issues. The proposed design is investigated in this paper using an analytical model whose parameters are computed by finite-element analysis. The effectiveness of the solution being set forth is successfully proven by some testing on a laboratory prototype. Experimental results are compared with analytical predictions showing a satisfactory accordance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new transverse flux permanent magnet machine. In a normal transverse flux machine, complicated 3-D flux paths often exist. Such 3-D flux paths would require the use of soft magnetic composites material instead of laminations for construction of the machine stator. In the new machine topology proposed in this paper, by advantageously utilizing the magnetic flux path provided by an additional rotor, use of laminations that allow 2-D flux paths only will be sufficient to accomplish the required 3-D flux paths. The machine also has a high torque density and is therefore an attractive solution for various direct drive applications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]