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In order to achieve the purpose of extending the speed range and reducing power electronics devices for the permanent-magnet linear motor drive system, a half-centralized open-end winding (OEW) topology is studied for rail transit applications in this paper. In this topology, compared with the traditional OEW topology, the number of voltage-source-inverters (VSIs) can be reduced from four to three to drive two OEW movers and all these VSIs share a common dc bus voltage. In order to improve the steady-state performances, a four-vector phase model predictive voltage control (FV-PMPVC) is proposed in this paper. Due to the spatial distribution of phase voltage vector (PVV), an orthometric synthesis principle (OSP) is proposed to calculated the duration time for the vector synthesis, which reduces the computation burden and enhances the robustness. Comparing the existing control method, FV-PMPVC can get similar dynamic performances but better steady-state performances. Additionally, the half-centralized topology using FV-PMPVC can have same speed range while less VSIs are required. The effectiveness of FV-PMPVC is verified by experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a model predictive current control (MPCC) method of six-phase permanent magnet synchronous hub motor (PMSHM) using auxiliary voltage vectors. First of all, 26 voltage vectors can be obtained from the switching states of six inverters, and 24 auxiliary voltage vectors can be generated by combining them. Second, four virtual voltage vectors can be found through the required locations, and the two vectors with the lowest cost will be selected by cost function. Then, additional current error correction module can better track the current. Finally, the proposed method is compared with the conventional MPCC method and another method with virtual voltage vectors. The innovation of this paper is that the recombination of vectors can better track and predict the current. A current error compensation module is added to reduce the error between the actual current and the predicted current. And the experimental results show that the proposed method has better performance such as smaller torque ripple and current THD both in steady and dynamic states. Finally, the strategy proposed in this paper was applied to the vehicle model through HIL test platform. The possibility of applying the strategy proposed in this paper to pure electric vehicles was verified under New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a self-learning strategy to control the deactivation of cylinders in large displacement automotive engines. Cylinder deactivation is a useful strategy to reduce emissions and improve fuel consumption without limiting the maximum engine power. A cylinder deactivation algorithm has to balance the target of reducing emissions with drivability concerns. Changing the cylinder configuration at the wrong time or too often negatively affects drivability and fuel efficiency. The paper proposes a self-learning algorithm inspired by the Markov Chain formalism. The proposed algorithm predicts the future fuel consumption and determines the best cylinder configuration based on that prediction. The prediction algorithm is learnt online using past inputs and thus adapts to the specific driver and conditions. Two versions of the algorithm are proposed that use two different inputs. The approaches are validated in simulation on an engine test-bed, showing that the self-learning algorithm yields fuel savings up to 10% without affecting drivability in the New European Driving Cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resource allocation in mmWave small cell is a key issue of the fifth generation (5G) systems. To solve this problem, we first present a hybrid beamforming structure for base station of small cell, which consists of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), identity matrix and switched-beam. Next, we formulate the joint allocation of the beam and transmitted power on the sub-carriers into a mixed integer non-linear programming problem (MINLP). Due to the non-convexity of this problem, we decompose it into two subproblems which are the beam selection and the power allocation. For the beam selection, we propose an algorithm based on cooperative games. For the power allocation, we present an optimal and sub-optimal solution based on Lagrange duality and non-cooperative games respectively. Simulation results show that the beam allocation algorithm proposed in this paper can effectively improve the sum rate of the system, and the optimal power allocation solution is far superior to the sub-optimal one in sum rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new soft switching high voltage gain interleaved dc-dc converter with a three-windings coupled inductor for a fuel cell vehicle. Two interleaved and intercoupled boost cells are connected by the input parallel and output series (IPOS) configuration, realizing low input current ripple and high voltage gain simultaneously. All power switches can operate under soft switching conditions by only adding a simple auxiliary circuit composed of one auxiliary inductor and one power switch. Besides, the auxiliary inductor is coupled with the main inductors, which results in a rapid zero convergence of the auxiliary current and a small conduction loss of the auxiliary circuit. The operating principle, steady state characteristic, comparison with other converters, and parameter design are analyzed in this paper. Finally, the main characteristics of the proposed converter are verified by a 1-kW laboratory prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miniaturization and low cost contribute to the development and popularization of wireless power transfer (WPT). Reducing the number of power conversion stages can reduce the volume and cost of the WPT converter, and even make it possible to improve the efficiency. A single-stage WPT converter with constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) output and its asymmetric modulation method are proposed in this paper. A direct AC-AC converter is applied to the primary side of the WPT converter to directly convert line-frequency AC to high-frequency AC. The applied direct AC-AC converter that can replace the commonly used multi-stage primary converter reduces the number of circuit devices, thereby reducing the volume and cost of primary converter. The proposed WPT converter can realize zero voltage switching (ZVS) and power factor correction (PFC). In order to achieve CC and CV output, a switchable hybrid compensation topology is applied to the proposed WPT converter. A 720-W experimental prototype was manufactured to verify the rationality of the proposed WPT converter and the correctness of the theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the rapidly growing field of electrified transportation technology, hybrid electric and electric vehicle (HEV/EV) manufacturers have been placing increasing demands on the designers to improve the efficiency and reduce the costs of vehicle components to sustain a niche in the EV market. To understand the significance and challenges in an efficient and economical drivetrain design, this paper presents a part of an ongoing project that aims at developing a comprehensive study on dc/ac drive motor technology in EV applications. In this paper, a new three-level three-phase matrix converter topology, along with two conventional frequently used three-level three-phase dc/ac converter topologies, namely, diode-clamped and H-bridge converters, are implemented. Furthermore, comprehensive analysis and comparative studies are conducted to examine the performance and efficiency of these converter topologies according to EV design criteria. In addition, experimental investigations are carried out on the aforementioned converter configurations to help EV designers choose the most suitable converter topology. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper studies the electronically steerable parasitic array radiator (ESPAR) antenna as a solution for beam pattern switching to implement blind interference alignment (BIA). The ESPAR antenna uses a single radio-frequency (RF) chain, and its beamforming is achieved by simply tuning the reactance loads of parasitic elements. Furthermore, ESPAR's beam pattern can be designed to enhance the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), thereby improving the performance of BIA. The focus of this work is the design of the ESPAR beam pattern to realize and improve BIA. In the first approach, each receiver ESPAR antenna dynamically selects the proper beam patterns from among the sector beam patterns, which are pre-designed to access different angular sectors with constant optimal antenna efficiency. We also propose a singular value decomposition (SVD) beamforming method, by means of the available channel state information at the receiver and a dynamic matching network for a high antenna efficiency. The simulation results illustrate the improvement of BIA with proposed methods, especially in the low and moderate SNR region, due to ESPAR's beamforming capability. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The DC-DC converter for fuel cell vehicles should be characterized by high-gain, low voltage stress, small size and high-efficiency. However, conventional two-level, three-level and cascaded boost converters cannot meet the requirements. A new non-isolated DC-DC converter with switched-capacitor and switched-inductor is proposed in this paper, which can obtain high-gain, wide input voltage range, low voltage stresses across components and common ground structure. In this paper, the operating principle, component parameters design, and comparisons with other high-gain converters are analyzed. Moreover, the state-space averaging method and small-signal modeling method are adopted to obtain the dynamic model of converter. Finally, simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed topology. The input voltage of the experimental prototype ranges from 25 V to 80 V. The rated output voltage is 200 V and rated power is 100W. The maximum efficiency is 93.1% under rated state. The proposed converter is suitable for fuel cell vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a robust event-triggered model predictive control (MPC) strategy for multiple high-speed trains (MHSTs) with random switching topologies. Due to the complicated operation environment of high-speed railways, the communication topology of MHSTs system is time-varying and changes among a set of directed graphs, which can be characterized as a Markov chain. By adopting the concept of MPC, this paper studies the distributed cooperative leader-following consensus control for MHSTs, in which a novel event-triggered strategy is introduced to determine when information exchange among neighboring trains and control update are executed. Firstly, the leader-following consensus problem of MHSTs system is transformed to the stabilization of a Markov jump system and a sufficient condition for leader-following consensus is derived with stability analysis of the Markov jump system based on the robust event-triggered MPC scheme. Then, the robust event-triggered MPC algorithm which minimizes the objective function is proposed. By optimizing the objective function, the deviation of states and amplitude of the control force are optimized. The effectiveness of the proposed robust event-triggered MPC method on cooperative cruise control of MHSTs is illustrated by numerical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new continuous fast terminal sliding mode control (CFTSMC) is adopted in this paper for the speed regulation of permanent magnet synchronous motor drive applications. The CFTSMC method has a capability to converge the error faster, provide higher tracking accuracy and robust against the load disturbances. However, the CFTSMC method needs high switching gain during the strong disturbances, which introduces the chattering and steady state variation to the system. To address these issues, a composite CFTSMC technique based on the extended state observer (ESO) is proposed in this paper. The ESO is used to estimate the system disturbances for feed-forward compensation. The ESO-based CFTSMC method needs smaller switching gain than the CFTSMC method. Moreover, the ESO-based CFTSMC method has a strong robustness against load disturbances, better convergence rate, and better tracking accuracy than the CFTSMC and conventional continuous sliding mode control method. The superiority of the proposed control method is verified by the Lyapunov function and confirmed by the simulation and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a novel real-time multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel sounder for the 28 GHz band. Until now, most investigations of the directional characteristics of millimeter-wave channels have used mechanically rotating horn antennas. In contrast, the sounder presented here is based on a phased array structure that performs fast electronic steering of the beams in the horizontal and vertical domains. This approach drastically shortens the measurement times for measurements that are directionally resolved both at the transmitter (TX) and the receiver (RX), and the measurement time per location is reduced from minutes or hours to milliseconds. This not only enables measurement of more TX–RX locations for a better statistical validity but also allows to perform directional analysis in dynamic environments. The sounder also has high phase stability, which, in conjunction with the short measurement time, leads to a low phase drift between TX and RX. This in turn enables phase-coherent sounding of all beam pairs even when TX and RX have no cabled connection for synchronization, and thus avoids any delay ambiguity. Furthermore, the phase stability over time enables complex RX waveform averaging to improve the signal-to-noise ratio during high path loss measurements. The paper discusses the system design as well as the measurements performed for verification of the sounder performance. Furthermore, we present sample results from double directional measurements in dynamic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-speed train systems have proven to be very flexible and attractive systems that can be developed under various circumstances and in different contexts and cultures. As a result, high-speed trains are widely deployed around the world. Providing more reliable and higher data rate communication services for high-speed trains has become one of the most urgent challenges. With vast amounts of spectrum available, the millimeter wave (mmWave) system is able to provide transmission rates of several gigabits per second for high-speed trains. At the same time, mmWave communication also suffers from high attenuation; thus, higher energy efficiency should be considered. This paper proposes an energy-efficient power-control scheme of train–ground mmWave communication for high-speed trains. Considering a beam switching method for efficient beam alignment, we first establish the position-prediction model, realistic direction antenna model, and receive power model. And, then we allocate the transmission power rationally by using the power minimization algorithm while ensuring the total amount of transmission data. Based on this, this paper also develops a hybrid optimization scheme and finds the limit of total energy consumption when the number of segments goes to infinity. Using simulation with various system parameters and taking velocity estimation error into account, we demonstrate the superior performance of our schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a cognitive radio network (CRN), two nodes have a rendezvous when they tune to the same channel simultaneously. Providing rendezvous guarantee between any pair of nodes is essential because a rendezvous is necessary for communication. Some existing works claim that rendezvous guarantee can be provided by using a dedicated common control channel to negotiate the channel being used. A serious problem of these mechanisms is that a globally available channel may not exist. Some channel hopping protocols try to provide a rendezvous guarantee without using a common control channel. However, these solutions may suffer from a poor number of rendezvous or uneven channel utilization. In this paper, we propose a novel distributed channel hopping protocol: Quorum and Latin square channel hopping (QLCH). The QLCH scheme efficiently provides rendezvous guarantee by utilizing the concept of quorum systems and Latin squares. The former is utilized to guarantee balanced rendezvous among nodes, whereas the latter is adopted to share the rendezvous among channels. QLCH efficiently provides fast rendezvous guarantee and can cooperate with other channel hopping protocols to enhance network throughput. Analytical and simulation results verify the improvement of QLCH. For example, when there are 30 flows using 11 channels in a CRN, the achieved time to rendezvous of QLCH is 9.84 times lower than that of the existing protocol SYNC-ETCH, whereas the achieved network throughput of QLCH is 362% higher than that of the existing protocol, i.e., Quorum-based channel hopping (L-QCH). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents an isolated single-stage on-board electric vehicle charger without an intermediate DC-link. Based on an isolated current-source topology, the converter features soft-switching in semiconductors regardless of load variation for the full AC line voltage range. Moreover, it requires no external snubber or clamp circuits. The power factor correction and voltage regulation are provided by a relatively simple phase shift modulation, while the amount of circulating energy is kept at minimum. The charger is distinguished by its efficiency characteristic – the maximum is achieved in the constant power charging mode. The control method, component stresses, and design constraints of the topology are analyzed. The concept is verified using a 3 kW experimental SiC-based prototype, which reaches a peak efficiency of 96.4%. Moreover, the charger has demonstrated efficiencies above 95% with the THD of 4.1% when operating in constant power mode at the maximal power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 12-V motor drive system using an onboard battery is promising in vehicle applications, e.g., to rotate an air pump to adjust its air delivery to the burner, thereby providing autonomous exhaust temperature control for the conventional diesel engine vehicle. The 12-V/1-kW motor drive system proposed in this paper consists of a series-resonant LLC MOSFET full-bridge converter, which provides high-efficiency power transfer by implementing zero voltage switching and boosts the dc bus to $\sim$300 V, and an insulated-gate bipolar transistor inverter, which provides the high-side phase currents to a 1-kW/6000-r/min brushless dc motor (BLDC). This design secures the high efficiency, low cost, and low volume. Meanwhile, with the variable output voltage of this dc/dc converter, this paper realizes a commutation torque-ripple reduction method, which will minimize the mechanical vibration. Experimental results on this prototype system demonstrate that: 1) the LLC dc/dc part efficiency is 97.6% with 92% of the inverter efficiency; and 2) the motor commutation torque ripple is reduced close to zero. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, a new mathematical approach for the analysis and optimization of cellular-enabled low-energy mobile devices with simultaneous wireless information and power transfer capabilities is introduced. The proposed methodology relies on modeling the locations of the base stations as points of a spatial Poisson point process, and it leverages stochastic geometry for system-level analysis. The tradeoffs emerging from simultaneous wireless information and power transfer transmission are characterized through the concept of “feasibility regions” and are quantified through the joint cumulative distribution function of harvested power and rate. To gain insight on the achievable performance, in addition, an upper bound is proposed, and its accuracy is discussed. The system model encompasses a realistic channel model that accounts for line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) links, different cell association criteria, practical receivers based on time switching and power splitting schemes, and directional beamforming. The analysis shows that optimal values for the time switching and power splitting ratios exist and that directional beamforming and network densification are capable of enhancing system performance. More specifically, high directional antennas lead cellular networks to operate in the noise-limited regime, which is proved to provide optimal performance, and because of the existence of LOS and NLOS links, an optimal deployment density for the base stations is proven to exist for typical system setups. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents a novel active power control scheme for SRMs that are used as S/G units at MEAs; the proposed method uses a vector-controlled SAF, facilitating the acceleration of the SRM during starter mode and the efficient power control of the SRG at various operational points during generator mode. Moreover, an energy storage unit is incorporated in the SAF, aiming at enhancing the SRM's starting torque production and taking full advantage of the SRG's energy generation capability, through the appropriate phases’ magnetization regulation that is imposed by the developed adaptive SAF vector control. In addition, the proposed scheme provides enhanced FRTC during both modes of operation. The mathematical analysis is verified through MATLAB/Simulink simulations, while the performance of the S/G concept under study is evaluated via real-time CHIL tests, with the use of the dSPACE 1202 (MicroLabBox) platform and the 16-bit dsPIC30F4011 microcontroller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some electrified vehicles, for example the Toyota Prius, integrate a dc–dc converter between the battery pack and the traction inverter to increase the powertrain efficiency. However, adding this extra converter adversely affects the cost and power density of the powertrain due to the additional components, such as the switches and the inductor, that are expensive and heavy in high-power converters. The concept of the multi-source inverter was previously introduced as an alternative solution to reduce the power rating of the dc–dc converter while keeping similar powertrain performance. In this paper, the implementation of the multi-source inverter in a hybrid power-split powertrain is discussed. The operating modes during both dc–ac and ac–dc conversions are detailed and a prototype is experimentally tested with a load. New control strategies of the proposed powertrain show that three out of five operating modes bring new opportunities in terms of battery charging and power rating reduction of the dc–dc converter. A vehicle-level simulation model is developed in MATLAB/Simulink to quantify the benefits of the proposed topology. Simulations are performed for four drive cycles to compare the power profile of the dc–dc converter of the suggested powertrain with the Toyota Prius. The average power transferred by the dc–dc converter can be reduced by up to 25 $\%$ in most drive cycles tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we evaluate the outage performance of a decode-and-forward (DF) relay system with two low-complexity relay selection schemes and interference at the relays and the destination. The schemes are mainly based on the switch-and-examine diversity combining (SEC) and SEC postexamine selection (SECps) techniques in which a relay out of multiple relays is selected to forward the source message to the destination. The selection process is performed such that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the second hop of the selected relay satisfies a predetermined switching threshold. In this paper, we first derive the probability density function (pdf) of the SNR of the relay selection scheme and the conditional cumulative distribution function (cdf) of the end-to-end (e2e) signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), assuming Rayleigh fading channels. The derived statistics, along with the statistics of first-hop channels of the relays and the direct link, are then used to derive a closed-form expression of the e2e outage probability. Maximal-ratio combining (MRC) is used at the destination to combine the signals from the relay and the direct link. Furthermore, the outage performance is studied at the high-SNR regime where approximate expressions for the outage probability, diversity order, and coding gain are derived and analyzed. Monte Carlo simulations and some numerical examples are provided to illustrate the validity of the derived results and to show the effect of interference and other parameters on the system performance. Main results illustrate that when the interference power is fixed, the system can still achieve some performance gain when more relays are added, particularly at SNR values that are comparable with the switching threshold. Asymptotic results show that at a high SNR, the system with the SEC and SECps relaying schemes achieves a diversity order of 2 and approximately the same coding gain. Finally, findings illustrate that the interference at the destination is more severe on the system performance compared with that at the relays. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Most existing studies on cognitive-radio networks assume that cognitive users (CUs) can switch to any available channel, regardless of the frequency gap between a target channel and the current channel. However, due to hardware limitations, CUs can actually jump only so far from where the operating frequency of their current channel is. This paper studies the performance of cognitive-radio networks while considering realistic channel handoff agility, where CUs can only switch to their neighboring channels. We use a continuous-time Markov process to derive and analyze the forced termination and blocking probabilities of CUs. Using these derived probabilities, we then study and analyze the impact of limited spectrum handoff agility on cognitive spectrum access efficiency. We show that accounting for realistic spectrum handoff agility reduces performance of cognitive-radio networks in terms of spectrum access capability and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper investigates the capacity gain of full duplex (FD) self-backhauling over the half duplex (HD) counterpart in downlink cellular systems, and then proposes an opportunistic FD scheme. The first step is to derive the capacity gain of FD self-backhauling over the HD counterpart as a function of the system parameters in a computationally tractable form. Unlike previous studies on the capacity of FD self-backhauling, a practical constraint is imposed so that the end-to-end link achieves a target signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) for a successful link connection. Also, a condition under which FD is more beneficial than HD is derived. Specifically, the minimum allowable self interference cancellation factor and the maximum allowable cell radius for the benefit of FD are derived as an explicit function of system parameters. Their dependencies on the system parameters are investigated and compared with counterparts derived for single-hop point-to-point links. Lastly, to overcome the weak points of FD and HD, this paper proposes a user-wise opportunistic FD (OFD) self-backhauled scheme. To this end, an instantaneous channel gain-based FD/HD switching rule is derived from a condition under which FD cannot instantaneously satisfy the target SINR. We confirm the substantial capacity gain of the proposed user-wise instantaneous OFD over a cell-wise static duplex switching scheme, as well as the fixed duplex (HD or FD) schemes. When compared to the static duplex switching scheme, the proposed OFD is most beneficial at the boundary of HD-preferred and FD-preferred regions. Based on this, a system-level guideline is proposed for selecting the most practical scheme among OFD, FD, and HD by trading off capacity gain and switching overhead. Extensive simulation results are provided to confirm the correctness of the derivations and the related investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) and cell-free (CF) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) are two promising technologies for realizing beyond-fifth generation (5G) networks. In this paper, we study the uplink spectral efficiency (SE) of a practical spatially correlated RISs-aided CF massive MIMO system over Rician fading channels. Specifically, we derive the closed-form expression for characterizing the uplink SE of the system, which shows that increasing the number of RIS elements can improve the system performance. Moreover, the results unveil that the spatial correlation of RIS has a significant impact on the system while leading to the best performance gain at a half wavelength spacing. Finally, the accuracy of our analytical results are verified by Monte-Carlo simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulation is a valuable way to develop cleaner transportation systems. Nevertheless, the complexity of this kind of system leads to complex models, particularly when taking into account nonlinear aspects of traction power substations (TPSs). Thus, this paper proposes different TPS models based on energetic macroscopic representation. An appropriate model is deduced from comparisons between the different models to realize energetic studies. It is finally applied to the simulation of a simple subway line, which is experimentally validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a full-duplex (FD) relaying system with multi-input multi-output (MIMO) with simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT), where the communication from source to destination is assisted by a full-duplex decode-and-forward (DF) relay. The time switching (TS) protocol is used at the relay to harvest the energy of radio-frequency (RF) signals transmitted from the source. To improve both system performance and the amount of harvested energy, multiple antennas are used at source and destination. Transmit antenna selection (TAS) is employed at the source with an assumption that the feedback of channel state information (CSI) is outdated. Meanwhile, both selection combining (SC) and maximal ratio combining (MRC) techniques are applied at the destination. The closed-form expressions of the outage probability (OP), optimal throughput, and symbol error probability (SEP) are derived subject to the outdated CSI over Rayleigh fading channels. We also make a comparison between the performance of the proposed MIMO-FD relaying system with SWIPT and that of MIMO half-duplex (HD) relaying systems with and without SWIPT. The validity of derived mathematical expressions is verified by Monte-Carlo simulations. Numerical results show that the TAS/MRC scheme gives better system performance than the TAS/SC scheme. Moreover, higher energy harvesting time is needed to maximize the throughput than to minimize the OP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-speed railway (HSR) has demonstrated tremendous growth worldwide, and is currently attaining a maximum velocity of 575 km/h. Such a high speed makes mobile wireless communications extremely challenging for HSR since the handover (HO) rate increases with speed, resulting in a high call dropping probability. By employing a dedicated distributed antenna system (DAS) along with the two-hop network architecture, in this paper, we propose a frequency switch (FSW) scheme to mitigate the persistent HO issue in conventional HSR wireless communication systems. The proposed scheme significantly alleviates interruption time associated with the traditional HO process, providing an effective scheme when the train moves across small cells covered by remote antenna units (RAUs) belonging to the same central unit (CU). In order to further reduce the HO command failure probability, an enhanced fast predictive HO mechanism is proposed by starting the HO process in advance, when the train moves from one