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Tubular-switched reluctance linear launcher (TSRLL) with novel structure is proposed in this paper. The structure of switched reluctance motor is simplified, and the unbalanced force of common types of switched reluctance linear launcher is alleviated in TSRLL. The structure of the single-phase TSRLL with transverse flux is introduced thoroughly. The 3-D finite-element (FE) model of the proposed TSRLL is constructed, and electromagnetic analysis is performed by the FE method (FEM). To improve the electromagnetic force of the proposed launcher, the sensitivity analysis is conducted by means of 3-D FEM. The stator yoke thickness, mover cylinder’s thickness, stator pole arc, and pole width ratio of TSRLL are optimized, and the results of the sensitivity analyses are presented. TSRLL with two different polarity distribution patterns is compared via static FE analysis. The dynamic simulation of TSRLL with optimal specification and polarity distribution is carried out and demonstrated, of which the results agree well with the static analysis by FEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has introduced two important indexes, turn-off surge voltage (TSV) on power switch and peak positive pole potential (PPPP) of storage batteries, which can be used to evaluate switching transient process of high-voltage energy storage system. Research on them is of great significance to power switch choice and high-voltage isolation design in engineering applications. Power switch response process at the turning off moment and transient process in freewheel stage have been analyzed by the established small-signal model of single power switch; then, a power switch test platform for hybrid energy storage system was built to verify it. Taking pulsed-power supply charging device with a novel inductor of low resistance and high inductance as a research object, this paper has analyzed dynamic process of the TSV and the PPPP at the turning off moment through establishing state space model of the whole system. Comparison shows that the numerical curves match the simulated curves well. Finally, the exactness of the employed model has been further verified in two pulse capacitor charging experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iron loss of doubled-sided linear switch reluctance motor (DLSRM) is analyzed and calculated in this paper. Because of the double salient structure of the switched reluctance motor and the nonlinearity of the magnetization curve of the ferromagnetic material, the flux density waveform is nonsinusoidal. So, it is difficult to calculate the iron loss of DLSRM. This paper mainly introduces the calculation method of dynamic magnetic density of the DLSRM, and basing on this, the simulation model of iron loss of DLSRM is built and compared the iron loss in different parts of the total as a percentage of the motor. Finally, an experimental platform based on DLSRM is built to measure the actual iron loss in the motor and verify the correctness of the calculation of iron loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulsed alternator (PA) is a kind of high-power pulsed supplies widely applied in the field of electromagnetic (EM) launch. Over the past decades, the self-excited air-core PA is widely studied, but it has the disadvantages of poor heat transfer and high electric field loss. The hybrid excitation PA combined with the advantages of electric excitation and permanent magnet excitation PA, and the output voltage of armature winding can be adjusted by the electric field current. This paper presents double-electric-excitation hybrid excitation compensated PA (DEE-HECPA). In order to improve the adjustable performance for the output voltage of HECPA, the rotor structure is changed and double excitation coils are used in PA. In this paper, the equivalent magnetic circuit model for hybrid excitation region is established and the air-gap flux density is calculated. The dimensional parameters are calculated by the special EM design method for PA, the characteristics of electric excitation are verified by finite-element analysis, and the characteristics of output current for DEE-HECPA are analyzed. The research results demonstrate that DEE-HECPA is a feasible topology for PA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes some practical methodology and design aids for the linear motion servocontrol systems such as the electromagnetic launchers. Mason’s gain formula was first used in the state space to solve for the transfer function of the complex and multiloop system rapidly and conveniently. The classical feedback control referring to the separation principle, involving a tracking controller and an observer-based compensator, may work well but has limited bandwidth under the constraint of the nominal inertia, and this fact is demonstrated rigorously in this paper and improved by a novel compensation scheme. According to the time-domain performance and Nyquist view, a delicate parameter design of control parameters is made for the tracking controller and the robust observer. The algorithm is verified by use of a rapid control prototype real-time simulation platform. The comparison of the experimental results shows that the proposed control scheme has good properties of trajectory tracking, antidisturbance, and noise suppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper clearly demonstrates the structure of Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) power supply system and analyzes principles of the finite-state machine (FSM) elaborately. Depending on the characteristics of EAST power supply system and the requirements of it, this paper chooses the real-time Linux as system platform and experimental physics and industrial control system (EPICS) as development tool to design a control system of the EAST poloidal field power system supply. This paper utilizes a temporal logic control based on the FSM in order to regulate the operation process of real-time sequence logic control of 12 sets of power controllers. This design is evaluated and tested, and it completely meets the real-time requirement of the poloidal field power supply (PFPS) control system. Several experiments have proved that this design definitely meets the real-time sequence logic control requirement of the PFPS control system in the complex situations under magnetic fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vacuum interrupter is widely used in the medium-voltage power system. Controlling the arc by the magnetic field is an effective method to improve the breaking capacity. The transverse magnetic field (TMF) forces the constricted arc to rotate to reduce local overheating. In this paper, three kinds of TMF contacts, which are Swastika-type contact, cup-shaped contact, and double-TMF contact that combines Swastika-type and cup-shaped contacts coaxially, are investigated in a demountable vacuum chamber with a high-speed camera. The arc voltage and current are also recorded. The experiments were conducted with circuit currents from 5 to 20 kA (root mean square) with a frequency of 50 Hz. There are four current levels in the experiment, which are 5, 10, 15, and 20 kA, and at least three tests are taken for each current level. The results showed that under low current (I = 10 kA), the arc of the three TMF contacts did not rotate. Under high current (I = 20 kA), it was observed that the arc of Swastika-type and double-TMF contacts rotated in the gap. The arc speed of double-TMF contacts is higher than that of Swastika-type contacts. The cup-shaped contacts have the highest arc voltage and noise among the three TMF contacts. The Swastika-type contacts were eroded most seriously. The simulation results show the force distribution of the arc on different locations. The resultant force makes the arc rotate counterclockwise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new configuration of dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) reactor with three electrodes was manufactured and used to produce ozone. Designed