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Energy production of a wind farm is greatly affected by the wake-effect. In wind farm planning, it is essential to optimize the layout of wind turbine generators (WTGs) to alleviate the impact of wake-effect. This paper presents a new wind farm layout optimization model with an objective function to maximizing equivalent power of the wind farm. The proposed model incorporates the discrete joint probability distribution and characteristics of the wind, wind energy model, and the wake-effect. A particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to solve the optimization problem. In the optimization process, geometric analysis is conducted to determine the upstream WTGs and to calculate the horizontal and deviating distances among WTGs along the wind direction. An effective look-up table is constructed to directly determine the upstream/downstream WTGs. Then the optimal layout of a wind farm can be obtained. The proposed technique is applied to the wind farm layout optimization and the modified Roy Billinton Test System and IEEE Reliability Test System for reliability analysis of a generating system containing a wind farm. Simulation results demonstrate the validity and flexibility of the proposed technique in the layout optimization of WTGs in a wind farm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the lack of feeder corridors, the Chinese utility companies frequently choose the technique of putting multiple overhead feeders on a same tower (MFST) to meet the load demand in a heavy load area. In many situations, the distance among the feeders of MFST in an electrical distribution network (EDN) is usually too small to meet the requirements of safety regulation for repairing and maintenance. Therefore, when a fault occurs on a feeder of MFST, the other feeders have to be in a triggered passive outage (TPO) state to assist the repairing of the failed feeder. This paper presents a reliability evaluation algorithm for EDNs containing MFST using the section technique. The definition of TPO and the equivalent TPO rate and TPO duration are also proposed. Based on the TPO parameters and the section technique, the reliability evaluation algorithm containing the MFST can be obtained. Case studies on the modified RBTS-BUS6 and the EDNs of three districts in Dongguan city, China, show that the MFST has a significant impact on the EDN reliability and should be considered in the reliability evaluation. The results also show the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The cross-entropy (CE) method can accelerate power system reliability evaluation effectively. An importance sampling (IS) based iterative parameter updating algorithm is usually used in CE optimization. However, the efficiency in capturing the concerned samples for parameter updating may be unsatisfactory, especially for a system with intrinsic nature of rare failure events. Besides, the stopping criterion of this iterative algorithm is usually determined subjectively, incurring insufficient or excessive parameter updating and a resultant higher computational burden of the entire simulation. To address the above two problems, a CE method based on subset simulation and minimum computational burden criterion is proposed. In CE optimization, the subset simulation combined with M-H sampling is adopted as an alternative to IS to effectively improve the efficiency of capturing desired samples for parameter updating at each iteration. Moreover, a novel quantitative stopping criterion is presented in such a way that the computational burden for the entire simulation is estimated and compared after each parameter updating iteration, and the optimal parameters corresponding to the minimum computational burden can be determined. The computational performance of the proposed method is validated by comparing the proposed approach with existing methods under several numerical tests including a realistic power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]