RAU to the next one controlled by the adjacent CU. Analytical results show that compared to the traditional HO scheme, the proposed schemes can improve the system performance substantially by delivering ultra-reliable low-latency communications with a reduced HO/FSW rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a current-fed single-phase inverter without constant intermediate DC link. It eliminates electrolytic capacitor from the DC-link and introduces an intermediate pulsating DC bus. The proposed topology is modular with three full-bridges making it scalable for high-power applications. New pulsating-DC-modulation for back-end pulsating DC-link inverter and secondary modulation (SM) for front-end DC-to-pulsating DC converter is proposed. Soft-switching and device voltage clamping of both primary side and secondary side devices of front-end current-fed full-bridge converter is realized. A rotating partial hybrid pulsewidth modulation has been introduced. One leg of inverter is commutated at a low switching frequency, while the other leg is operated at a high switching frequency for partial period of a line frequency cycle. Thus, switching losses of the back-end inverter are considerably reduced. Rotating mechanism is used to equalize the switching losses of four switches of the inverter. This paper presents detailed operation and analysis of the topology with a proposed modulation scheme. Simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed modulation scheme as well as soft-switching and performance of the converter. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Due to the forecasted fast increasing cellular traffic and the already highly congested licensed spectrum, it is critical to exploit and utilize the unlicensed spectrum resources for the fifth-generation (5G) and beyond networks. A challenging problem is the coexistence of 5G and other networks with fair, reliable, and efficient sharing of the unlicensed spectrum. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-enhanced distributed spectrum sharing scheme for coexisting multiple operators and multiple WiFi APs. We design a novel lightweight and efficient consensus mechanism, named Proof of Strategy (PoG). In this consensus mechanism, the problem of spectrum sharing is used as a consensus puzzle, and the part of the unlicensed spectrum is used as the ‘fee’ of miners. With such a design, the computing overhead of the consensus process is expected to be reduced significantly. We develop a non-cooperative game to analyze the behavior of the miners and obtain a symmetric Bayesian Nash equilibrium under the uniform distribution of mining cost estimation. It can be found mathematically and experimentally that the strategy of the winner tends to maximize the system revenue by sharing the unlicensed spectrum resource. Furthermore, to reduce the impact of heavy interactions on system throughput, the operation of WiFi APs in the proposed scheme can be adaptively switched between ‘contention mode’ and ‘blockchain mode’ according to the network traffic load. The dynamic behavior is constructed as an evolutionary game, and the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium points are proved by theoretical analysis. Simulations demonstrated the fairness and effectiveness of the proposed blockchain-based scheme and the mode switching method for distributed spectrum sharing by heterogeneous wireless networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of the emerging hybrid analog-digital structure for future millimeter-wave communications has attracted much attention. Although this structure can reduce the power consumption considerably, the spatial covariance matrix (SCM), as the core of subspace-based direction of arrival (DOA) estimation algorithms, cannot be obtained directly. The beam sweeping algorithm (BSA) was proposed for SCM reconstruction from compressed measurements. However, the BSA is computationally intensive owing to the high-dimensional matrix-to-matrix multiplication and matrix inversion. To address this issue, a BSA algorithm with high accuracy and low computational-cost using the submatrix multiplication (BSASM) is proposed in this paper. By appropriately adjusting the weight, which consists of a switch and a phase shifter, connected to each antenna, the SCM can be accurately reconstructed with low-dimensional matrix-to-vector multiplication and 2-dimensional matrix inversion, thus reducing the computational-cost significantly. After SCM reconstruction, various DOA estimation algorithms can be exploited to obtain the DOA information. Simulation experiments are conducted to verify the performance of the proposed algorithm. The results indicate that using a substantially lower computational-cost, BSASM can reconstruct SCM more accurately than BSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces an effective yet simple and practical solution to improve small-cell performance in heterogeneous networks (HetNets). The proposed solution is based on deploying a switched multielement antenna (MEA) system capable of generating a variety of antenna patterns at small-cell base stations (BSs). Then, antenna patterns are assigned to user equipment (UE) in a dynamic basis. The antenna pattern selection for each UE is considered to be a supervised machine learning classification problem, in which the small-cell BS seek to find the optimal antenna pattern to serve each UE according to its measurement reports (i.e., UE radio-frequency fingerprint). Simulation results confirm the feasibility of the proposed approach, despite potential inaccuracies in UE measurement reports. Compared with the existing solutions comprising a single omnidirectional antenna (ODA), the proposed approach results in a 68% additional network-wide capacity increase. In addition, a technoeconomic analysis is presented in this paper, indicating the economic advantages of deploying the proposed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

LLC resonant converters are widely used in On-board Power Converter but the pumping voltage of traditional LLC converter is unavoidable under light-load conditions due to the existence of parasitic parameter. In this paper, an LLC resonant converter with damping split inductor is proposed to improve the light-load regulation capability. The original resonant inductor is divided into two parts in series. Then, a simple damping resistor connected on one part in parallel and the other part can be integrated into the transformer. Using damping split inductor, significant regulation improvements could be achieved under light-load conditions with not any change in control strategy and almost zero hardware cost. In addition, based on impedance analysis of the resonant tank, the effects of the proposed method are analyzed including voltage gain, soft switching characteristics, suppression of high frequency interference components, and system power loss. Moreover, the detailed design process and optimization conditions of the damping split inductor parameters are carefully illustrated. Eventually, the experimental results demonstrate the characteristics mentioned above for the 96 W prototype at the expense of a maximum increase in device loss of 0.85 W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of the next generation of cellular systems, flexible mechanisms for Discontinuous Reception (DRX) are needed in order to save energy. 