flatly, this reactor is capable of establishing three different discharge modes from type of the volume and surface discharges, without modifying its internal structure. The aim of presenting this paper is to experimentally analyze the three discharge modes and their combination using a second channel to produce ozone. The two reactor channels are identical in terms of dimensions, material, and manufacturing process. Two frequency-adjustable pulse generators of the same electrical characteristics and two high-voltage transformers were used in the course of the experiments. The applied sinusoidal voltage is from 0 to 12 kVp-p. The frequency range was determined and fixed for all three discharge modes for the highest ozone concentration at a fluctuation rate of 1 L/min. Effects of increasing the applied voltage on the obtained concentration from the three different discharge modes were experimentally analyzed. Using the provided inlets–outlets, the effect of flowing gas through the length and width of the discharge area on ozone concentration was investigated, and appropriate flow directions were determined for the flowing gas under either of the three discharge modes. Experimentally results have been done for this three discharge modes as well as hybrid modes. The maximum ozone production rate achieved up to 14.52 g/h in the series combination of two different volume discharge. At 96% oxygen purity, ozone production yield, in two modes volume discharge VaDBD and surface discharge SDBD, have been improved up to 529.87 g/kWh. However, the total input power of the entire system is 120.2 W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a comparative investigation has been performed on the effects of water vapor on electron energy in He/H2O and Ar/H2O plasma jets at atmospheric pressure. The investigation is based on a needle-plane discharge system and the numerical simulation with the use of a 2-D fluid model. The OH production and its correlation with electron energy in the two gases have also been calculated. This paper gives the following significant results. The averaged electron energy in He/H2O keeps basically a constant at water vapor concentrations below about 0.1%, and then it evidently decreases. However, the averaged electron energy in Ar/H2O is hardly changed with the increase in the water vapor concentration. This difference from that in He/H2O is mainly due to different energy thresholds for the electron collision reactions related to helium and argon. The averaged OH densities in He/H2O and Ar/H2O increase with increasing the water vapor concentration, but that for He/H2O is evidently large at water vapor concentrations below about 0.5%, compared to Ar/H2O. The reason for this can be attributed to more electrons participating in the excitation reaction related to H2O and large reaction rate of OH production in He/H2O. Finally, this paper suggests that a proper high water vapor concentration in He/H2O plasma jets may allow an expected electron energy and also generates abundant OH radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focused on using plasma as element of a frequency selective surface (FSS). FSSs have been used for filtering electromagnetic waves for many years. Conventional FSSs use metal patch pattern as periodic element. This paper takes the plasma tube as a substitution for metal patch. The 3-D finite-difference time-domain method with periodic boundary condition is utilized to simulate the interaction of incident wave and plasma FSS. Numerical calculation results in that electron number density of plasma can dominate the resonance frequency obviously. The resonance frequency increases as the increasing of electron number density of plasma to the limit of that of perfectly electric conductor. Thus, the FSS can be designed to be tunable by changing the ionized electron number density. Both of the noncollision and collisional plasma model are introduced to study the FSS characteristics. The numerical calculation results show that the collision frequency only influences the reflectivity while has no effect on the resonant frequency. The resonant frequency and transmitted power ratio can be tuned by assigning the plasma’s electron number density and collision frequency. Thus, plasma elements offer the possibility of improved shielding effect along with reconfigurability. Plasma FSS can also be made transparent by tuning the plasma off which makes the use of FSS more versatile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a complete flux scheme (CFS) has been implemented in 1-D fluid model for simulating the pulsed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in pure argon at atmospheric pressure. The characteristic quantities of the pulsed DBD have been systematically calculated by using the CFS and presented in comparison with those by using the exponential difference scheme (EDS). This paper shows the following results. There is the two-pulse discharge mode in the present simulation. The two discharge currents obtained using the CFS and EDS converge to the same result in good agreement with the experiment as spatial step length decreases, but the CFS has a fast convergence performance compared to the EDS. With a small grid number, the numerical scheme has an evident effect on the characteristic quantities in the time region corresponding to the first discharge pulse. This paper suggests that in the pulsed DBD, the usage of the CFS with a properly small grid number can give more accurate result and also presents a high calculation efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the finite-element method (FEM) is applied for an exact solution of the dispersion of hybrid electromagnetic waves excited in a novel combined elliptical waveguide. This special configuration is included of an elliptical metallic waveguide filled with a dielectric material, whereas two axial hollows with circular cross section have been created in it. A hollow is placed in one of focuses of the elliptical waveguide and second hollow is located in another focus or shifted from it. Two straight relativistic electron beams with the same currents and velocities in opposite directions are injected inside the hollows. Here, we apply an accurate approach in which the electromagnetic fields described by the FEM and satisfies boundary conditions at the interfaces of different regions. Then, the time growth rate of slow waves amplified by the electron beam is numerically calculated. The excited waves are in microwave range. The effects of accelerating voltage and current density of electron beams, and geometrical parameters such as radius and location of electron beam, on the frequency spectra, the growth rate, and profiles of axial electric and magnetic fields of excited slow waves are studied. Our research shows, the novel waveguide studied in this paper is superior to other waveguide structures in wave amplification with applying minimum input electrical power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microarc oxidation (MAO) is performed on ZK60 magnesium alloy at 250–400 V. For this paper, a direct current (dc), unipolar (UP), and bipolar (BP) power modes are used to produce a dense and uniform oxide coating that increases the corrosion resistance of ZK60 alloy. The compositions and microstructures of the oxide coatings that are formed using different working parameters are determined by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The corrosion resistance of the coatings is evaluated in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution using potentiodynamic polarization tests. The average roughness is then measured. The results show that the mode of the applied power (dc, UP, and BP modes) has a significant effect on the coating’s morphology and corrosion resistance. For the same pulsed-power supply, the number of pores in the coating decreases as the applied voltage is increased and the average pore size increases so cracks gradually appear. The ZK60 magnesium alloy that is prepared at 400 V using BP power has the least porosity and the best corrosion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The earth’s magnetosphere is an intricate input–output system, where the inputs are the solar wind parameters and the output measure are the geomagnetic. The disturbance storm time (DST) index is one such quantity measure for the intensity of disturbance in the geomagnetic field due to the magnetic storm. The geomagnetic activities have catastrophic effects on several communication networks and harmful for biological livings. Therefore, it is significant to develop a model for the prediction of disturbance in the geomagnetic field. This paper presents linear as well as nonlinear parametric techniques to model the complex magnetosphere dynamics. Neural network (NN)-based modeling techniques, such as feed-forward NN (FFNN), NN integrated with nonlinear autoregression with exogenous (NARX) inputs, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and recurrent NN are developed for the prediction of the magnetic storm. Global search algorithms, such as particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm, also train the developed FFNNs. All the models are trained on 15 years’ real-time series data of solar wind parameters and DST index on a frequency of 1 h. The accuracy of the predicted DST index for multiple intensity levels of the magnetic storm using all developed linear and nonlinear modeling techniques is presented, compared, and analyzed thoroughly. The performance of NN integrated with NARX inputs and ANFIS is higher than rest of methods developed in the paper. Both techniques have the capability to predict mild, moderate, and intense magnetic storm with high degree of accuracy. The comparative analysis with state of the art shows the enhanced accuracy and robustness of developed models in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basic kinetic process of plasmas is studied by a first principle based N-body simulation. By confirming Coulomb collisional relaxation process, this paper is extended to investigate the dynamics of Debye shielding. Some of the key numerical techniques are discussed, including how to avoid singularities at the near encounter of two charged particles. Electron distribution function in Debye shielding is revealed, which deviates from conventional Maxwellian distribution function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, atmospheric-pressure air and oxygen corona plasma jets under water surface have been used to generate plasma-activated water (PAW) to inactivate colletotrichum gloeosporioides (C. gloeosporioides) suspension. The atmospheric-pressure plasma jets in the water were characterized by measuring: 1) the electrical and optical properties for evaluating the plasma efficiency and 2) the physicochemical properties of PAW, including pH value, oxidation-reduction potential value, and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, nitrite, and ozone. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of long-lived reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and environmental factor (acidity) in PAW on fungicidal property. The results of antifungal activity show that the inactivation rate of C. gloeosporioides is higher using air-PAW than oxygen-PAW, and increases with increasing reaction time when preparation time of PAW is fixed as 30 min. This correlates well with measurements of the aqueous-phase long-lived RONS concentration such as nitrate and ozone, suggesting these species play crucial roles in the inactivation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an emerging kinetic damage weapon system, railgun has attracted much attention due to its remarkable advantages such as high initial speed, high kinetic energy, high shooting speed, high emission density, low cost, and antijamming. However, there are currently degradations of electromagnetic railgun launch performance and reliability, the limited service life as well, resulting from rail damage such as the transition erosion and grooving damage. Based on 24 consecutive shots, this paper presents the statistical analysis of B-dot probe data, aiming to show the working stability and reliability of the electromagnetic rail launch system when consecutive firing. On the basis of current data and B-dot probe data, the speed–displacement curve was obtained by simulation, through which it is easy to get the movement state of the armature in the launch track. Finally, by checking the disassembly of the launch rail, this paper analyses the damage states of launching rail after the 24 consecutive launch experiments. Through the above three aspects of research and analysis, this paper could be the reference for the further research and analysis on the performance and lifetime of railgun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The values of the propagation constants of electromagnetic (EM) waves through the plasma using as the example of a homogeneous plasma layer for different electron distribution functions (EDFs) are the subject of this paper. The Maxwellian, Druyvesteyn, Pipe-line, and Bi-Maxwellian distribution functions were considered in this paper. Using values of the complex dielectric permittivity obtained from using different EDFs, the results for corresponding reflection, transmission, and absorption coefficients can be significantly different. The EDFs sometimes can have a considerable effect on the dielectric properties of plasma. Hence, comparing the results obtained, it is helpful to analyze the interaction between EM waves and plasma and provide a theoretical basis for the experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulating the interaction of RF-waves with charged particle beams is difficult and computationally expensive, even on present high-end computers. There is a tradeoff between fidelity and complexity/expense of the two primary techniques, particle-in-cell and envelope methods. This paper presents an approach based on the partial decomposition of the Maxwell equations to achieve a fully second-order set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) describing the interaction. It has the potential for self-consistent inclusion of ac and dc space-charge effects through a solution of evanescent ODEs, effects that are handled poorly, if at all, by existing envelope methods. The resulting technique provides flexibility in adjusting simulation fidelity versus computational costs. The developments presented in this paper establish a mathematical framework for this technique and test its core aspects by demonstrating accurate solution of the ODEs using analytic sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In inertial confinement fusion, the scientific issues include the generation and transport of driver energy, the pellet design, the uniform target implosion physics, and the realistic nuclear fusion reactor design. In this paper, we present a pellet injection into a power reactor in heavy-ion inertial fusion (HIF). We employ a magnetic correction method to reduce the pellet alignment error in HIF reactor chamber, including the gravity, the reactor gas drag force, and the injection errors. We found that the magnetic correction device proposed in this paper is effective to construct a robust pellet injection system with a sufficiently small pellet alignment error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past measurements of the plasma density and potential profiles near the exit of the keeper electrode in a hollow cathode device suggested that turbulent ion acoustic fluctuations and ionization instability in the cathode plume significantly increased the energy of the ions that flow from this region. The lifetime of keeper electrode is limited by sputtering or ion bombardment of the Molybdenum surface exposed to the discharge plasma. Increases in the cathode gas flow reduce the amplitude of the fluctuations and the number and energy of the energetic ions, which decreases the erosion rate of the keeper electrodes. However, as the cathode gas flow is raised for a given discharge current, the performance of a 5-kW Annular-Geometry Ion Engine (AGI-Engine) declines. There is a strong relationship between the performance and the lifetime of the ion thruster. To validate whether the 20-A hollow cathode satisfied China’s communication satellite platform’s application requirement for North-South station keeping, this paper analyzed the effect of the cathode gas flow on the performance and the lifetime of the AGI-Engine. Different from the previous methods, this paper first tracked the movement of energetic ions generated in the plume of the hollow cathode, predicted erosion rates, found where they hit the keeper electrode, and then determined the amount of material that they sputtered. A review of past experimental results was presented first. Next, based on the existing experimental data, theoretical analysis and numerical calculations were performed to determine the optimum gas flow range and the performance curve of the 20-A hollow cathode. The results showed that the primary erosion mechanism of the keeper electrode was caused by impact from Charge Exchange Xenon (CEX) ions, which caused the cathode orifice to be widened and attenuated over time. However, heavy double xenon ($\text{X}_{\text{e}}^{++}$) ions, which struck the keeper electrode more severely than CEX ions, were the most crucial factor that limited the lifetime of the 20-A hollow cathode due to their high energy and large mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power line harmonic radiation (PLHR) is an artificial electromagnetic pollution source in the near-earth space environment. Up until now, there has been little quantitative research on its formation mechanism. This paper details a model and solver for electromagnetic waves propagation in a stratified anisotropic ionosphere. In our model, these electromagnetic waves are generated by an arbitrary electric dipole source above a nonideal conductive ground. The matrix-exponent method and a full-wave method are combined to analyze the model, avoiding the problem of numerical overflow and swamping in numerical calculations. The computing results obtained from the proposed method and the observed electric field data by using DEMETER satellite are compared and found to be in good agreement. Furthermore, this paper considers the effects on PLHR propagation in the ionosphere due to dipole source frequency, earth’s conductivity, electron density, geographic latitude, and geomagnetic field orientation. Results show that when the frequency increases, the strength of PLHR penetrating into the ionosphere has an increasing tendency. If the harmonic current remains constant, lower ground conductivity and electron density of the ionosphere result in higher radiation power. PLHR propagates along the direction of the geomagnetic field in the ionosphere, and its strength decreases with the increasing geomagnetic inclination at the same height. In addition, the radiation power of less than 1 W may trigger PLHR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China Fusion Engineering Testing Reactor research, the neutronics experiment is essential in validating the neutronics codes and tools used in a blanket. Reduction activation ferritic–martensitic steel is the main structural material of the water-cooled ceramic breeder blanket, of which the main composition is Fe. However, the activation reaction of 54Fe(n, p)54Mn will bring the long half-life product of 54Mn. Therefore, the reaction rate of the reaction channel 54Fe(n, p)54Mn was investigated with accuracy in this paper. In a fusion reactor, neutron is generated not only from deuterium tritium reaction but also from the deuterium deuterium (DD) reaction. The spontaneous neutron source, $3 \times 10^{8}$ n/s 252Cf, was used to simulate DD neutron field. After irradiated for about 5 days, the activated Fe foil was measured by a high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometer with a high-purity germanium detector. The neutron flux was calculated using a Monte Carlo transport code and Fusion Evaluated Neutron Data Library (FENDL) 3.0 Files. The neutron group cross section was processed by NJOY. The relative error between the calculated value and the experimental value is less than 7%. The error of the database EAF2010 is the smallest in this paper. The self-shielding factor has a greater impact on FENDL 3.0 database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bar-plate configuration has a vital function in the intensive study of corona discharge mechanism. To study the discharge characteristics of the steady current stage in this configuration, this paper proposes a hybrid numerical algorithm composed by the finite-element method and the finite-volume method. The former solves Poisson’s equation and calculates the value of onset field intensity. The latter solves the current continuity equation, in which a time-varying charge item is added. This charge item can increase the stability of the hybrid algorithm. This paper also proposes a new selection strategy for the initial charge and inception voltage on the bar electrode surface. Based on this algorithm, corona current under different electrode radii, gap distances, and applied voltages was calculated. In this way, the distribution characteristics of an electric field intensity and space charge density along the whole gap in the model can be obtained through the experiment. To verify the validity of the algorithm, the related experiment is carried out in the laboratory. The simulation results have a good consistency with the experimental results, verifying the validity of the algorithm proposed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling of the structural behavior of the housing of an electromagnetic railgun is usually carried out without considering the electromagnetic origin of the forces; the magnetic pressure acting on the rails is assumed to act at the rail surfaces only. This approximation proves to be a great challenge, as moving pressure profiles at speeds of a railgun projectile are very rare in purely mechanical investigations. In the past, we have published several papers on the structural mechanics of railgun housings characterized by discrete supports. We could show that the displacement of rail surfaces at the position of the armature can reach amplitudes that are not negligible. In fact, in the case of metal brush armatures, the increase in distance between the rail surfaces of only tenths of a millimeter can make the difference between the solid contact and arcing to increase. We also matched our findings to experimental data that were, however, so far only gained in static tests. In this paper, we analyze the foundations of our mechanical modeling using electromagnetic calculations. We calculate a 3-D distribution of the $J \times B$ volume force density in the rails and use them as input for our structural mechanics model. A second point to be addressed concerns the parts made from conducting materials, such as our discrete supports made from steel bolts, which are situated in rapidly changing magnetic fields during the experiments. Again, the influence on our structural mechanics modeling is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linearly polarized spectral emission is induced by non-Maxwellian electrons with anisotropic velocity distributions through collisional processes with ions in plasmas. X-ray line polarization is a viable diagnostic tool for the study of these electrons, which has been tested in controlled settings, e.g., the electron beam ion trap, but due to strong depolarization effects, has been relatively unexplored in laboratory-produced high-energy-density plasmas. This paper explores the X-ray line polarization for the study of Ne-like molybdenum X-pinch plasmas. Previous polarization studies have focused mostly on K-shell spectral lines, whereas the current paper expands on these studies by investigating L-shell line polarization. The X-pinch is favorable due to its high-density plasma formation, high radiation yield, fixed hotspot location, and reliable electron beam production. L-shell X-ray line polarization and spectral emission of Mo