5G will bring heterogeneous packet sizes and traffic types, as well as an increasing need for energy efficiency. The current static DRX mechanism is inadequate to meet these needs. In this paper we exploit channel prediction to develop integer programming models. We aim to minimize the energy usage of user devices while streaming video, as well as to create extended sleep opportunities, while simultaneously preventing buffer underflows. We also develop an online algorithm to obtain an efficient solution robust to prediction errors. Our results show that using a variable DRX cycle length can reduce the energy usage by up to 60 percent and 40 percent, in the offline and online cases, respectively, compared with a static DRX configuration. Our proposed online algorithm can also reduce the number of buffer underflows by up to 97 percent compared to the offline case. Both our online and offline solutions can provide extended DRX opportunities, which is required in 5G scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new bidirectional dc-dc converter that is based on the quadratic and switched-capacitor structures is proposed for Electric Vehicle applications. The proposed converter has high voltage conversion ratios, low voltage stress on the semiconductor devices, constant potential difference between the grounds of its low voltage and high voltage ports, and continuous current at its low voltage port. Synchronous rectification is utilized to enhance the efficiency of the converter. In addition, an extended version of the proposed converter is discussed in this paper. Finally, the experimental results obtained from a 2-kW/800-V scaled-down prototype validate the feasibility of the proposed topology and the correctness of its theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand for mobile data services is increasing exponentially and operators have responded by expanding and upgrading their networks to enhance capacity. One promising technique is to densify the network with low-power and small-coverage base stations (BSs) to provide significant capacity gains. In this paper, we develop a multi-user connectivity model for a Poisson Point Process (PPP)-based homogeneous network to facilitate a realistic study of its energy performance subject to blocking constraints. We then derive the average rate per channel and per user and compute the average sum rate of the network. An area power consumption (APC)-minimization framework is then formulated subject to appropriate coverage and average rate constraints to determine the optimal deployment configuration of BS density and associated transmit power. Furthermore, a new sleep mode mechanism called centralized strategic scheme is analyzed to determine its ability to adapt energy consumption to variable user density. Our results show that sleep mode is a viable solution for managing network energy consumption in dense networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the problem of base station (BS) dynamic switching for energy efficient design of fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks and beyond. We formulate this problem as a Markov decision process (MDP) and use an approximation method known as policy rollout to solve it. This method employs Monte Carlo sampling to approximate the Q-value. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to design an energy-efficient BS control algorithm. We design an MDP-based algorithm to control the on/off switching of BSs in real time; we exploit user mobility and location information in the selection of the optimal control actions. We start our formulation with the simple case of one-user one-ON. We then gradually and systematically extend this formulation to the multi-user multi-ON scenario. Simulation results show the potential of our novel approach of exploiting user mobility information within the MDP framework to achieve significant energy savings while providing quality-of-service guarantees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most fuel cell electric vehicles require wide voltage-gain DC–DC converters to increase and equalize the relatively low voltage of fuel cell stacks with DC link bus or energy-storage devices, such as supercapacitors or batteries. This paper proposes two new non-isolated DC–DC converters suitable for such applications, which can be extended to other electric vehicles as well. The proposed converters combine the main characteristics of both quadratic Boost and Ćuk converters, offering high step-up voltage and control simplicity using only one ground referenced active power switch. Additionally, the proposed topologies present reduced voltage stress across the active power switch when compared to other boost converters. Considerations about the design of the proposed converters will also be presented. Experimental results obtained using a laboratory prototype validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed topologies and its suitability for fuel cell electric vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In subway systems, increasing attention has been paid to improve energy efficiency due to remarkable energy consumption for rail transportation operation. The optimization of single-train driving control and multi-train operation synergy are two critical and closely related aspects for energy saving, but they are rarely solved in an integrative manner. The comprehensive study on these two aspects is a complex, large-scale, multi-variable and constrained task, which involves nested, coupled and mutual-input optimization processes. This paper proposes an energy-efficient integrated model, which includes optimizing single-train operation control in an inner model and multi-train operation synergy, committing to the utilization of regenerative braking energy (RBE) in an outer model. A parallelized particle swarm optimization based on Map-Reduce (PPSO-MR) algorithm is proposed to solve the integrated model to reduce the execution time. Two concepts of temporal-spatial record and time shift are introduced to derive the movement of a train at inter-stations for the operation adjustment of multiple trains on a subway line. Experimental results show that the proposed control model solved by the holistic optimization approach can achieve lower energy consumption with fast execution time. This study provides the novel model and algorithm to obtain energy-saving schedules serving the multi-train operation coordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-stage AC-DC converters are considered as a prominent solution for DC-type electric vehicle (EV) chargers. However, this kind of architecture suffers from high switching losses with large heatsink and DC-link capacitor volume. To relieve this issue, this paper presents a new hybrid modulation for DC-type EV chargers, where a two-phase clamped discontinuous pulse-width-modulation (DPWM) in the front-end circuit is cooperated with the variable frequency triangular-current-mode (TCM) zero voltage switching (ZVS) or its simplified implementation, i.e., boundary-ZVS (B-ZVS) strategy, in the back-end circuit. The former can stop the switching actions in the front-end stage during two-thirds of the grid period, while the AC currents are at their highest values, which can yield to the best switching loss reduction and deliver high power factor operation. Besides, TCM-ZVS or B-ZVS modulations can achieve ZVS turn-on action for all semiconductors during all operating range in the DC-DC stage to further reduce the power losses on the semiconductors. With such characteristics, the proposed strategies can reduce the switching losses of the system to the best extent, and thus allow an enhancement of the system power density by improving the power conversion efficiency. The proposed strategy is described, analyzed, validated, and benchmarked in a 5 kW SMD SiC MOSFET-based two-stage AC-DC converter. A 99% power efficiency can be achieved with the solution implementing the TCM-ZVS strategy at an output voltage of 400 V and rated power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a switched multibeam multi-sector array antenna is proposed to provide 3-D coverage for vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) under 5G-IoT application framework. The multi-sector design is optimized using a quality-conscious communication area synthesis process to achieve $\mathbf {360}^\circ$ coverage in azimuth. Each sector of the design has two microstrip array antenna (MAA) to obtain coverage in the upper and lower halves of the elevation region. The proposed antenna is designed to enhance frequency-dependent beam squint phenomena exploited to achieve multibeam coverage in the elevation region. The simulation results of the proposed antenna having $\mathbf {3\times 2}$ size of MAA indicates the achieved desired radiation