X-pinches were investigated through dual $\alpha $ -quartz ($2d=6.687$ Å) crystal spectropolarimetry with axial and radial spatial resolution. In particular, line polarization is evaluated through a comparative analysis of relative line intensities observed over a range of Ne-like Mo transitions simultaneously recorded with two spectrometers with different sensitivity to polarization. An appreciable degree of X-ray line polarization (up to 15%) is observed in the Ne-like Mo plasmas and analyzed using depolarization effects. These results are the first polarization measurements in high-Z pulsed power plasmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of the experiment with an overmassed wire-array $Z$ -pinch load that is powered by a current pulse (amplitude ~4.3 MA and rise time $\sim 0.9~\mu \text{s}$) from a multidisk magnetocumulative generator. Interesting feature of the experimentally recorded soft X-ray (SXR) pulse is short (~10 ns) duration at a microsecond current rise time with total energy of several hundreds of kilojoules. Obtained results are the evidence of high-quality implosion of the current-carrying plasma. The 2-D magnetohydrodynamic code FLUX-rz was used for the numerical simulation and analysis of the obtained results. The calculations indicated that only ~30% of the initial load mass took part in the SXR generation. The main peculiarities of the overmassed $Z$ -pinch implosion are discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will describe the influence of mesh geometry on the homogeneity of discharges, power, and efficiency of ozone generation. Homogeneous discharges increase the efficiency of the generation of ozone. Geometry of mesh electrodes affects the power and type of discharges, concentration, and efficiency of the ozone generation. The analysis of selected results indicates the need for the use of mesh electrodes with a small cross section at least $0.1\times0.1$ mm2 mesh to obtain a homogeneous discharge. The mechanism by which the geometry of mesh electrodes on the homogeneity of discharge is illustrated in this paper. Homogeneous discharges increase the efficiency of the generation of ozone that reduces the cost of ozone production. The results of the experimental studies show an increase in the average efficiency of 60% of the ozone generation and a 20% reduction in the demand for power with the constant concentration of ozone, justifies the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromagnetic pulse forming (EMPF) is an attractive manufacturing method using pulse power techniques. Temperature rise of the work piece is usually neglected in previous studies because the forming process is regarded as a cold process. Nevertheless, the temperature rise (if not high) also has influence on the forming process. It is important to study the temperature rise for exploring the related law in the process of EMPF. In this paper, the thermal effect in the process of EMPF, caused by the joule heating generated by the high current and the plastic work produced by the plastic deformation of the work piece in the forming process, is discussed though simulations and experiments. A finite-element simulation coupled with the electromagnetic field, plastic mechanics, deformed geometry, heat transfer, and thermal expansion based on COMSOL multiphysics is established to show the detailed thermal effect in this process. The relationship between parameters of work piece and the thermal effect has been analyzed by comparing different materials and thicknesses of work pieces. The simulation results show that the temperature of work piece has changed because of the thermal effect. A high-current pulse generator has been developed for the experiment of EMPF to verify the results of simulations. This paper describes the forming experiments of different materials and thicknesses. And the experimental results verify that the materials and thickness of work piece affect thermal effect during the process of EMPF. Compared with the Joule heating, the plastic work is the main cause of the thermal effect. Moreover, the thermal expansion caused by temperature rise could affect the forming results and material property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isentropic compression experiments (ICEs) are an important method to study the dynamic characteristics of materials at pressures, temperatures, and stress or strain rate not attainable in conventional shock experiments. Yet it makes high demands toward the precise current pulse tailoring capability of the source. The China Academy of Engineering Physics is now developing a 20-brick parallel discharge driver and a 256-brick parallel discharge driver (CQ-7) to improve the performance and flexibility of compact magnetic compression devices. The load current of ICEs is tailored by optimizing the switch trigger sequence and the brick charging voltage. This paper establishes the equivalent circuit model of the 20-brick parallel discharge driver, taking the distributed inductance, resistance, and capacitance of transmission plates into account based on the partial-element equivalent circuit method. Besides, the equivalent circuit model of discharge brick based on the switch arc resistance model is also established to study the influence of key structural parameters on the output current. Furthermore, by comparing the simulation and experimental results of simultaneous discharge of 20-brick driver, the accuracy of simulation model is confirmed. This paper is of great significance to the design and optimization of multibrick parallel discharge drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are few of transient control models are adapted to asynchronous induction coil launcher (AICL) with air core coil. Thus, many papers about AICL were written with the goal of increasing muzzle velocity of projectile. This paper concentrate on how to control the projectile speed and thrust accurately by using improved current filament (CF) method and variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) scheme. The improved CF method contains mathematical model of three-phase inverter based on switch function, including conventional two level converter and cascaded multilevel converter models. The whole launch process is programmed with MATLAB. Simulation results show that this scheme have a smoother thrust fluctuation on projectile than other driving models. The motor parameters are changing with the temperature and frequency in launching process. Hence, the constant voltage frequency ratio (V/f) in this paper is more simple and reliable than vector control. To verify the control model and simulation results, a nine stages coil launcher prototype is constructed. The measured force and muzzle velocity are basically consistent with simulation results. It is proved that the improved CF method and VVVF strategy is feasible, and it is characterized by its small calculating amount that make it a valuable tool for design of AICL. The simple and excellent control of the thrust during launch process avoids load peaks, which means that the payload is handled more carefully compared to the classical launchers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The engine size of modern passenger transport aircraft is principally determined by take-off conditions, since initial acceleration requires maximum engine power. An electromagnetic launch (EML) system could provide some or all of the energy required at takeoff so that the aircraft engine power requirement and fuel consumption may be significantly reduced. So far, EML for aircraft has been adopted only for military applications to replace steam catapults on the deck of aircraft carriers. This paper will describe the potential application of EML to propel civil aircraft on the runways of modern airports. A comparison of synchronous and asynchronous electrical motor systems designed to launch an A320-200 sized aircraft is presented. The paper also describes a solution of the transient heat transfer problem applied to the conductive components of EML systems. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper was prepared in response to the growing interest in the numerical simulation of the gliding arc (GA) discharge. Our approach is rather simple 2-D modeling of the GA, in the plane that is parallel to the gas flow and perpendicular to the discharge current. We used Fluent software with a subroutine that calculates electric conductivity of argon plasma and local heat release due to the electric current of predetermined value. Electric conductivity of argon was calculated as function of the reduced electric field and gas temperature. Our results show that this approach can give very useful information about the gas-discharge interaction, which is very important to capture the discharge behavior. Presence of discharge inside the gas flow significantly disturbs both of them. Gas-discharge slip velocity exists at least at the beginning of GA development cycle even if there is no mechanism of the discharge deceleration. Just original spark formation associated with the electrode surfaces results in the appearance of this “independent” slip. In the cases of reasonably high gas velocities and discharge currents, this initial slip does not disappear during the discharge lifetime and can result in significant discharge cross-sectional elongation along the gas flow. Electric field fluctuation at any particular part of the discharge channel can be very large, and this can have the major effect on the nonequilibrium ionization and chemical processes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper describes an investigation of plasma influence on the germination rate of brown mustard seeds (Brassica juncea L.). It was found that five pulses of a nanosecond microspark have a suppressing action increasing the time of the seeds germination by 5 h; the plasma influence and UV-radiation of the nanosecond surface discharge with the frequency of 1 Hz for the course of 15 min being at a distance of 25 mm from the surface of the seed have a stimulating action on it reducing the germination time by 3 h; a combined treatment using the discharges of both types showed that germination rate may look as two-pulse mode. Repeated experiments confirmed this conclusion. Visual observation of the seeds after the UV-radiation and plasma treatment revealed cracks on the seed coats. The cracks significantly increase moisture penetration into the coat. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells (MS-SOFCs) are prepared by the high-temperature plasma spraying technique in this paper. The positive electrolyte and negative functional layers are deposited onto porous alloy substrate using thermal plasma in the air. The porous alloy supporting component is produced by molding ( $6 \times 6$ cm2), pressing (35 ton), and sintering (e.g., 1000 °C, 1100 °C, 1200 °C, and 1250 °C). The $5 \times 5$ -cm2 MS-SOFC with an effective electrode area of 16 cm2 shows that the open-circuit voltages are 0.95 V (Cell-1100), 1.09 V (cell-1200), and 1.08 V (Cell-1250) at 650 °C. In addition, the maximum power at a cell potential of 0.6 V is 5.7 W (Cell-1100), 11.5 W (Cell-1200), and 12.1 W (Cell-1250) at 650 °C. Thermal expansion coefficient of porous alloy supporting component is also measured in this paper. MS-SOFCs without cracking and deforming following thermal plasma spraying process have good electrical performance. Atmospheric plasma spraying method is revealed as a suitable deposition technique for manufacturing MS-SOFCs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Atmospheric corona discharge plasmas are the most common diversely occurrence in the electric power system. In this paper, four elementary processes occurred in corona discharge are taken into account, including elastic collision, excitation, attachment, and ionization. As one of the most important parameters in corona characteristics analysis, the effective Townsend ionization coefficient is completely calculated by the Boltzmann equation under the consideration of humidity. This paper also derives the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) in water vapor and dry air, respectively. With reference to previous researches and the existing literature, comparisons and validations on ionization and attachment coefficient are conducted. Besides, the effects of humidity, pressure, and temperature on the effective ionization coefficient are also discussed in this paper. It is concluded that humidity can enhance both ionization and attachment. The results show that the ionization coefficient in this paper is well consistent with traditional ones, while there are variations for attachment coefficient. In normal condition, the effective ionization coefficient varies slightly with humidity, but it increases significantly with a decreased pressure or an increased temperature, which cause the change in critical electric field correspondingly. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Electromagnetic launchers (EMLs) including railguns, helical guns, and coilguns have been proposed for numerous applications. However, the scaling characteristics of EMLs are unknown. This paper examines the nonlinear operating characteristics of EMLs and derives the operating voltage and current scaling relationships as determined by the mass and velocity of the projectile and the length of the launcher. The scaling relationship is derived using the kinetic power relationship common to all types of EMLs. The scaling relationship is expressed as a simple function of the projectile velocity, projectile mass, and launcher length. This paper also defines the impedance of an EML. The accuracy of the scaling relationship and the EML impedance are verified in a comparison with the experimental results of practical EMLs. The effects of resistive losses and inductive energy storage on the scaling relationship are included in the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Graphene has attracted great interest for its distinctive band structure and physical properties. Results from previous studies show that a graphene cathode can provide stable field emission and intense emission in a vacuum. In this paper, a graphene cathode was fabricated using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on copper electrodes, and the breakdown of the cathode in a high-pressure gas was studied. A low-jitter, self-breakdown gas spark switch based on a graphene cathode is proposed in this paper. The impulse-breakdown characteristics of this switch in a quasi-uniform electric field were studied. When the gap length is 5 mm, and the gas pressure is 0.6 MPa, the average breakdown voltage ($U_{\mathrm {BD}}$) is nearly 85.9 kV, and the voltage jitter is only 3.2%; these values are much lower than those for pure copper cathodes and graphite cathodes. The graphene cathode is found to be a suitable choice for use as a high-power gas switch in applications requiring an intense emission source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Railguns are current-driven guns that allow reaching large muzzle velocities and energies. In the military context, the long-range artillery scenario makes use of these two capabilities to enable the launch of hypervelocity projectiles to target distances above 100 km. As of today, the most advanced railgun project is conducted by the Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA, USA, and features railguns with a muzzle energy of 32 MJ. Such large artillery railgun systems with efficiencies above 30% are fed by a pulsed power system with a nominal energy content of about 100 MJ. In contrast to this, experiments with French-German Research Institute’s (ISL) most powerful railgun, PEGASUS, have reached muzzle energies of 2 MJ, only. The nearer future ISL has to answer two questions: 1) is the railgun technology adequate for a long-range artillery scenario? 2) can the railgun launch a hypervelocity projectile which is being developed by other groups in ISL? To do so and to support the development of the hypervelocity projectile, a larger railgun installation with a significant increase of the energy and free flight capability is required. In this paper, three different railgun systems were investigated using an electric circuit simulation code. The systems are referred to by the energy being stored in the capacitors as 25, 50, and 100 MJ. The aim of this paper is to investigate what masses can be accelerated to the relevant velocity range for the long-range artillery scenario by these different primary energies. The results of this paper can be used to aid the decision about the required size, with respect to the military scenario, of a potential future railgun system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the breaking capacity of contacts, it is very important to find a better contact material. In this paper, the triggering experiments of plate contact with different materials are studied to investigate the characteristics of vacuum arc. The current range is from 1 to 9 kA (rms). The gap distance is selected as 3 and 5 mm. The arc appearance and the behavior of cathode spots are captured by high-speed camera with an exposure time of $2~\mu \text{s}$. The surface topography of contacts after experiments is evaluated by scanning electron microscope. The arc current and arc voltage are measured at the same time by Rogowski coil and high-voltage probe. The diameter of the contact is 25 mm. There are seven kinds of materials (CuCr10, CuCr25, CuCr30, CuCr40, WCu10, WCu30, and CuW–WC) conducted in this paper. Compared with the experimental results, the arc of WCu alloy distributes more evenly on the contact plane with many bright cathode spots. The small gap distance makes the burning point more fixed. The arc of CuW–WC is unstable. During the arc trigger moment to the arc stable burning stage, the radial diffusion velocity of WCu10 cathode spot is the lowest with about 25% of CuCr10. CuCr10 alloy has the worst melting resistance. WCu alloy has good melting resistance and bad toughness. The toughness of CuW–WC is even worse. Under the low current, CuCr30 might be preferred for vacuum interrupters from the cathode spots’ radial diffusion speed, arc appearance, and erosion result. When the current increasing, the arc can easily spread to the entire surface of WCu contact, and WCu10 would be the prefer material with the diffusion arc and good erosion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A great interest has been devoted to the study of nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs) for radio frequency (RF) generation since they have been used with great success in RF generation by producing a train of oscillatory waves along the line and at its output. There are two configurations of NLTLs. The first one is a dispersive line consisting of LC sections with nonlinear components, and the second one is a continuous ferrite loaded nondispersive line generally biased by an axial magnetic field, known as gyromagnetic line. In this paper, the focus of the study is on the second one, since gyromagnetic lines can operate in a broader frequency range (0.3–2.0 GHz) with higher conversion efficiency (20.0%) when compared to lumped NLTLs, generally limited up to 300 MHz with less than 10.0% of efficiency, because of their dielectric losses and stray impedances on line structure. Different models have been used along the years by several authors with different approaches to study the gyromagnetic phenomenon by means of numerical simulations based on analytical models to predict the precession movement of the electron magnetic dipole of the ferromagnetic material. Thus, the goal of this paper is to analyze the gyromagnetic NLTL behavior through the effects on the line operation. The novelty herein is to use two biases simultaneously to study continuous gyromagnetic NLTLs, focusing on the pulse rise time compression and RF generation caused by the precession of the magnetic dipole. An experimental setup is described and tested for low- and high-voltage operation for a 20-cm gyromagnetic line loaded with NiZn ferrite beads. The novelty of this paper is to use two biases simultaneously to study continuous gyromagnetic NLTLs, such techniques can be useful in the design of continuous lines for RF applications in space and mobile defense platforms of compact size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of the sabot discard of an electromagnetic integrated launched projectile (EMILP) has a great effect on the operational effectiveness of integrated launched projectile (ILP). Aiming at the characteristics of high-velocity discard, strong muzzle magnetic field of the EMILP, a coupled model of magnetic field and flow field for simulating the EMILP sabot discard has been established by using the harmonic analysis method, time–frequency analysis method and fitting interpolation method to gain the time-varying functions of electromagnetic force and torque, which serve as the external force and moment of six degrees of freedom (SDOF) movement, and meanwhile, by using the dynamic mesh technique to couple the fluid flow control equations and the SDOF movement equations. Taking for example, the EMILP named IAT-HVP designed by the Institute of Advanced Technology (IAT), University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA, this paper makes a simulation analysis of the sabot discard of ILP at a different angle of attack, and makes a comparison between it and test data. Simulation results show that the model proposed in this paper is high precision and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of the nonthermal plasma (NTP) technology for NOX removal from diesel engine exhaust has already been experimentally proved to be an efficient method at laboratory level. The NOX removal efficiency depends on various electrical and physical parameters, and very few studies have been carried out to predict it with the variation in those parameters. In this paper, an approach has been made using dimensional analysis to predict the NOX concentration with the NTP treatment, based on its dependence on various operating parameters. A relation has been obtained between NOX concentration and 11 numbers of parameters affecting NOX removal so as to form dimensionless groups. A mathematical model has been established using the experimental data and nonlinear regression technique. Experiments are conducted to validate this model with variations in the parameters voltage, flow rate, temperature, discharge gap width, and initial NOX concentration. The predicted NOX concentration values have been found to be well matched with the experimental results. The rms errors for the test data are found to be 4.64%, and in ppm, it is 9.58. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel high-voltage direct current (HVdc) power supply which has no transformer or voltage multiplier circuit is presented and analyzed in this paper. This is made possible upon the diodes storage delay phenomenon. This proposed power supply is compact, lightweight, and low cost. Its basic structure includes a diode with a proper reverse recovery specification that plays the role of a step-up transformer in the conventional HVdc supplies and a high-voltage capacitor which stabilizes the output voltage. This structure has remarkable advantages over the conventional transformer-based HVdc supplies, such as compactness, a low ripple output, and a low-cost power supply. Performance of the proposed method and its accuracy are investigated in this paper. The results are verified by implementation of a 1.2-kV prototype supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The working temperature of an LED chip has a great influence on its photoelectric properties. It is urgently necessary to develop an adaptive cooling device for LEDs’ heat management. This paper proposes a “multi-needle-to-mesh” ionic wind generator for enhanced heat transfer in high-power LEDs (HPLED). Experiments were conducted to evaluate the cooling performance of HPLEDs under multiple working conditions. The electric field intensity (EFI) distribution, the charge density, and the dynamic pressure of ionic wind were measured. We also investigated the thermal