characteristics, and a prototype of the same operating in WLAN band ($\mathbf {5.15-5.825}$ GHz) is fabricated for verification. The experimental results show the maximum realized gain is $\mathbf {7.85}$ dBi and the beam tilt of $\mathbf {10.8}^\circ$ to $\mathbf {46.8}^\circ$ in elevation is achieved at central frequencies $\mathbf {5.15}$ GHz and $\mathbf {5.825}$ GHz, respectively. The coverage obtained is $\mathbf {360}^\circ$ in azimuth and $\mathbf {93.6}^\circ$ in elevation. The signal to interference ratio is measured around the antenna, which shows interference suppression of more than $\mathbf {10}$ dB achieved between the MAAs of alternate sectors. Moreover, the port isolation is better than $\mathbf {26}$ dB. Hence, sixteen simultaneous beams utilizing frequency re-use can be operated in the 3-D space around the access point to communicate with multiple drones/vehicles and IoT nodes to realize a smart vehicular application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the efficiency of traffic signal control is an effective way to alleviate traffic congestion at signalized intersections. To achieve effective management of the system-wide traffic flows, current research tends to focus on applying reinforcement learning (RL) techniques for collaborative traffic signal control in a traffic road network. However, the existing collaboration-based methods often ignore the impact of transmission delay for exchanging traffic flow information on the system. Most of the studies assume that the signal controllers can collect all instantaneous vehicular features without delay. To fill the gap, we propose an RL-based cooperative traffic signal control scheme considering the data transmission delay issue in a traffic road network. In this paper, we (1) design our new RL agents to cooperatively control the traffic signals by improving the reward and state representation based on the state-of-the-art max-pressure control theory; (2) propose a traffic state prediction method to address the data transmission delay issue by decreasing the discrepancy between the real-time and delayed traffic conditions; (3) evaluated the performance of our proposed work on both synthetic and real-world scenarios with a different range of data transmission delays. The results demonstrate that our method surpassed the performance of the previous max-pressure-based traffic signal control methods and addressed the data transmission delay issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the problem of energy efficiency in cellular heterogeneous networks (HetNets) is investigated using radio resource and power management combined with the base station (BS) ON/OFF switching. The objective is to minimize the total power consumption of the network while satisfying the quality of service requirements of each connected user. We consider the case of coexisting macrocell BS, small cell BSs, and private femtocell access points (FAPs). Three different network scenarios are investigated, depending on the status of the FAPs, i.e., HetNets without FAPs, HetNets with closed FAPs, and HetNets with semiclosed FAPs. A unified framework is proposed to simultaneously allocate spectrum resources to users in an energy efficient manner and switch OFF redundant small cell BSs. The high complexity dual decomposition technique is employed to achieve optimal solutions for the problem. A low complexity iterative algorithm is also proposed and its performances are compared to those of the optimal technique. The particularly interesting case of semiclosed FAPs, in which the FAPs accept to serve external users, achieves the highest energy efficiency due to increased degrees of freedom. In this paper, a cooperation scheme between FAPs and mobile operator is also investigated. The incentives for FAPs, e.g., renewable energy sharing and roaming prices, enabling cooperation are discussed to be considered as a useful guideline for interoperator agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An optimal spectrum handoff scheme for cognitive radio networks (CRNs) is presented in this paper. This scheme has two novel features: 1) Hybrid rule-based priority queuing model: To overcome the limitations of preemptive resume priority and nonpreemptive resume priority (PRP/NPRP) queuing models, a hybrid queuing model with discretion rule is proposed to characterize the spectrum access priority among secondary users (SUs). This hybrid queuing model is then used to calculate the channel waiting time during spectrum handoff; and 2) Multiteacher apprentice learning: Unlike existing CRN cognition engine designs that focus on spectrum adaptation through SU self-learning (i.e., an SU learns how to adapt to the dynamic CRN environment by itself), we propose the concept of multiteacher knowledge transfer, wherein the multiple SUs that already have mature spectrum adaptation strategies share their knowledge with an inexperienced SU. Our simulation results show that the proposed new designs improve the spectrum handoff accuracy for the complex CRN environments. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we characterize the achievable (linear) degrees of freedom (DoFs) of the K-user single-input single-output (SISO) interference channel with blind interference alignment (BIA) using staggered antenna switching. In this scheme, each transmitter is equipped with one conventional antenna, and each receiver is equipped with one reconfigurable (multimode) antenna. Assuming that the channel is known to the receivers only, we show that by using linear BIA with staggered antenna switching at the receiver, a sum DoF of \text{2}K/(K+\text{2}) is achievable. This result implies that in using BIA, we can double the DoF achieved by orthogonal multiple-access schemes for a large number of users. Moreover, we propose a systematic algorithm to generate the transmit beamforming vectors and the reconfigurable antenna switching patterns, showing that it can achieve the \text{2}K/(K+\text{2})$ sum DoF for any K$. Finally, we apply this algorithm to the four-user SISO interference channel and demonstrate that \text{4}/\text{3} sum DoF is indeed achievable. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Efficient utilization of wireless communication resources and increases in the capacity of the communication networks have become very crucial claims for next-generation cellular networks. Full-duplex (FD) is a very promising technique that allows for the efficient use of wireless communication resources, given that the self-interference level can be suppressed to an acceptable level. In this paper, we consider a simple FD communication system, consisting of one FD access point (AP) and two half-duplex (HD) mobile users, and investigate when it is more advantageous for the communication network to operate in FD or HD multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) mode. Since FD transmission is degraded by self-interference while HD suffers from spatial correlation between MIMO antennas, which causes rate loss, we study the effect of both the self-interference cancelation parameter at the FD AP and the mutual distance between the HD users on FD performances and the effect of the spatial correlation coefficient on HD MIMO. Afterward, a switching criterion is proposed, which chooses the operation mode that maximizes the downlink channel capacity while maintaining the uplink channel capacity at a certain level. Subsequently, based on our study of the system's parameters that affect the performance of both FD and HD, theoretical thresholds for these parameters are derived. Finally, numerical analysis is presented, verifying the validity of the optimization problem solution and the derived thresholds. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The emerging data traffic demand has caused a massive deployment of network infrastructure, including Base Stations (BSs) and Small Cells (SCs), leading to increased energy consumption and expenditures. However, the network underutilization during low traffic periods enables the Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) to save energy by having their traffic served by third party SCs, thus being able to switch off their BSs. In this paper, we propose a novel market approach to foster the opportunistic utilization of the unexploited SCs capacity, where the MNOs, instead of requesting the maximum capacity to meet their highest traffic expectations, offer a set of bids requesting different resources from the third party SCs at lower costs. Motivated by the conflicting financial interests of the MNOs and the third party, the restricted capacity of the SCs that is not adequate to carry the whole traffic in multi-operator scenarios, and the necessity for energy efficient solutions, we introduce a combinatorial auction framework, which includes i) a bidding strategy, ii) a resource allocation scheme, and iii) a pricing rule. We propose a multiobjective framework as an energy and cost efficient solution for the resource allocation problem, and we provide extensive analytical and experimental results to estimate the potential energy and cost savings that can be achieved. In addition, we investigate the conditions under which the MNOs and the third party companies should take part in the proposed auction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To process the power in hybrid energy systems using a reduced part count, researchers have proposed several multiinput dc–dc power converter topologies to transfer power from different input voltage sources to the output. This paper proposes a novel bidirectional nonisolated multi-input converter (MIC) topology for hybrid systems to be used in electric vehicles composed of energy storage systems (ESSs) with different electrical characteristics. The proposed converter has the ability to control the power of ESSs by allowing active power sharing. The voltage levels of utilized ESSs can be higher or lower than the output voltage. The inductors of the converter are connected to a single switch; therefore, the converter requires only one extra active switch for each input, unlike its counterparts, hence resulting in reduced element count. The proposed MIC topology is compared with its counterparts concerning various parameters. It is analyzed in detail, and then, this analysis is validated by simulation and through a 1-kW prototype based on a battery/ultracapacitor hybrid ESS. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper investigates the outage and throughput performance of full-duplex (FD) cooperative relaying (CR) based non-orthogonal multiple access system (NOMA) with energy harvesting (EH) i.e., FD-CR-EH-NOMA system. We consider a network scenario, where the base station (BS) serves two downlink users, with the near user configured as a FD relay to deliver messages to the far user. We derive analytical expressions for the outage probabilities experienced by the users and the system outage probability of FD-CR-EH-NOMA network under time switching relaying (TSR) protocol in the presence/absence of direct link from BS to the far user. Assuming imperfect successive interference cancellation (i-SIC), we derive analytical expressions for (i) optimal power allocation (OPA) factor at the BS and (ii) optimal time switching (OTS) factor at the relay that independently minimizes the system outage probability. Further, we use the alternating optimization technique to determine the jointly optimal power allocation and time switching factors that minimize the system outage probability. Furthermore, we determine the OTS factor that maximizes the asymptotic throughput of the system in the delay-limited transmission mode. With the help of numerical and simulation investigations, we show that the system outage and throughput of the considered network improve significantly under the proposed schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultracapacitor (UC) based dc–dc power supplies are widely used for addressing surge power demands and to provide energy backup to critical loads. The conventional control techniques, such as unified control strategy, though ensure seamless mode transition, do not offer complete flexibility in charging and discharging controls which is crucial in UC-based backup systems. On the other hand, controls, such as independent switch control, though allow great flexibility in control, do not ensure seamless mode transition without appropriate mode-switch logic. This paper proposes a time-varying virtual resistance based mode transition control for independent switch control which not only ensures smooth, seamless transition between charging and discharging control modes but also ensures complete control over the mode transition durations. The proposed control is found to be robust to error mode identification as compared to introducing dead band between control modes. The proposed control is verified on a proof of concept experimental setup at a power level of $P_o=65$ W, voltage level of $V_g=26$ V with the dc–dc converter switching at $f_{\text{sw}}=100$ kHz. The performance comparison with PWM blocking method is also evaluated where the proposed control is found to work well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications have received a lot of attention as it can significantly improve efficiency and safety of road traffic. In general, V2V scenarios have some special features such as high mobility of transceivers, low antenna height, and small communication ranges, which significantly affect the propagation characteristics. Therefore, an accurate channel model is required to characterize V2V propagation channel. However, some important features of V2V channels have not been well characterized, for example, most existing V2V channel models tend to only consider the distribution of multipath components (MPCs) in a horizontal dimension, whereas ignoring vertical dimension, which is inconsistent with the distribution of MPCs in the actual channel. Moreover, the dynamic clusters of MPCs have not been well modeled in the existing V2V models. Therefore, in order to better model the V2V channel, a cluster-based three-dimensional (3D) channel model is proposed in this paper, which is based on the measurements conducted at 5.9 GHz in urban and suburban scenarios. In the proposed model, the distribution of MPCs clusters in both horizontal and vertical dimensions is considered. The space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization algorithm is used to extract MPCs, and the clustering and tracking algorithms are used to identify and track the clusters of dynamic MPCs. In the proposed model, all MPC clusters are divided into two categories: global-clusters and scatterer-clusters, and the distribution of the two clusters are characterized by a series of inter- and intra-cluster parameters. It is found that both the azimuth spread and the elevation spread follow the lognormal distribution. In addition, the power of MPCs within a cluster has the truncated-Gaussian distribution, whereas the angle of MPCs within a cluster has the Laplacian distribution. Finally, the accuracy of the model is verified by comparing the measurements and simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the configuration of a novel plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) system is proposed. For the novel PHEV system, the main operating modes and the control strategy, including rules for mode switching and energy management, are established. A backward model of the vehicle involving the power sources, transmission, and control system is worked out in MATLAB/Simulink/Stateflow environment. The distribution of operating points of each power source, as well as the fuel consumptions of the vehicle under new European driving cycle (NEDC) and FTP75 testing cycles are simulated and compared with typical hybrid systems such as parallel, series, and Toyota hybrid system (THS). The results indicate that the proposed system can operate at high fuel economy by adopting the rule-based energy management strategy along with the equivalent consumption minimization strategy, which proves the feasibility and effectiveness of the configuration and control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]