resistance, the mean heat transfer coefficient, and the output luminous flux of HPLEDs. The results indicate that the EFI distribution is inhomogeneous and there was a reduction in EFI from the needle tip to the collecting electrode of up to 90%. Furthermore, the density of discharges was proportional to the overvoltage but inversely proportional to the square of the discharge gap. The ionic wind velocity was proportional to the overvoltage but inversely proportional to the discharge gap. An approximately 34% reduction of thermal resistance was observed as well. The final reducing rate of HPLED output luminous flux was 9.3%under the action of ionic wind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a shutdown dose rate (SDR) calculation to estimate a newly developed preliminary concept of the equatorial port model for the Korean fusion demonstration reactor (K-DEMO). The equatorial port model was designed to provide effective radiation shielding abilities adopting the port shielding block and labyrinth structure, which was integrated into the modified K-DEMO neutronic analysis model by the Monte Carlo automatic modeling system. A rigorous two-step method was applied to couple transport (MCNP) and activation (FISPACT) codes according to three steps of calculation procedures. The results of neutron flux and decay gamma transport calculation for the equatorial port area have been indicated in this paper. The SDR calculation result near the equatorial port area reveals that a dose level in the equatorial port interspace was below $100~\mu $ Sv/h after 12 days of the shutdown. Shielding blocks and two labyrinth structures prove that they effectively attenuate neutrons on the current concept of the equatorial port model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Web-based remote participation system for experimental advanced superconducting tokamak (EAST RPS) has been developed to provide a high-efficient and low-cost way to meet international collaboration requirements. The EAST RPS team focused on the extension, update, and optimization for the RPS during last two years. In the first version, EAST RPS has established Apache-Flex based front-end components to provide a platform-independent user interface. However, some Web browsers, such as Firefox, Google Chrome, and Microsoft Edge, and operation systems (iOS and android) stop supporting or disable the flash player plugin by default, and the Flex technology will become less relevant in the future. The purpose of this paper is to provide an update of the RPD in EAST. The front-end migration should be a priority to update the EAST RPS. The open source, cross-platform, maintainability, and life cycle are the key features that the front-end platform must have. The technical solutions for the new user front end for EAST RPS are offered in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reflectometry diagnostic for demonstration fusion reactor (DEMO) is envisaged to provide the electron density profile and to be used as a control diagnostic for the real-time vertical position controller. An initial conceptual study has been performed defining the position of the antennas and the routing of the waveguides. In the present design, the integration has been driven by the remote handling and blanket interfaces. To progress with the system integration, neutronics simulations were performed to assess the cooling requirements. This paper presents a nuclear and thermal analysis for the initial design of the reflectometry diagnostic for DEMO. The neutronics simulations were performed using the Monte Carlo simulation program MCNP6 and FENDL 2.1 cross sections, while ANSYS mechanical v18 was used to perform the thermal analysis. Simulation results show that the nuclear heat loads reach 8 W/cm3 at the surface of the diagnostics section. Without an active cooling system, the operating temperatures of the components under such heat loads would be well above the acceptable from the thermomechanical point of view. The thermal analysis here presented provides the temperature distribution in the components when subjected to neutron/gamma irradiation and thermal radiation from the plasma, after the implementation of a preliminary design of the active cooling system. The operation temperatures of the plasma-facing antennas, as well as the performance of the diagnostics system from the neutron shielding point of view, are analyzed and discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The joint deformation contributes significantly to final end-effector displacement of a manipulator, especially when the manipulator is in the form a serial kinematics with long links. When the manipulators employed in the DEMO are under the heavy payload, the deformation of manipulator is inevitable and the magnitude is significant. In order to maneuver the large object through several via points with high positioning accuracy in the remote handling process of DEMO, the real-time computation of manipulator deformation has to be conducted, which is crucial to the DEMO adaptive position control system for the displacement compensation. Three computation-effective deformation modeling methods are proposed in this paper, which are parametric modeling method, nonparametric deterministic artificial neural network (ANN) modeling method, and nonparametric Bayesian ANN modeling method, respectively. A specific joint in a boom equipped in a telescopic articulated remote mast is taken as the study object in this paper. A nodal deformation in the joint is investigated by three modeling methods, respectively. The parametric deformation model is derived by using the structural mechanics, whose parameters are identified by using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method; the deformation model of deterministic ANN is trained by using the Levenberg–Marquardt method; and the deformation model of the Bayesian ANN is trained by using the MCMC method. The results show that the parametric model from the structural mechanics is linear and is incompetent in the deformation modeling when the nonlinearity presents; both the deterministic and Bayesian ANNs are capable of model the nodal deformation of joint. The performance of both the deterministic network and Bayesian network cannot rival for one another in the application scenario of this paper. The training of the Bayesian network can provide the criterions for estimation of possible ranges of the modeling outputs from its probabilistic distribution curves, and the judgment of proper size of network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese Fusion Engineering Testing Reactor (CFETR) is a next fusion device proposed in China. The ability to exhaust the plasma power loss is a critical issue for the successful production of a fusion power reactor. For Phase II of CFETR with fusion power ~1 GW, the extremely large divertor heat load would be a severe challenge to achieve steady-state operation. In this paper, we have simulated the divertor performance by using SOLPS5.0 (B2.5-EIRENE) code package for a lower single null divertor configuration based on a core self-consistent steady-state scenario with Ar seeding. The core self-consistent steady-state scenario is calculated by a 1.5-D modeling workflow utilizing the One Modeling Framework for Integrated Tasks (OMFIT) framework. The modeling shows that Ar puffing from the lower divertor region together with D2 puffing from upstream is highly effective in mitigation of the divertor peak heat flux and temperature for the whole outer target and near strike point on the inner divertor target, however, electron and ion temperature ( $T_{e}$ and $T_{i})$ at far scrape-off layer on inner divertor is still higher than the erosion mitigation. In addition, comparison simulation of different divertor geometries has been performed in this paper. Further work on self-consistent core-edge coupling to estimate the effect of impurity seeding on core performance as well as the optimization of divertor geometry and operations will be studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]